Climate change has us confronting the temporality of agriculture. Agrarian lives are timed lives. These times include biological rhythms of germination and flowering, meteorological rhythms of frost, rain, and heat, market rhythms of delivery windows and seasonal demand, labor rhythms of urgency and waiting, and lived rhythms that leave some bodies more readily aligned with agrarian life. Climate change does not simply place these systems under stress; it desynchronizes them. This desynchronization generates a governance paradox. Precisely when agriculture requires flexibility, it is increasingly disciplined by rigid timetables, contracts that still dictate delivery dates and federally subsidized crop insurance deadlines, even as historical averages lose predictive power. Climate change thus exposes the fiction of temporal stability that has long defined agrarian governance. Drawing on Tsing's “unruly edges,” this paper reframes climate change not as an external shock but as a condition that renders visible the unruliness that has always been present, though often concealed, within agrarian systems. The paper's central intervention is to theorize Haraway's concept of “making kin” as a situated, anticipatory mode of temporal coordination for agrarian arrhythmia. Kin-making is offered as a way of organizing relationships—across households, farms, and species—that can absorb temporal mismatch without demanding a return to a single, controlled rhythm, though its possibilities remain unevenly structured by power, property, and histories of exclusion. Two practices anchor the argument: diversified polycultures and farm–land–labor cooperatives. These practices matter not because they are ecologically resilient or socially just, but because they actively re-time agriculture, redistributing temporal pressure through more reciprocal, yet still constrained, forms of coordination. Finally, drawing on queer phenomenology and chronopolitical critique, the paper argues that climate change brings to the foreground long-standing temporal injustices concerning whose agrarian timelines are treated as normal and worth sustaining—and whose never were.

Abstract Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Julie or the New Heloise extends far beyond picturesque scenery. It anticipates central questions of contemporary ecocriticism. Through a close reading of gardens, mountain landscapes, and lake shores, this study shows that Rousseau treats nature as an active agent that shapes human identity and moral development. The novel’s first half features scenes of intimate reverie that demonstrate what Zev Trachtenberg calls the “environmentalism of the man,” as nature elicits affect, stimulates self-understanding, and contributes to lovers’ psychological development through influence. The second half, focusing on the Clarens estate and the Elysium Garden, illustrates the “environmentalism of the citizen” (Trachtenberg “Rousseau and Environmentalism”). Rousseau presents an ecological micro-republic where sustainable agriculture, closed-loop exchanges, vegetarian consumption, and cooperative labor cultivate civic virtue and social justice. Rousseau dramatizes a reciprocally beneficial human-nature relationship that echoes debates about environmental justice in the Anthropocene. By situating Julie in early modern ecological thought, the study positions Rousseau as a pioneering voice in the environmental humanities and a precursor to ecocriticism’s emphasis on non-human agency.

This study aimed to design a school-based autonomous hours curriculum using Pyeongtaek Nongak, a traditional Korean farmers’ music representing the cultural identity of the local community. Nongak has long served as a medium for cooperative labor, ritual celebration, and artistic expression, offering educational potential for fostering creativity and community spirit. The study examined the background of School-designed Autonomous Hours introduced in the 2022 revised curriculum and analyzed Nongak-related activities in current music textbooks. The musical, social, and cultural features of Pyeongtaek Nongak were explored to identify elements applicable to school education. Based on these findings, a step-by-step curriculum centered on performance, appreciation, and creative expression was developed. The program helps students experience the rhythmic and communal aspects of Nongak while cultivating creativity, cooperation, and cultural understanding. The results suggest that integrating Pyeongtaek Nongak into school-based curricula provides a practical model for regional cultural education and enhances students’ appreciation of Korea’s intangible cultural heritage.

In the article, the problems of construction companies are discussed. Strategic directions to stabilise the activities of construction companies in Ukraine under martial law are outlined. The necessary comprehensive measures to preserve and realise the human resource potential of construction companies are proposed, namely: employment support programmes, interaction between business and education, modernisation of the motivation system, HR branding of construction companies, expansion of subjectivity in building the human resource potential of construction companies while maintaining the balance between supply and demand in the country's labour market as a whole and territorial balance in the distribution of labour resources, intensification of the activities of employment hubs.The focus is on the issues of shifting the emphasis of labour motivation and its key factors during the period of martial law, while maintaining the priority and importance of classic elements of material motivation (wages, bonuses, additional payments). It is noted that motivation has shifted from the financial and career model to the social, moral and security model, in which physical safety, patriotic duty, and emotional support become the most important factors. The expectations of employees have also changed. During martial law, job security, stability, and humane treatment by employers are more highly valued. The functions of labour market participants and state bodies in implementing measures to achieve a balance between supply and demand in the labour market are detailed.The key aspects of labor organization in the construction industry are revealed, considering the challenges of martial law, in terms of implementing modern approaches to personnel management, introducing optimal work and rest regimes, creating modern workplaces, further improvement of working conditions and occupational safety, focusing on the safety of employees in the workplace, rational division and cooperation of labor, introduction of modern technologies in construction, development of effective logistics chains, and rational use of resources.

Abstract The evolution and management of the Built Environment are critical components of today’s societal challenges. The construction sector, therefore, plays a vital role in meeting the global demand for (affordable) housing materials and techniques that minimize both environmental and social impacts. This study explores the potential of traditional composite wood-clay shear wall systems, known in the Americas as bahareque , as a viable alternative to conventional block masonry construction. For this, a comparative evaluation between the two types of walls was conducted using environmental Life Cycle Assessments (e-LCA). Social Life Cycle Assessments (s-LCA) and an ethnographic method were applied to explore bahareque constructions sustainability beyond environmental aspects. This study builds upon a minimum house model, located in the Andean Region of Ecuador (i.e., 83 m 2 , designed for 3 occupants with 7 functional areas) over its entire lifecycle. The findings indicate that the carbon footprint of the minimum house (measured as the Global Warming Potential, GWP100) can be reduced by 30-40% when using bahareque . For the s-LCA residents show uniformly positive outcomes, while construction workers had more heterogeneous results (e.g., high satisfaction and a high percentage of minimum wage access offset by limited association rights and formal contracts). The study also reports how cultural mechanisms—community structure, family, and cooperative labour—help to preserve bahareque construction technical knowledge. Subsequent investigations are required to address residual environmental and social impacts. Overall, these insights aim to foster better-informed decision-making in environmental, social and cultural terms for the Built Environment .

This study examines the food and farm income provisioning systems of vegetable-producing societies in the highland and mid-altitude regions of central and northern Malawi. Drawing on focus group discussion with smallholder farmers across twelve sites in six districts, the study examines how provisioning systems, including households, markets, technologies, institutions, and material stocks, interact with the use of resource and processes to enhance food security. The findings indicate that vegetable production plays an important role in both food provisioning via upland rainfed crops, and income generation via irrigated wetland vegetables, yet access to key natural resources, especially wetlands and irrigation infrastructure, is highly uneven. Wealthier households, with better access to modern technologies and farm inputs, can capitalize on vegetable markets, while poorer households have structural and financial limitation that constrain their opportunity for participation and their resilience. Ecological variation across highland and mid-altitude zones significantly influences provisioning patterns. Highland areas offer favourable growing conditions but are constrained by land scarcity, erosion, and infrastructure deficits, further compounding socioeconomic inequalities. Despite these challenges, farmers demonstrate strong collective agency through local innovations, cooperative labour, and informal finance systems, although exploitative market vendor dynamics and reliance on high-cost credit sources persist. The study concludes that integrated farming systems, supported by context-sensitive, inclusive development interventions, are essential for improving food security and resource sustainability. Special attention must be given to highland communities whose ecological and economic vulnerabilities require targeted policy and infrastructural support.

Persistent regional imbalances and widening urban–rural income gaps hinder progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 10 (Reduced Inequalities). In response, China has implemented a typical regional cooperation program—East–West Cooperation (EWC). Using a balanced panel of 642 western counties from 2013 to 2020 and the staggered difference-in-differences (DIDs) model, we assess the impact of EWC on the urban–rural income gap. We show that EWC narrows the urban–rural income gap, primarily by increasing rural incomes rather than changing urban incomes. Mechanism analyses indicate that expanded rural employment and higher agricultural production efficiency are the principal channels. The greater the economic disparity and the shorter the distance between paired counties, the stronger the effect of EWC. This effect is particularly pronounced in southwestern assisted counties and in agriculture-intensive assisted counties. The above evidence suggests that horizontal regional cooperation can deliver equity-enhancing growth. Policy should prioritize rural-first resource allocation, employment-oriented labor cooperation, and agricultural upgrading, while refining pairing rules to account for the magnitude of economic gaps and geographic proximity.

Scholars of the state are confronted by a paradox: the more totalizing the formal systems of control, the more they rely on the informal practices they seek to eliminate. While studies of informality have documented such practices as "workarounds" or "resistance," they often stop short of theorizing them as a coherent system of governance in their own right. This article intervenes by developing the framework of Parallel Governance: a robust, systematic, and morally legitimized mode of social ordering that functions as the primary site of social life. It argues that this system emerges in direct response to "projectocracy"- a mode of statecraft that governs through performative bureaucracy and the production of auditable fictions. Drawing on new ethnographic evidence of community-managed resources and cooperative labor in post-socialist Romania, the analysis provides a thick description of this system's infrastructures and its distinct moral economy. It further proposes a reflexive ethnographic methodology for studying a system that thrives on its own illegibility to the formal state. Ultimately, this framework repositions the study of community practice not as an afterthought to state failure, but as a central analytical task for understanding governance in the contemporary world.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effects of socially responsible human resource management (SRHRM) on team cooperation. Drawing on social information processing theory, this study explores the relationship between SRHRM and team cooperation while also examining the mediating role of cooperative labor relations climate (CLRC) and the moderating role of responsible leadership. Design/methodology/approach A literature review on SRHRM, team cooperation, CLRC, and responsible leadership provides the theoretical foundation of model and hypotheses. This study conducts a two-wave questionnaire survey with data collected from 969 employees nested in 102 teams from a large-size security escort company in China. To examine the research hypotheses, this study uses PROCESS and SPSS to complete the regression analysis and get the final results. Findings The results show that SRHRM has positive influence on team cooperation. CLRC mediates the relationship between SRHRM and team cooperation. Furthermore, responsible leadership moderates the relationship between SRHRM and CLRC. Research limitations/implications First, we only investigate the CLRC effect of SRHRM on team cooperation and do not explore whether other underlying mechanisms influence the proposed relationship. Second, despite collecting data at two time points to address potential common method variance, variables such as SRHRM, responsible leadership, and CLRC all came from a single source (i.e., employees). Third, we only examined the positive outcome of SRHRM at the team level. Originality/value Drawing on the social information processing theory, this study constructs a theoretical framework that delineates the process by which SRHRM influences team cooperation. This framework aims to broaden our understanding of the bottom-up dynamics of SRHRM at the team level. Additionally, this study explores the boundary conditions of this underlying process, thereby enhancing the contribution of this paper to the existing literature on SRHRM.

ABSTRACT This article examines how the Israeli government deployed military force against striking workers in 1951 during two labor disputes: the widely remembered seamen’s strike and the largely forgotten strike by locomotive drivers. It argues that these interventions reflected MAPAI’s (the ruling labor party) 1 attempt to extend the cooperative labor controls established during the wartime economy into the postwar period. These arrangements depended on centralized union discipline and government-labor coordination, proved unsustainable in the face of growing rank-and-file unrest. The historical analysis reveals how worker resistance, institutional friction, and public opposition collectively exposed the limits of coercive labor governance during Israel’s formative years. This recontextualization allows for a different perspective on the 1951 events as a critical juncture in the contested legitimacy of government power in Israeli labor relations.

Abstract This article explores the ways in which socio-economic transformations are unfolding within small-scale farm-to-table supply chains in the alternative food networks of Hungary, driven by underutilised crops (UCs) in the post-COVID-19 pandemic context. Through an in-depth ethnographic study, I explore how local landraces, cultivars and heirlooms are integrated into restaurant menus at accessible and mid-range prices. By collecting qualitative data from different supply chain actors, including small producers, a retailer, a distributor, chefs, restaurant owners, food bloggers and researchers, I identified four modus operandi of farm-to-table supply chains—indirect, direct, engaged and immediate types—through a classification based on different modes of multi-stakeholder collaboration. I present these four types by unpacking their actors' achievements, such as knowledge sharing, logistical collaboration, organisational restucturing, joint planning, and key challenges, such as trust building, quality, quantity and logistical gaps, and financial constraints. The aim of this article is twofold, to introduce an empirically-driven farm-to-table typolgy of alternative food networks and to provide insights into how underutilised crops contribute to socio-economic transformation, namely, towards a more horizontal and cooperative labour and organisational restructuring within small-scale farm-to-table supply chains in Hungary.

Abstract Africa’s rising refugee numbers lead to integration increasingly being replaced by repatriation. Investigating the long-term effects of refugees on host areas is crucial for sustainable integration, as the population increase puts pressure on limited natural resources. While existing literature addresses the environmental impacts of refugees, behavioral models rarely focus on this issue. This study uses an Agent-Based Model to simulate interactions between refugees, hosts, and forest resources. The objective is to (1) quantify the impact of refugee settlements and host communities on forest resources, (2) assess the effects of varying refugee settlement sizes on sustainable forest utilization and food security, and (3) evaluate how labor cooperation influences deforestation. The model applies a 2018 dataset from a refugee hosting community in rural Zambia, including 277 households, and comprehensive supplemental secondary data. Results show that forest reduction is driven by the need for firewood and land for refugee settlements, significantly reducing the forest area. Revealed deforestation threatens sustainable forest ecosystems and impacts food security by diminishing access to wild fruits and edible insects, crucial to local diets. Cooperation between refugees and host communities in slash-and-burn farming temporarily boost food production, but accelerates forest reduction. This leads to long-term resource depletion and competition. Highlighted dynamics show that, if unmanaged, refugee influxes can exacerbate food insecurity in rural refugee settings. Agroforestry and policy interventions focusing on sustainable land use, property rights, and alternative energy sources are essential to balance refugee needs with forest preservation and food security in host communities.

The structure of human settlement is impacted by, and impacts notions of, territoriality and cooperation. These social dynamics intersect with environmental variability to produce patterns in the archaeological record. Given the substantial environmental variation that exists within individual archipelagos, we should expect variation in human settlement structure at that scale of analysis, with important implications for the political and social relationships of inhabitants in those settlements. We evaluate these questions in Sāmoa, an archipelago with a long history of landscape-scale archaeological investigation and a well-defined environmental gradient. We find more robust archaeological signatures of territorial behavior in the western islands of the archipelago where larger settlement units are also found. The latter likely allowed for larger social communities and, hence, cooperative labor forcing, an inference supported by the scale of monumental architecture. In contrast, the eastern islands feature smaller, but more nucleated communities with limited evidence of territoriality. In each case, public goods were localized, speaking to a general lack of durable political control beyond individual settlements, though multi-island social influence and prestige are well-attested ethnographically.

Abstract The procreative justice debate asks whether justice, and in particular whether a principle of fair play, requires that non‐parents share in the costs of procreation and child‐rearing. The principle of fair play demands that persons who benefit from the cooperative labor of others share in the burdens of producing that benefit. Non‐parents should share in the costs of procreation and child‐rearing if reproductive and parental labor count as cooperative labor, but they are not obligated to share in those costs if parents incur them as part of a personal project. I argue that parental labor counts as cooperative labor because becoming a parent involves knowingly assuming a social role whereby one incurs new moral and legal obligations. Even if parents are ultimately motived by personal reasons, they nevertheless constrain their liberty in order to comply with the rules of a cooperative scheme, and, in doing so, their labor plausibly counts as cooperative. Parents have a claim of justice on others, then, to consider whether the benefits and burdens of procreating and child‐rearing are fairly distributed.

Abstract This article explores how capital-labor relations were conceptualized in late nineteenth-century protectionist thought. Taking as an example the American Protective Tariff League (APTL), a national protectionist pressure group that was heavily influenced by industrial interests and attempted to popularize protectionist ideas by issuing newspapers, pamphlets, leaflets, and posters, it reconstructs the arguments protectionist industrialists used in their agitation targeted at industrial workers. Following the protectionist wage argument, the APTL made the supposed wage benefit to laborers in protected industries the center of their argument. This wage argument was strongly intertwined with nativist and Anglophobic stereotypes. Further, the APTL proposed a unity of interests between capital and labor in tariff matters that hinged on a nationalist interpretation of economic matters, in which the American national economy was conceptualized as being endangered by imports and competition from other national economies but simultaneously as a harmonious cooperation of capital and labor on the inside. Analyzing the organized labor movement’s response to such claims, the article argues that this sort of agitation, while important to industrialists’ arguments, probably had little influence on workers and their stance on the tariff issue.

This study aims to examine the transformation of Royongan Omah, a communal house-building tradition in Ngasinan Village, amid modernization and socio-economic changes. Traditionally, community participation in this practice was rooted in voluntary collective labor, driven by social solidarity and mutual aid. However, over time, participation has become increasingly selective and economically motivated. Employing a qualitative case study approach, this research collected data through passive participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis, which were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s framework within Max Weber’s social action theory. The findings indicate that rationalization and shifting economic perspectives have significantly reshaped community participation in Royongan Omah. While participation was previously dominated by traditional, affective, and value-rational actions, it has now transitioned towards value-rational and instrumental-rational actions. Full community engagement—including labor, cognitive involvement, and material contributions—has declined, giving way to a more pragmatic approach that prioritizes skilled, paid labor for complex construction tasks. Despite the growing dominance of instrumental rationality, elements of traditional and affective rationality persist, demonstrating an ongoing negotiation between modern efficiency and cultural heritage. This study contributes to sociological discourse on modernization and cultural adaptation, highlighting how traditional cooperative labor systems evolve in response to socio-economic transformations.

Abstract: The construction of the Wuyi Expressway is characterized by its large scale and long duration. Civil engineering labor cooperation, as a core component of project advancement, relies on the rationality of risk sharing, which directly influences project success and the rights of both labor parties. This paper adopts a contract perspective, focusing on the context of civil engineering labor cooperation for the Wuyi Expressway, and systematically explores the significance, objectives, and implementation strategies of risk sharing. The study indicates that reasonable risk sharing can protect the legitimate rights and interests of both labor parties, promote efficient project progress, and improve industry management systems. Its core objectives include clarifying risk responsibility boundaries through contracts, enhancing overall risk prevention capabilities, and ultimately achieving win-win outcomes for all stakeholders. Based on this, the paper proposes strategies such as establishing a scientific risk assessment mechanism, refining contract terms to specify sharing proportions, and implementing a dynamic monitoring and adjustment system. The research findings can provide direct references for optimizing labor cooperation management in the Wuyi Expressway project, as well as practical guidance at the contract level for risk control in similar high-speed engineering projects. This contributes to enhancing the standardization of labor cooperation in the field of expressway construction.

The relevance of the topic of publication is due to the significant impact of digital services on the sphere of labour and employment. The purpose of the publication is to identify the main areas of in-fluence of digital services on the sphere of labour and employment, to develop a mechanism for regulating employment and social and labour relations, taking into account the impact of digital services. The objectives of the study are to systematize approaches to studying the impact of digital services on the country's economy and the labour market, identifying the main problems and unexplored issues; to develop a classification of digital services in terms of their impact on the labour market; to formulate the main areas of positive impact and the risks associated with the use of digital services and technologies; and to propose a mechanism for regulating employment and social and labour relations, describing its main elements. The research hypothesis is that the development of digital services contributes to increased flexibility in social and labour relations and increased labour productivity, but it also introduces new threats and re-duces the social security of workers. The classification of digital services in terms of their impact on the la-bour market, as well as the identification of risks and benefits, should serve as a basis for developing a mechanism for regulating employment and social and labour relations that promotes effective government policies in the sphere of labour. Graphical methods, statistical data analysis, and system analysis are used in the paper. The authors have revealed that the use of digital services contributes to: reducing the time spent on performing work functions and tasks, digitalizing template operations; supporting employment in traditional forms of work, supporting employment in non-standard forms of work related to the development of digital technologies; increasing the quality of work and the complexity of functions performed through online edu-cation, effective organization of work in remote teams of employees; expanding the customer base and in-creasing productivity; improving communication, division and cooperation of labour. But there are risks: cyber threats, inequality in access, substitution of human labour by machine labour, and increased psycho-physiological stress. A mechanism for regulating the employment of the population and social and labour relations is proposed. It can be used to identify key areas of regulation of social and labour relations and employment at the macro and meso levels.

在我国教育体系建设和人力资源开发战略的宏伟蓝图中，职业教育占据着关键地位，其承担着培育多元化人才、传授技术技能、激发创新活力的核心使命。然而，根据相关数据可知，在现阶段，高职院校学生在就业中面临着认可度不高、劳动合作签订具有法律风险等问题，严重影响职业学生的就业权益。要解决高职学生在就业时面对的难题，维护高职学生的就业权益就成为了重中之重。因此，国家应在立法、司法、行政执法等方面对高职学生就业权益作出保护。In the grand blueprint of China’s education system construction and human resource development strategy, vocational education occupies a key position, undertaking the core mission of cultivating diversified talents, imparting technical skills, and stimulating innovative vitality. However, according to relevant data, at present, vocational college students face issues such as low recognition and legal risks in signing labor cooperation agreements in employment, which seriously affect the employment rights and interests of vocational students. To solve the difficulties faced by vocational college students in employment, safeguarding their employment rights has become a top priority. Therefore, the state should protect the employment rights and interests of vocational college students in legislation, judiciary, administrative law enforcement, and other aspects.

In 2019, Bolivian cooperative miners, once staunch allies of MAS and Evo Morales, helped inflame the crisis that toppled the Morales government. This paper explores the roots of the confounded, often explosive relationship between cooperative miners, nationalization, and MAS. Tracing the history of cooperative mining and its relationship to ore theft since the colonial period, this article shows how cooperative mining and salaried miners’ unions emerged as twin responses to the precarity of labor and production in the twentieth century. In the 1950s and 1960s, cooperative workers emerged as a shadow on the nationalized mining economy, competing for space and political influence with salaried workers. After the closure of COMIBOL in the late 1980s, cooperatives absorbed laid-off workers as well as migrants from the countryside and expanded into claims once belonging to state and union workers. When Morales reopened Bolivia’s national mining company in 2006 and sought to increase state participation in the mineral economy, he set the stage for a direct confrontation between the interests of cooperativistas, the vast majority of mineworkers at the time, and the state itself. This underacknowledged conflict of interests between different kinds of mineworkers has haunted MAS, culminating in the crisis of 2019 that drove Morales from power and from Bolivia.