La Culture Research Articles

“Reste en écho la voix” – Itzhak Katzenelson’s Dos lid fun oysgehargetn yidishn folk in Batia Baum’s French Translation

This essay offers a discussion of Batia Baum’s translation of Katzenelson’s elegy into French. Opening with a presentation of the Maison de la culture yiddish – Bibliothèque Medem and Baum’s achievements as a translator from Yiddish, the article highlights the significance of the poem written in France during the German occupation and published in Paris shortly after WW2. In an illustrative analysis, challenges of the text are addressed and Baum’s choices are presented.

Civilizational Development in Andalusia in the Writings of Orientalists in the French Orientalist School Gustave Le Bon as A Model

This study intends to present the cultural development in Andalusia and indicates the most prominent writings of French Orientalists regarding this civilization, as well as their appreciation for Arab culture. In this sense, the French Orientalist Gustave Le Bon is a role model. Among the most well-known philosophers in the West, he has shown justice to the Arab people and Islamic culture. This research therefore centers on his writings, which are full of references to the contributions that Arabs and the Arab Islamic nation have made to the West. He wrote the important work "La Civilisation des Arabes" ("The Civilization of the Arabs"), which offers insightful details on Arab civilization, and he accepted that Muslims were the ones who brought civilization to Europe. Additionally, the study seeks to expose the genuine character of Western Orientalists by differentiating between those who are sympathetic to Arab Muslims and those who are hostile to both Islam and Arabs. It demonstrates how the Arabs taught the West about civilization and advancement in many spheres of life.There are three sections to the research. The history, growth, and current status of the French Orientalist School are covered in the first section. The biography, writings, and methods of French Orientalist Gustave Le Bon are the main subjects of the second half. The final segment looks at Andalusia's cultural evolution.In writing this research, I have relied on both Arab and foreign sources, and I hope it will meet the reader's approval.

Physical culture, posing, and the medium of fitness magazines

ABSTRACT Physical culture describes a new socio-political interest in physical activity which emerged in the late nineteenth century and became a global phenomenon. Physical culture was concerned with the ‘commercial and ideological cultivation of the body’, as made manifest in gymnasium and keep fit cultures. This paper focuses specifically on physical culture magazines, which began to be sold with regularity in North America and Europe from the late 1890s, and contributed to the movement’s spread in this period. Publications relied on a reciprocal relationship with their readers to craft their content and remain financially viable. Reader-submitted content, be it images or letters, helped these magazines shape the practices and values of physical culturists. Critically, many of these magazines were transnational in nature, republishing articles and images from other publications and from readers across the world. This article is driven by a two-pronged argument: first, that magazine cover images helped to implicitly inform ways of presenting the male body. Second, that this was a transnational phenomenon. The article discusses the rise of physical culture in Europe before examining two popular physical culture magazines from the early twentieth century, the French magazine La Culture Physique and the English magazine Health and Strength. Using examples of cover images and reader submissions to these two publications, the article demonstrates how the growing mediums of physical culture magazines and photography provided crucial avenues for countless men around the world to re-evaluate their relationships with their bodies.

Retouched and Remarkable: Female Athletes in La Culture Physique (1904) as Historical and Visual Documentation

In 1904, Edmond Desbonnet launched La Culture Physique, a magazine that presented itself as scientific and entertaining in its promotion of strength athletes. La Culture Physique prioritized photomechanical imagery to demonstrate the visual merits of the conditioned human body. A surprising number of women feature in nearly each month’s issue. The magazine represented these athletes using a number of editing techniques that made their bodies seem remarkably muscular and yet conventionally feminine. But the specific formal qualities of the publication—such as paper quality, printing technology, and size—helped mask the work that went into making its subjects appear real. La Culture Physique is one of very few extant sources wherein the muscularity of specific women is promoted alongside men’s during a period when gender disparity was deeply engrained in French society. La Culture Physique worked within and at times pushed against dominant French cultural values articulated around concepts of gender and belonging, using a set of tools that packaged its contents and form as works of art: as legible, desirable, and collectable. This paper demonstrates that these same tools also helped the publication maintain its veneer of authority. La Culture Physique has yet to be examined from an art historical perspective. This paper seeks to remedy this by arguing that La Culture Physique’s 1904 issues are a crucial source of historical and visual documentation for scholars interested in how women participated and were represented in early French physical culture.

Kritik terhadap Wacana Patriarki dalam Novel La Civilisation, ma Mère !... Karya Driss Chraïbi

Moroccan francophone literature raises various criticisms, especially the issues of colonialism and gender. Driss Chraïbi is a Moroccan writer who investigated these issues in La Civilisation, ma Mère !.... This novel is told from the male perspective of a mother’s struggle in fighting gender discrimination in the French Protectorate, which later gives rise to a critique. This article aims to analyse how the critique of the patriarchal discourse is constructed in the novel. The method being used is qualitative and is supported by Roland Barthes’s narrative structure theory, A.J. Greimas’ actantial scheme theory, Gérard Genette’ focalization theory, and theory of postcolonial feminism by Gayatri Spivak. The result of this article is the critique on the patriarchal discourse is constructed through the postcolonial discourse that utilises the disposition of the “I” character as the indigenous man of the young generation, who encourages the deployment of Western culture to civilize women. Modern civilisation also becomes a hero for the Mother character, which is a subaltern, in her success in realising freedom and diminishing patriarchal discrimination. Nevertheless, her mindset and mental condition are still colonized due to her adjacency to the colonial legacy of the West.

20 YEARS OF AMS 14C DATING USING THE ARTEMIS FACILITY AT THE LMC14 NATIONAL LABORATORY: REVIEW OF SERVICE AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

ABSTRACT In 2001, five French public organizations (CNRS, CEA, IRD, IRSN, and the Ministère de la Culture) signed an agreement to purchase a new accelerator mass spectrometer to provide radiocarbon dating services at the national level. The Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14) was set up in Saclay (France) around ARTEMIS, an AMS system based on a 3MV Pelletron from NEC and installed in early 2003. In 2015, the LMC14 joined the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, making it possible to develop research projects in addition to the service activity and since 2021, the LMC14 has been a member of the IAEA Collaborating Centre “Atoms for Heritage” at the Université Paris-Saclay. Since 2003, 70,000 samples have been measured. Two-thirds of the samples have been prepared on site and one-third in two associated laboratories in Paris and Lyon. Over the past years, the LMC14 has participated in several international inter-comparisons and has continuously improved its capabilities by developing new protocols for preparation and measurement. In this paper, the radiocarbon dating services of the last 20 years for research institutions, museums and environmental monitoring are reviewed and recent results from environmental and archaeological research programs are highlighted.

La méthode du plancher d’Hippolyte Triat : Genèse et transmission

Hippolyte Triat’s floor method has remained famous in the history of gymnastics. We see it appear in the title of the booklet written by Nicolas Dally to present the Parisian Gymnasium launched with Triat in 1847: Milonian Society for the exploitation of gymnastics “according to the method of Mr. Triat of Nîmes”. But what is the genesis of this method, the shaping of which probably began when Triat settled down with the opening of its first gymnasium in Liège in 1838? And what was its diffusion before falling into oblivion? It seems to be linked to the progress of its author from his performances of acrobatic gymnastics with Paul Mathevet during the 1830s. Starting from documentary material from the press of the time and helped by recent historiography relating to the sport and physical activity from a social perspective, the spectacle of acrobatic gymnastics played a driving role in the creation of the first civilian gymnasiums. The practice of gymnastics then responds to new objectives of health, educational value and bodily beauty. This study shows how the Triat method was disseminated by several articles by the writer Paul Féval and partially illustrated by Dr. Jules Massé in La Santé universelle: Guide médical des familles in 1853–54, then transmitted after his death by his students like A. Personne who still practised it in 1917 and had it stenographed by Victrix of the sports newspaper L’Auto, and by his disciples like Edmond Desbonnet who often referred to in his journal La Culture physique or in his works. This stenography not having been published, from the descriptions contained in L’Education Introduite dans les Masses par la Régénération de l’Homme by A. Personne, published by Dubreuil in Paris in 1905, and the Traité de gymnastique d’application by Pierre Schmitz, published in Liège in 1871, compared to the articles of Jules Massé, our problem is to reconstruct in theory the chronology of the exercises of this forgotten Triat floor method, in the hope that gymnastics instructors put it into practice with a tutorial recording promoting its dissemination.

From debris to remains, an experimental protocol under emergency conditions

The treatment of the rubble from the fire at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris was the subject of an unprecedented protocol, drafted jointly by several departments of the ministère de la Culture and implemented by these same teams, assisted by compagnons (workers, foremen, forklift operators, automatic machine operators) present on the safety site. The aim of this approach, which was implemented immediately after the disaster, was to identify, from amongst all the collapsed materials on the floor and on the vaults, those that could be recovered, both for restoration purposes and for long-term scientific research - thus passing from the status of debris to that of vestiges. A sampling protocol, using robotic equipment on the ground and rope access technicians on the vaults, was thus organised to document and locate each material recovered (photographs, orthophotographs, geolocation): material specialists and archaeologists took turns for nearly twenty-four (24) months, in a context of lead pollution and according to an extremely constrained schedule, to carry out this sorting and draw up an initial inventory. At the end of this first phase of the scientific project, nearly ten thousand (10,000) pieces of timber, six hundred and fifty (650) pallets of stone items and three hundred and fifty (350) pallets of metal items are now stored in warehouses rented by the project management team, under the responsibility of the ministère de la Culture, and are currently the subject of a detailed inventory. All of the vestiges collected will thus be able to be used for the restoration of the building and, through the many research programmes already underway, contribute to a renewed knowledge of the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris.

L’argent du libertinage. Actes de la journée d’étude virtuelle du 31 juillet 2021 ed. par Éric Turcat

Reviewed by: L’argent du libertinage. Actes de la journée d’étude virtuelle du 31 juillet 2021 ed. par Éric Turcat Theresa Varney Kennedy Turcat, Éric, éd. L’argent du libertinage. Actes de la journée d’étude virtuelle du 31 juillet 2021. L’Harmattan, 2021. ISBN 978-2-343-2-4677-2. Pp. 188. This book is a fascinating collection of essays that examine the relationship between libertine culture and money over time. The first three essays, by Kathryn A. Hoffman, Alice Brown, and Claire Quaglia, show how aristocrats struck the right balance between lavish spending and prudent budgeting. Hoffman’s intriguing essay, “Le libertinage doré: la culture matérielle de l’inclination au XVIIe siècle,” broadens our understanding of the “honest” man or woman in the seventeenth century, and the kinds of expenses that propelled one’s social standing. Brown’s “L’avare de Molière: richesse et ascension sociale face au libertinage” explains how Molière’s play demonstrated that greed was incompatible with social advancement. Quaglia’s essay, “L’argent du libertinage dans Les mémoires de Brienne le Jeune,” shows how libertinism could go overboard—that the pursuit of pleasure could become obsessive and quickly lead to one’s downfall. Other contributions explore how bourgeois female libertinism affected eighteenth-century France. Julia Abramson undertakes a broad analysis of the protagonist’s relationship to the new economy in Marivaux’s Le paysan parvenu and Prévost’s Manon Lescaut. Éric Turcat’s essay, cleverly titled “Manon des ressources? Le roman de Prévost comme livre de raison,” debunks the idea that Manon is an excellent businesswoman by blaming her bankruptcy on her inability to effectively manage her resources and maintain a budget. By contrast, Denis Grélé depicts Fougeret de Montbron’s Margot la ravadeuse as a more successful heroine who reaches personal financial independence. That said, as the final essays show, money does not always lead to satisfaction. Encarnación Medina Arjona’s essay, “Zola ou le libertinage des Rougon sous le Second Empire,” warns how social corruption, materialism, and obsession with power and wealth can lead to sexual perversion. Similarly, Giovanni Dotoli’s piece on Léon Bloy shows how the author uses money as an allegory for the world’s tendency toward evil, and its need for God’s redemption. Covering a wide period, this collection of essays is a welcome addition to students and scholars of French literature. Each piece stands on its own and adds to our knowledge of early modern France. But the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Taken together, Turcat’s edited volume not only provides scintillating detail about libertine culture, it also delves into contemporary advice and admonishments about the limits and perils of that culture. The book should be equally praised for its thought-provoking analyses of the literature. Furthermore, it admirably engages a variety of sources. It alludes to some of the best-known authors and works (e.g., Molière’s L’avare and Prévost’s Manon Lescaut) as well as lesser known, yet still important, authors (e.g., Brienne le Jeune and Fougeret de Montbron). The book is both a series of stand-alone essays and a comprehensive contribution. It is both engaging and delightful. [End Page 275] Theresa Varney Kennedy Baylor University (TX) Copyright © 2022 American Association of Teachers of French

Herausforderungen und Perspektiven der Wortschreibung: Tarifit auf Facebook und das Standard-Amazigh im Vergleich

Abstract The Berber languages of Morocco – regionally distributed differently: Tarifit, Tamazight and Tashelhit – were subjected to a standardization process only at the beginning of the 21st century. The so-called Amazigh emerged as a standard language. The Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe, founded in 2001 specifically for the preservation and promotion of Berber, was given the task of initiating and controlling the standardization process. In 2008, a reference grammar of standard Amazigh was published, which will be examined more closely in the following article with regard to the orthographic specifications for the spelling of nominal units. In doing so, the critical examination of orthography will be conducted in a relatively unconventional manner. The written form of Tarifit used within a Facebook group will be analyzed in order to compare the word spellings with the spelling rules of the standard Amazigh grammar. Tarifit is used extensively in social networks in certain contexts and the preferred writing system is Latin. The French-language grammar description of the standard Amazigh uses for the object language level the so-called Tifinagh. However, this writing system is hardly used in Moroccan society not only due to a lack of acceptance. Likewise, the use of standard Amazigh in society is almost non-existent. Lay transcriptions in social networks can be very informative with regard to word spellings. The grammar description for the standard Amazigh can be criticized from different perspectives and is in urgent need of a linguistically based revision.

Renegades: Bruce Goff and the American School of Architecture

Renegades: Bruce Goff and the American School of Architecture. An article from journal Material Culture Review / Revue de la culture matérielle (Thematic Issue: The Social Lives of Maps, volume 2), on Érudit.

Celebrating Surrealism’s Centenary

As Michel Murat observes, Surrealism ‘est aujourd’hui une des composantes de la culture globale du 20e siècle, au-delà même des sociétés occidentales’ [is today one of the components of twentieth-century global culture, extending even beyond western society].1 In view of the movement’s persistent vitality and continued popularity, it is amazing that a hundred years have passed since it was founded. With the exception of Dada (which was later reformulated as Neo-Dada), no other avant-garde movement has lasted half as long. Surrealism has not only continued to exist, but has prospered along the way. The fact that three Surrealist poets (Pablo Neruda, Octavio Paz, and Vicente Aleixandre) have received the Nobel Prize in Literature testifies to the movement’s impressive vitality. Ironically, while Surrealism was initially conceived as a French movement, the highest official recognition has been reserved for its Spanish-speaking poets. As I write, plans are being made around the world to celebrate the centenary of the publication of the First Manifesto on October 15, 1924. This Special Issue seeks not only to contribute to this celebration, but also to acknowledge the phenomenal influence that Surrealism has exerted on modern art and literature in particular. In addition, it seeks to advance the discussion of Surrealist works along a number of important lines. These include, but are not limited to, the role of dream, the nature of automatism, and the function of paradox. Since dreaming provided the easiest access to the Freudian unconscious, it served as the logical starting point for Surrealist investigations. André Breton and his colleagues not only analyzed their own dreams but actually sought to duplicate the dream process. Allowing the unconscious to freely express itself, they also experimented with automatic dictation and automatic drawing. In an attempt to expand the rhetorical possibilities of language, finally, they investigated the potential of chance verbal encounters and contradictory juxtapositions as a means of creating marvelous new images.

ЭДМОН ПЛОШЮ — ФРАНЦУЗСКИЙ АПОЛОГЕТ ЯПОНСКОЙ КОЛОНИАЛЬНОЙ ЭКCПАНСИИ

One of the first descriptions of the Japanese military intervention in Taiwan in 1874 for the Western reader was an essay by the French writer Edmond Plauchut (1824–1909), published in November 1874 in the influential magazine Revue des Deux Mondes and a year later published in Russian translation in the St. Petersburg magazine Zhivopisnoe Obozrenie. If its text is known to researchers, then Plauchut’s biography and the reasons for his interest to the events in the Far East have remained unknown to the Russian reader until now. Using the memoirs and the only biography of Plauchut the author gives a brief outline of his life and literary activities. His book Armies of Civilization (Les armées de la civilisation; 1876), where an apologetic essay on the Japanese intervention in Taiwan is placed in the broad context of colonial policy, is considered in more detail. Plauchut was one of the first European authors to recognize the right of non-«white» and non-Christian but modernizing Japan to pursue a «civilizing» colonial policy on a par with the European «great powers».

Translating Race on the French Stage

Translating Race on the French Stage

La culture du corps dans l'espace médiatique de la société postmoderne

According to M. Fforde, the era of postmodernity is characterized by a form of cultural collapse, as it reveals many phenomena indicating that contemporary humans are on the path towards ‘desocialization.’ This process represents an overall cultural shift as well as changes in the existing anthropological paradigms. This paper is dedicated to an analysis of the issue of religion as social capital in conditions of increasing societal risks. We work with an hypothesis that sociopathological phenomena are rather determined by cultural and secularization factors. In our article, we argue that desocialization is closely connected with current secularization processes, as well as with the progression of a materialistic view of man in compliance with the models and theories of postmodern anthropologies. We propose that the ongoing social enthropy in the form of desocialization should be dealt with holistically, i.e.,by analyzing the utilization (or the lack thereof) of religious resources for human and social flourishing.

The Financial Commitment of Repository Countries: A Key Element of Reparation

The Financial Commitment of Repository Countries: A Key Element of Reparation

From connoisseur to the good manager. Perspectives in managerial curatorship from Canada and Brazil

AbstractManagerial curatorship developed mainly, though not exclusively, as a practice and museum model in so‐called society museums during the 1990s, particularly in French‐speaking Canada and later in parts of French‐speaking Europe. It was progressively adopted in other cultural and heritage organizations in Latin America and more recently in the UK and USA. This model involves professional project managers taking on certain curatorial tasks such as exhibition‐making. This intentional deconstruction of the traditional curatorship model originally envisioned a displacement, or in some cases, a complete removal of the traditional curator figure. This paper examines two cases of managerial curatorship: one in Canada (Musée de la civilisation, Quebec City, 1988) and one in Brazil (Museu da Pessoa, São Paulo, 1991). It then puts forth two arguments. First, that there should be more focus on developing healthy teamwork by concurrently investing in community participation and career development of key staff figures. The second argument is that encouraging creativity is key to maintaining the sustainability of such a model in the 21st century.

일본 노인교육의 형성과 중심 아이디어: 고령자교육론 성립의 맥락에서

Japanese education for the elderly is a good model to be reckoned with, facing the ‘aging or aged society’. However, it is not easy to benefit from simply modeling it, without knowing the socio-historical context in which the ideas and practices of the system were moulded. This study seeks to investigate the historical milieu and main ideas of Japanese efforts for the elderly education around the 1970’s. Especially, it focuses on the context of changing image of older people, the relatedness of ‘la culture vivante’ and ‘collaborative learning’ with their moto ‘ikigai’(a Japanese word for raison d''etre). For conclusion, it concedes that Japanese efforts for the elderly education are distinguished for their self-motivated impulse in start, and voluntary activities and services for society on the part of participant elderly learners.

Pioneers of the plantation economy: militarism, dispossession and the limits of growth in the Wa State of Myanmar

The characteristic mobility of highland populations in Southeast Asia relied to a large extent on their particular adaption to an ecological environment: swidden cultivation of tubers on mountain slopes. This ecology corresponded to cosmologies in which potency was limitless, or at least had no fixed and delimited precinct (as did the rice paddies and Buddhist realms in the valleys). Military state building, modern transport, and new crops and agricultural technologies have effectively ended swidden cultivation. In this article, I follow the pioneers of the plantation economy in the Wa State of Myanmar, who dispossess local populations of their land and employ them as plantation labour. The limits of growth and potency they encounter are (a) in the natural environment and (b) in the resistance of local populations. Yet, even though there are such limits, the potency to which these pioneers aspire is still limitless. It is however channelled through a new economy of life, epitomised in the plantation, nourished in excessive feasting, and maintained by the kinship dynamics of capture and care.

Vers une modernisation de la gouvernance dans les musées nationaux : théories, pratiques et perspectives

On December 9, 2016, Luc Fortin, Minister of Culture and Communications, announced the adoption of Bill 114, whose goal is to “modernize the governance structure of Quebec’s national museums.” Thirty-three years after the passage of the National Museums Act establishing the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (MNBAQ), the Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal (MAC) and the Musée de la civilisation (MCQ) as national museums, the adoption of Bill 114 is an ideal time to examine the concept of governance in the museal context, as well as potential consequences for Quebec museology.While the question of governance has often been raised over the past few years in the field of both public and private administration in Quebec, its application in the domain of museology has long been delayed. Developed structurally and conceptually in the vast majority of the province’s museal network, which is to say that it refers, first and foremost, to a structure of functioning and a management mode, the notion of governance nonetheless generates even more questions about the articulation and comprehension of these principles in regards to their application. In particular, think of the regulations governing the composition of boards of directors, of the criteria for independence which members must observe, of the desired skills profiles, as well as the distribution of roles among the general management and the board of directors.This summary of a directed study submitted in August 2017, seeks to return to the major analyses that have answered this question: after the bill was passed, what organizational dynamics were observed within the MNBAQ, MAC and MCQ?