Korean West Research Articles

Neolithic Shell Blades in Korean West Coast

Neolithic Shell Blades in Korean West Coast

Spawning Period and Size at Maturity of the Ocellate Spot Skate Okamejei kenojei in the West Sea of Korea

This study aimed to investigate the gonadal development process and size at maturity of the ocellate spot skate Okamejei kenojei (Müller and Henle, 1841). In total, 1234 specimens were collected from the center of the Korean West Sea between January 2019 and December 2020. The maturity stage of the gonads of each individual was determined visually based on size, color, and egg size. To estimate the spawning period, each specimen was measured for disc width, body weight, and gonad weight, and the monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) was derived. The GSI of the specimens peaked in April and May, and the main spawning period occurred during June and July. Egg capsules were first observed in specimens collected in March and were most commonly observed in specimens collected in July (56.8%). The maturity ogives for disc widths of female specimens at 50%, 75%, and 97.5% maturity were 26.6, 27.9, and 30.8 cm, respectively, whereas those of male specimens were 26.2, 27.5, and 30.7 cm. The findings of this study provide basic information on reproductive ecology related to the fertility of the ocellate spot skate.

Evaluation Of Growth Potentiality of North Korean Cities: The Case of North Korean West Coast Economic Belt

Evaluation Of Growth Potentiality of North Korean Cities: The Case of North Korean West Coast Economic Belt

군함과 선교: 1842년 세실·장시니·리브와의 〈조선 구상〉과 顚倒된 실행, 김대건·최양업의 입국과 순교

The “Warship” and the “Bible” were closely connected as symbols of “Western Powers over the East” in the mid-19th century. From the present perspective, the combination of the warships and the mission seems mismatched and wrong, but formerly often praised as “the Devine Providence.” The “Joseon Plan” of the French Admiral J.B. Cécille and the special envoy D. Jancigny, and the favorable response of the priest N. Libois to the plan, encouraged the boarding of J. A. Maistre, Kim Daegoeon and Choi Yangeop on French warship in 1842. However, in the middle of 1842, Cécile and Jancigny withdrew their trip plan to Joseon. This decision was related to French policy of active intervention in China and Vietnam after the signing of Nanjing Treaty. The complete entry of Kim Daegeon, Choi Yangeop, and J. A. Maistre to Joseon took ten year, and none of their entry was made by warship. The belated appearance of Cécille’s warship on the Korean west coast and its premature evacuation in 1846, on the contrary, hastened Kim Daegeon’s death. The basic position of Kim Daegeon and the French priests was to obtain religious freedom in a peaceful way. Although they advocated the usage of warships or the armed demonstration, they did not intend to wage war.

Elucidating sources of mercury in the west coast of Korea and the Chinese marginal seas using mercury stable isotopes

Nearshore systems play an important role as mercury (Hg) sources to the open ocean and to human health via fish consumption. The nearshore system along East Asia is of particular concern given the rapid industrialization, which contributes to significant anthropogenic Hg emissions and releases. We used Hg stable isotopes to characterize Hg sources in the sediment and fish along the west coast of Korea, located at the northeast of the East China Sea. The Hg isotope ratios of the west coast sediments (δ202Hg; −0.89 to −0.27‰, Δ199Hg; −0.04 to 0.14‰) were statistically similar with other nearshore sediments (δ202Hg; −0.99 to −0.30‰, Δ199Hg; −0.04 to 0.19‰) and overlapped with the industrial Hg source end-member (δ202Hg; −0.5‰, Δ199Hg; 0.01‰) estimated from the Chinese marginal seas. Using a ternary mixing model, we estimated that industrial Hg sources contribute 83–97% in the west coast of Korea, and riverine and atmospheric Hg sources play minor roles in the Korean west coast and the Chinese marginal seas. The comparison between Hg isotope ratios of the sediment and nearshore fish revealed that the fish in the most west coast sites are exposed to MeHg produced in the sediment. At a few southwest coast sites, external MeHg produced in rivers and the open ocean water column appears to be more important as a source in fish. This is supported by much higher δ202Hg (0.74‰; similar to oceanic fish) and lower δ202Hg (−0.71‰; similar to riverine sources) compared to fish collected from other west coast sites influenced by sedimentary MeHg. The substantial Hg contributions from industrial activities suggest the national policies regulating anthropogenic Hg releases can directly mitigate human Hg exposure originating via local fish consumption. This study contributes to the growing regional and global inventories of Hg fluxes and sources exported into coastal oceans.

Characteristics of catch losses in stow nets with finless porpoise excluder devices and a strategy to reduce them

Finless porpoise excluder devices have been developed to prevent bycatch of finless porpoise by stow net in Korea; however, fishermen are hesitant to use them owing to concerns of associated catch losses. To promote their use, we aimed to identify the characteristics of catch losses associated with finless porpoise excluder devices used along the Korean west coast and suggest a strategy to reduce these losses. Therefore, we analyzed the selectivity of the separator net in excluder devices, the catch loss rates in stow net with upward- or downward-facing exit holes, and the size distribution between the lost and caught fish for significant species of stow net. As a result, it was confirmed that the selectivity of the separator was best expressed by the bi-normal function for Japanese anchovies (L50 = 8.1 to 10.9 cm) and golden cuttlefish (L50 = 6.7 to 8.7 cm) and by the constant function for hair tails and swimming crabs. In addition, the size distribution between lost and caught fish species was not significantly different except for Japanese anchovies. Analysis results of the catch loss rate by the position of exit of the excluder devices were as follows. Upward-facing exit holes showed relatively high losses of Japanese anchovies (upward exit 14.40 vs. downward exit 1.11%) and hair tails (3.38 vs. 0.26%). In contrast, downward-facing exit holes showed high losses of golden cuttlefish (3.58 vs. 7.55%) and swimming crabs (0% vs. 15.72%). However, these losses significantly decreased when the exit hole direction was reversed, suggesting that changing the exit hole direction depending on the species could reduce catch losses, increasing fishermen’s willingness to use finless porpoise excluder devices and reducing bycatch.

Zoning of coastal environments based on sediment textural and geochemical characteristics and their major oceanographic constraints: A case study in South Korea

• Coastal zoning aids environmental impact assessment. • Sediment textural and geochemical properties are key characters affecting zoning. • This ( Ahn et al., 2001 ) study applies sediment characters to science-based marine spatial planning . • The South Korean coast can be scientifically divided into three zones. The three zones partly coincide with the previous arbitrarily categorized blocks. • A primary factor constraining the zoning in this case study is tidal range . To assess the environmental impacts of offshore wind farming and sea sand mining, coastal areas are zoned on the basis of their natural oceanographic characteristics. Textural and geochemical properties of South Korean coastal sediments, including mean grain size (Mz), CaCO 3 and organic-matter contents, and metal concentrations (Al, K, Ba, rare earth elements, Zr, etc.), were analyzed and categorized in this case study, practically applying common sediment properties for rational zoning of the South Korean coastal environment. Three characteristic zones are scientifically classified in the study area, although four groups of sediment sampling stations were statistically clustered based on their major sediment properties. Zone 1, in the northwestern part of the Korean west coast, is characterized as covered with coarse-grained sediments containing low concentrations of the measured elements under a macro-tidal regime (6.5–9 m), while Zone 3 is characterized by fine-grained sediments with high elemental concentrations under a micro-tidal regime (>3.5 m). Silty Zone 2 sediments appear to be a mixture of sandy Zone 1 and muddy Zone 3 sediments under a meso-tidal regime. The difference in tidal forces among the zones is proposed as a primary constraint of overall sediment textural and geochemical characteristics, while sediment provenance provides subsequent control. Sediment contamination with anthropogenic pollutants is unperceivable in this case study. However, the K and Li concentrations in coarse-grained feldspar and fine-grained illite, respectively, are likely not limited by the tidal flow regime.

Do Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and Track Two Processes Support Transboundary Marine Conservation? Lessons From Six Case Studies of Maritime Disputes

By definition, marine protected areas (MPAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) address spatial aspects of the ecological processes and marine features. Such a requirement is especially challenging in areas where there is no clearly defined jurisdiction. However, in these areas, assigning sovereignty and rights can be achieved through bilateral or multilateral agreements, or with the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) tools such as mediation and arbitration. In some cases, states may engage in transboundary marine conservation initiatives to provide an entry point to enable wider collaboration. These processes can also evolve into a form of ‘environmental peacebuilding’ while ideally maintaining ecosystem functioning and resilience as a core goal. Conversely, MPAs and OECMs can also be used to assert maritime sovereignty rights over disputed waters, under the pretext of conserving marine habitats. This paper identifies emerging issues of conflict resolution and their interaction with transboundary marine conservation. While ADR focuses on negotiations and facilitated processes between state representatives (“track one diplomacy”), we also discuss other forms and levels of marine environmental peacebuilding and dispute resolution, particularly those between civil society organizations (“track two diplomacy”). The six case studies presented highlight areas of recent maritime conflict or border disputes in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the West Indian Ocean, the Korean West Sea and the South China Sea. In all cases, high ecological value, vulnerable ecosystems, and the need to conserve ecosystem services provide a shared interest for cooperation despite on-going diplomatic difficulties. The strategies used in these cases are analyzed to determine what lessons might be learned from cross-border collaborative marine initiatives in situations of territorial dispute. The use of ADR tools and their ability to support joint marine initiatives are examined, as well as how such initiatives contribute to formal border negotiations. Other forms of inter-state dialogue and cooperation between local or civil organizations, circumventing formal treaties and negotiations between state leaders (‘track two’) are also investigated. Finally, other influencing factors, including third-party involvement, stakeholder interests, power dynamics, economic context, and socio-cultural aspects, are considered.

A Study on the Development of Korean West Coast’s Ports Considering Transportation and Port Expansion Costs After the Increase of Trade Volume between Korea and China

한·중 FTA 발효 이후 예상되는 대중국 물동량 증가와 함께 한반도 서해안 항만의 발전 가능성은 더욱 높아지고 있어 해당 항만들의 육성 전략이 필요하다. 오랜 시간이 걸리는 항만확장 등 거점항만 육성전략 수립에 있어서는 장기적인 관점에서 거시적인 분석이 필요하며, 이에 본 연구에서는 2030년을 목표로 국내 수송비용과 지가를 반영한 항만 확장비용을 고려하여 대중국 물류거점 입지선택을 위한 계량적 분석을 선형계획법을 이용하여 수행하였다. 그 결과 항만 확장비용과 운송비용의 상대적인 차이에 의해 서울, 인천, 경기 등 수도권의 대중국 화물이 인천항 또는 평택항에 우선 배정되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 그 영향으로 충북, 충남 지역의 대중국화물은 평택항에서 밀려나 군산항으로 배정되었고, 추가로 평택항 또는 군산항을 확장하여 해소해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 추가 확장물량 처리를 위한 항만확장 수요는 인천항 또는 평택항에서 27,506천 톤 이상, 평택항에서 10,549천톤 이상, 평택 또는 군산항에서 22,381천 톤 이상으로 나타났으며, 확장 항만 결정 시 인천항과 평택항의 경우에는 평택항의 지가가 인천항의 약 70∼80% 수준을 넘어서게 될 때 평택항이 낮은 항만확장비용에 의한 경쟁력을 잃게 되는 것으로 나타났으며 평택항과 군산항의 경우에는 군산항의 지가가 평택항의 약 56∼57% 수준을 넘어설 때에 경쟁력을 잃게 되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 대중국 물동량 증가와 내륙운송비, 항만확장비용을 고려하는 장기적인 서해안 항만개발 전략을 계량적으로 분석하여 제시한데에 연구의 의의가 있으며, 향후 항만개발계획 수립 시 지가 등 비용요인 고려에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.After the Korea-China FTA conclusion, the development of Korean west coast’s ports is expected according to the trade increase between Korea and China. So it is necessary to prepare a development plan of the hub ports for Korea-China trade, and in the case of long-term development plan including port expansion, macroeconomic analysis is needed from a long-term perspective. In this study, we conducted a quantitative analysis using the linear programming method to choose the location of the logistics hub for China trade considering the cost of domestic transportation and the cost of port expansion based on the land price, from the viewpoint of mid and long term development plan aiming year 2030. As a result, it is founded that the cargoes between China and metropolitan area including Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi were assigned to Incheon or Pyeongtaek Port according to the expansion cost and the transportation cost. It is also finded that the cargoes between China and Chungbuk or Chungnam provinces are pushed out to Gunsan Port, and accordingly additional port expansion of Pyeongtaek of Gunsan Port was also needed. The choice of the port to be expanded was also concluded from the difference of the expansion costs and the transportation costs of two ports. From the analysis, it is founded that the development plan should be established considering the expansion cost of the candidate site at the time of development.

A study on the estimation of potential yield for Korean west coast fisheries using the holistic production method (HPM)

A study on the estimation of potential yield for Korean west coast fisheries using the holistic production method (HPM)

Five new species of the genus Nannopus (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Nannopodidae) from intertidal mudflats of the Korean West Coast (Yellow Sea).

Five Nannopus Brady, 1880 species that are new to science are described from the intertidal mudflats of the Korean West Coast, Yellow Sea (South Korea). Nannopus minutus sp. nov. and N. dimorphicus sp. nov. belong to a group of species defined by seven elements on P4 exp-3, and these two species are unique by the pinnate caudal seta III. These species differ in the number of dorsal integumental windows on the cephalothorax (three in N. minutus, one in N. dimorphicus), shape of the distal small seta on the P4 endopod (naked in N. minutus, pinnate in N. dimorphicus), shape of the caudal seta IV (inflated and leaf-shaped in N. minutus, with a globular expansion at its insertion and slender in N. dimorphicus), and shape of the caudal seta V (anterior part cylindrical in N. minutus, inflated and bulbous in N. dimorphicus). The males of N. minutus and N. dimorphicus differ in the number of dorsal integumental windows on the cephalothorax (without any in N. minutus, with one integumental window in N. dimorphicus), number of outer spines on P2-P3 exp-3 (three in N. minutus, four in N. dimorphicus), shape of the inner seta on P3 enp-2 (naked in N. minutus, pinnate in N. dimorphicus), and shape of the outer medial and outermost setae on the P5 endopod (pinnate in N. minutus, naked in N. dimorphicus). Nannopus serratus sp. nov. and N. unisegmentatus Shen & Tai, 1964 share the presence of two setae on P2 enp-2 but differ in ornamentation and position of the setae on the mandibular palp, shape of the inner seta on P3 enp-2, and shape of distal seta on P4 enp-2. Nannopus parvus sp. nov. and N. bulbiseta sp. nov. belong to the group of species with the female P5 exopod fused, but these two species can be separated from the others by the presence of two bulbiform pinnate setae on the second segment of the antennule, as well as by the relative length and shape of the inner subdistal pectinate seta of P4 exp-3 (pectinate and 0.5 to 0.7 times as long as those in other congeners), and the shape of outer medial and outermost setae on the P5 endopod (naked only in female). However, they both display unique characters among all congeners. The caudal ramus of N. parvus is trapezoidal or square-shaped, and 0.4 to 0.5 times as long as those in other congeners, and the caudal seta V is very short and spine-like. Nannopus bulbiseta has four and five setae on P2 and P4 exp-3 respectively, the caudal ramus is sub-cylindrical or sub-rectangular, and the proximal part of the female caudal seta V is bulbous and very slender distally. A key to 14 valid species of Nannopus is provided.

Remote sensing and water quality indicators in the Korean West coast: Spatio-temporal structures of MODIS-derived chlorophyll-a and total suspended solids

The Yellow Sea is a shallow marginal sea with a large tidal range. In this study, ten areas located along the western coast of the Korean Peninsula are investigated with respect to remotely sensed water quality indicators derived from NASA MODIS aboard of the satellite Aqua. We found that there was a strong seasonal trend with spatial heterogeneity. In specific, a strong six-month phase-lag was found between chlorophyll-a and total suspended solid owing to their inversed seasonality, which could be explained by different dynamics and environmental settings. Chlorophyll-a concentration seemed to be dominantly influenced by temperature, while total suspended solid was largely governed by local tidal forcing and bottom topography. This study demonstrated the potential and applicability of satellite products in coastal management, and highlighted find that remote-sensing would be a promising tool in resolving orthogonality of large spatio-temporal scale variabilities when combining with proper time series analyses.

Contrasting sedimentation patterns in two semi-enclosed mesotidal bays along the west and south coasts of Korea controlled by their orientation to the regional monsoon climate

Sedimentation patterns of tidal flats along the Korean west coast have long been known to be largely controlled by the monsoon climate. On the other hand, much less is known about the effect of the monsoon on sedimentation in coastal embayments with mouths of different geographic orientations. Good examples are Hampyeong and Yeoja bays along the west and south coasts, respectively. Both have narrow entrances, but their mouths open toward the northwest and the south, respectively. With mean tidal ranges of 3.46 and 3.2 m, respectively, the two bays experience similar tidal regimes and are hence excellent candidates to compare the effect of different exposure to the same regional monsoon climate on their respective sediment distribution patterns. The winter monsoon, in particular, is characterized by strong northwesterly winds that directly impact the west coast, but blow offshore along the south coast. For the purpose of this study, surficial sediment samples were collected from intertidal and subtidal flats of the two bays, both in summer and winter. Grain-size analyses were carried out by sieving (sand fraction) and Sedigraph (mud fraction). In the case of Yeoja Bay, the sediments consist mostly of mud (mean grain sizes of 5.4 to 8.8 phi). Seasonal changes are very subtle, the sediments being slightly coarser in summer when silt-dominated sediments are supplied by two streams to the northern parts of the bay in response to heavy rainfall. With the exception of the deeper tidal channels, Yeoja Bay is characterized by a thick mud blanket the year round, which is modulated by processes associated with the summer monsoon that predominantly blows from the east. Textural parameters suggest severely restricted sediment mixing on the subtidal and intertidal flats, the overall low energy situation preventing sands from reaching the tidal flats. The sediments of Hampyeong Bay, by contrast, are characterized by a distinct shoreward fining trend. Mean grain sizes average around –2.2 phi at the mouth and 8.2 phi near the shore of the inner bay. The textural relationships suggest progressive mixing between two hydraulic populations, the overall higher energy situation allowing sands to be transported onto the tidal flats in winter. In addition, a clear seasonal signal indicating deposition in summer and erosion in winter is observed, the latter probably being controlled by waves generated by strong northwesterly winds of the winter monsoon. The contrasting energy regimes controlling sediment distribution in the two bays are particularly well reflected in ternary diagrams of sand/silt/clay ratios and bivariate plots of textural parameters. The results clearly demonstrate that tidal sedimentation along the west coast of Korea is controlled by the more energetic winter monsoon, whereas along the south coast it is modulated by the less energetic summer monsoon. As a consequence, distinct seasonal changes are particularly pronounced along the west coast, whereas these are more subtle along the south coast. The orientation of bay mouths relative to the direction of wind associated with the summer and winter monsoon is thus identified as the main reason for the completely different sedimentation patterns observed on the subtidal and intertidal flats of the two bays.

A Study on the Korean West Coast’s Port Logistics Development after the Conclusion of Korea-China FTA

동북아 경제권의 부상과 한중 FTA 체결에 따라 한중 교역의 증가가 예상되고 있으며 특히 환황해경제권 촉진과 함께 ‘한반도 서해안 시대의 도래'라는 새로운 발전의 전기를 맞이하게 되었다. 한 국가의 수송 및 물류체계의 정비 여부는 그 국가의 대외경쟁 력을 좌우하는 결정적 변수의 하나로 체계적인 대중국 수송 및 물류체계 구축을 위해서는 거점수송기지(거점항만)의 개발이 필요 한 실정에다. 본 논문은 변화하는 교역구조에 적합한 거점항만의 개발 방향과 이를 중심으로 하는 복합물류체계의 구축을 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. 효율적 수송체계를 구축할 수 있도록 거시적인 관점에서 거점수송기지의 입지선택을 위해 선형계획법을 이용하여 최적 거점수송기지의 위치와 규모를 도출하였다. 그 결과 인천항의 거점수송기지화 전략이 우선적으로 필요한 것으로 나타났으며, 평택당진항과 군산항 역시 추가적인 거점항만 후보로 꼽을 수 있는 것으로 나타나 이를 위한 장기적인 항만 개발전략 수립이 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 우리나라 뿐 아니라 동북아의 물류중심으로서 중국 및 일본의 물류기지 역할을 수행하 도록 거점항만들에 대한 적극적인 정책 마련이 필요한 것으로 사료된다. |According to the growth of the Northeast Asian economies and the conclusion of the Korea-China FTA, trade increases are expected between Korea and China. The west coast area of Korea could face challenges and opportunities of new development so called "an advent of the age of the west coast of the Korean peninsula”. The development status of national transport and logistic system is one of the key factors to decide its international competitiveness, so it is necessary to develop some hub ports to design efficient and effective transport and logistics system between Korea and China. This study performs a fundamental research to find the major ports of the west coast for the suitable development strategy and the necessity of integrated logistic system is derived from those ports with the analysis of current status and emerging problems of maritime logistic flow between Korea and China. Moreover, a linear programing model is designed to investigate quantitatively the locations of hub ports. Consequently, it is analyzed that the necessity of upgrading Incheon port targeting integrated logistics hub is urgently required and the Ports of Pyungtaek and Kunsan Cities are pointed as the potential candidates for another major ports together with the Incheon Port handling cargos of the Yellow-Sea region. The government’s policy should focus on remodelling domestic ports toward integrated logistic space even above the international standard in order for the west coast’s ports to successfully perform as the logistic maritime hub of the northeast economic region including Korea, China and Japan.

Comparative evaluation of different offshore wind turbine installation vessels for Korean west–south wind farm

The purpose of this study is to evaluate various means of wind power turbines installation in the Korean west–south wind farm (Test bed 100 MW, Demonstrate site 400 MW). We presented the marine environment of the southwest offshore wind farm in order to decide the appropriate installation vessel to be used in this site. The various vessels would be WTIV (Wind turbine installation vessel), jack-up barge, or floating crane … etc. We analyzed the installation cost of offshore wind turbine and the transportation duration for each vessel. The analysis results showed the most suitable installation means for offshore wind turbine in the Korean west–south wind farm.

Occurrence of Orthione griffenismarkham, 2004 (Isopoda: Bopyridae), parasite of the mud shrimp upogebia major(de Haan, 1841) in South Korean waters, and its implications with respect to marine bioinvasion

In recent years, extensive populations of burrowing mud shrimp have suddenly invaded the tidal flats in South Korea where clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, are harvested. These shrimp pose a serious threat to the clam industry along the west coast of South Korea. While conducting a mud shrimp monitoring program, we collected six female/male pairs of a pseudionine bopyrid isopod, Orthione griffenisMarkham, 2004, which in North America has been considered an introduced species from Asia that threatens northeastern Pacific estuarine ecosystems. We report the occurrence of this isopod as an inhabitant of the branchial chambers of the host shrimp, Upogebia major(de Haan, 1841), a very common species along the South Korean west coast, along with a morphological description and phylogenetic analysis based on COI barcodes. DNA analysis supported strongly that South Korean Orthioneis the same species of western Pacific (USA), O. griffenis. Two regionally disjunct isopods showed very low (0.8%) genetic variation in the mitochondrial COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) sequences. The implications of the occurrence of this species with respect to marine bioinvasion are also discussed.

Abundance and Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Seawaters of the Incheon/Kyeonggi Coastal Region.

Microplastics in marine environments are of emerging concern due to their widespread distribution, their ingestion by various marine organisms, and their roles as a source and transfer vector of toxic chemicals. However, our understanding of their abundance and distribution characteristics in surface seawater (SSW) remains limited. We investigated microplastics in the surface microlayer (SML) and the SSW at 12 stations near-shore and offshore of the Korean west coast, Incheon/Kyeonggi region. Variation between stations, sampling media, and sampling methods were compared based on abundances, size distribution, and composition profiles of microsized synthetic polymer particles. The abundance of microplastics was greater in the SML (152,688 ± 92,384 particles/m(3)) than in SSW and showed a significant difference based on the sampling method for SSWs collected using a hand net (1602 ± 1274 particles/m(3)) and a zooplankton trawl net (0.19 ± 0.14 particles/m(3)). Ship paint particles (mostly alkyd resin polymer) accounted for the majority of microplastics detected in both SML and SSWs, and increased levels were observed around the voyage routes of large vessels. This indicates that polymers with marine-based origins become an important contributor to microplastics in coastal SSWs of this coastal region.

High Waves in the West Coast of Korea during Winter Season Generated by Excessively Developed Low Pressure

Characteristics of the high waves arriving on the west coast of Korea areintensively examined based on the analysis of long-term coastal wave observation data obtained at multiple locations as well as some available meteorological data. It was clarified that the rapid drop of the atmospheric pressures during the development and evolution of the extra-tropical cyclone is the chief reason for the occurrence of high waves in the Yellow Sea. Directly influenced by this meteorological phenomenon, very strong winds tend to blow extensively over the entire sea region and evoke generation of high waves. Since the wave field is predominantly governed by the local wind field, the temporal variation of wave height and period is very closely related to that of the wind speed. Hence, characteristics ofthe high waves appeared in the Korean west coastare found to be wind waves rather than swell

高潮モデルの高度化と気候変動予測への適用

Surge-Wave-Tide coupled model (SuWAT) has been developed and improved its applicability. Effect of tidal variation on storm surge is discussed by a simplified bathymetry test and hindcast simulation in Korean west coast. Effect of wave setup is also confirmed by hindcast of storm surge in Kochi coast caused by typhoon Anita. SuWAT became enabling to use time history data of atmosphere as a boundary forcing and applied to hindcast simulation of typhoon Vera, which caused the national worst storm surge disaster. Climate change experiment result by GCM is employed for future coastal disaster projections, and the results indicate future storm surge would increase in the Ise Bay and the west Seto Inland Sea.

한반도 서해상 발생한 남북한분쟁에 대한 중국의 입장 : 중국동포신문의 보도프레임을 중심으로

한반도 서해상 발생한 남북한분쟁에 대한 중국의 입장 : 중국동포신문의 보도프레임을 중심으로