Konkuk University Research Articles

Replay to the Letter: Are Doctors Exposed to Radiation Even When Wearing Protectors during Fluoroscopic Procedures?

Received March 15, 2013. Accepted March 20, 2013. Correspondence to: Jae Hun Kim, MD Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 4-12 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-729, Korea Tel: +82-2-2030-5470, Fax: +82-2-2030-5449, E-mail: painfree@kuh.ac.kr This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright c The Korean Pain Society, 2013 REPLY TO THE LETTER

The Survey about the Degree of Damage of Radiation-Protective Shields in Operation Room

BackgroundMedical doctors who perform C-arm fluoroscopy-guided procedures are exposed to X-ray radiation. Therefore, radiation-protective shields are recommended to protect these doctors from radiation. For the past several years, these protective shields have sometimes been used without regular inspection. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of damage to radiation-protective shields in the operating room.MethodsThis study investigated 98 radiation-protective shields in the operation rooms of Konkuk University Medical Center and Jeju National University Hospital. We examined whether these shields were damaged or not with the unaided eye and by fluoroscopy.ResultsThere were seventy-one aprons and twenty-seven thyroid protectors in the two university hospitals. Fourteen aprons (19.7%) were damaged, whereas no thyroid protectors (0%) were. Of the twenty-six aprons, which have been used since 2005, eleven (42.3%) were damaged. Of the ten aprons, which have been used since 2008, none (0%) was damaged. Of the twenty-three aprons that have been used since 2009, two (8.7%) of them were damaged. Of the eight aprons used since 2010, one (12.3%) was damaged. Of the four aprons used since 2011, none (0%) of them were damaged. The most common site of damage to the radiation-protective shields was at the waist of the aprons (51%).ConclusionsAs a result, aprons that have been used for a long period of time can have a higher risk of damage. Radiation-protective shields should be inspected regularly and exchanged for new products for the safety of medical workers.

The Female Gaze in George Eliot’s Middlemarch

To possess the gaze has traditionally meant in Western culture to occupy a male subject position in relation to one’s objects of vision. While critics have often identified the omniscient narrator of George Eliot’s Middlemarch with the all-powerful male gaze, this paper aims to challenge and undermine the dominance of the male gaze in the novel by examining narrative points of view as well as the various masculine discourses of vision―such as artistic, scientific, and medical gazes―which subject women under the scopic dominance of the male. By applying the concept of the gaze to narrative stance as well as examining how women are represented through the male gaze, I claim that the male gaze associated with its omniscient narrative is not dominant or monolithic, but that it is possible to locate a version of the female gaze, as exemplified by Dorothea’s sympathetic gaze, that can be a powerful resistance and alternative to the masculine gaze and its scopic regime. By focusing on the interrelated issues of the gaze, gender, aesthetics, and narrative, this reading of Middlemarch clearly demonstrates the radical nature of the feminist project Eliot was engaged in her critique of oppressive masculine system of viewing and its power relations. (Konkuk University)

Electromyographic Analysis of Upper Limb and Hand Muscles during Horticultural Activity Motions

This study used electromyographic analysis to investigate specific upper limb and hand muscle activation during 15 common horticultural activities. A total of 30 Korean adults between the ages of 20 and 30 years, with an average age of 24.8 years, were recruited from Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea. Electromyographic measurements were made using a portable four-channel electromyograph. Bipolar surface electromyography (EMG) electrodes were attached to six upper limb muscles (i.e., upper trapezius, triceps—long head, biceps brachialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and brachioradialis) and two hand muscles (i.e., thenar eminence and hypothenar eminence) on the dominant hand. These eight muscles that were selected play a major role in the operation of upper limbs and hand muscles for upper body low-impact activities. Each participant did the 15 horticultural activities on one occasion with two separate sessions. Each activity was performed for 60 seconds followed by a 15-second rest period sitting at a table on a height-adjusted chair between each activity. All eight muscles measured were used together during most of 15 horticultural activities. Upper trapezius, thenar eminence, and hypothenar eminence had higher muscle activity than the other muscles. Triceps—long head displayed very low EMG values compared with the other muscles. The EMG data will facilitate developing scientific and research-based gardening intervention and/or horticultural therapy programs for improving physical health and physical rehabilitation.

무관수 용기형 벽면녹화에서 유기질 토양개량제가 토양수분함량과 홍자단의 생육에 미치는 영향

In order to evaluate the effect of various organic soil conditioner ratios on the soil moisture content and growth of Cotoneaster horizontalis, a container type for wall-planting experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Konkuk University under non-irrigation. The experimental planting grounds were prepared with different organic soil conditioner ratios (<TEX>$A_1L_0$</TEX>, <TEX>$A_8L_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$A_4L_1$</TEX> <TEX>$A_2L_1$</TEX> and <TEX>$A_1L_1$</TEX>), and a drought-tolerant ornamental variety of Cotoneaster horizontalis was planted. The change in soil moisture content, plant height, number of branches, number of dead leaves, number of leaves, number of shoots, length of node, length of leaf, width of leaf, root-collar caliper, chlorophyll content, and survival rate were investigated, from April to Jun 2010. The results of soil moisture content measurements were analyzed with weight units in the container type for wall-planting during the dry summer season. The soil moisture contents were significantly enhanced in the container type for wall-planting in increasing order as the amount of soil conditioner level was increased (<TEX>$A_1L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_2L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_4L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_8L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_1L_0$</TEX>). Compared to the control treatment application (amended soil with 100% + organic soil conditioner 0%), the highest plant growth was observed in the treatment of <TEX>$A_1L_1$</TEX> application (amended soil with 50% + organic soil conditioner 50%). However, the differences between the organic soil conditioner ratio treatments of <TEX>$A_1L_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$A_4L_1$</TEX>, and <TEX>$A_8L_1$</TEX> organic soil conditioner application were mostly not significant. The survival rate increased with the increasing application of organic soil conditioner, but in the control treatment application all the plants died. The experimental results from clearly demonstrated that the organic soil conditioner improved the survival rate more than the growth of Cotoneaster horizontalis. Therefore, Cotoneaster horizontalis is expected to be a highly valuable shrub for green wall systems, when considered for us in integration system or for increasing soil water contents in planting grounds.

Construction and Operation of a Scaled-up Microbial Fuel Cell

Department of Microbial Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, KoreaReceived September 21, 2012, Accepted November 1, 2012Key Words : Microbial fuel cell, Scale-up, COD removal, Coulombic efficiency, Long-term operationMicrobial fuel cells (MFCs) are electrochemical devicesthat use microorganisms as biocatalysts for generatingelectricity from the degradation of organic matter as fuel.

Korean Addiction Treatment Guidelines Series (II): Pharmacological Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal

Hui-Yeon Kim, MD, Hae-Kook Lee, MD, PhD, Kye-Seong Lee, MD, Keun-Ho Joe, MD, Sam-Wook Choi, MD and Jeong-Seok Seo, MD, PhD 1 Department of Psychiatry, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea 2 Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Center, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea Dasarang Central Hospital, Uiwang, Korea Department of Addiction Rehabilitation and Social Welfare, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea

Autogenous Cancellous Bone Graft Harvested from Proximal Tibia in Foot and Ankle Surgery

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical availability and advantage of autogenous cancellous bone graft from proximal tibia metaphysis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 58 cases of foot and ankle surgeries using bone graft from the ipsilateral proximal tibia from August 2008 to March 2012 in Konkuk University Medical Center (Seoul, Korea). The group included patients with isolated reconstructions as well as trauma in the foot and ankle area. Results: The mean volume of cancellous bone harvested from the proximal tibia was 14 ml (range, 5 to 28 ml) and allograft was added to the autogenous bone graft in order to fill the large bone defect for six cases. The bone graft was performed for 41 arthrodesises, seven supramalleolar tibial osteotomies, eight open reduction and internal fixation procedures, and two curettage and bone grafts of bone tumor. At final follow-up, one case (1.7%) showed mild pain on the donor site and the mean visual analogue scale score for pain was 0.1 (range, 0 to 2). There was no occurrence of major post-operative complication at the donor site. Solid union at final follow-up was observed in 97% of cases. Conclusion: Proximal tibial bone graft was found to be a viable alternative to the iliac crest bone graft in the aspect of cancellous bone graft with relatively sufficient quantity and minimal donor site morbidity.

Erratum: Correction of Acknowledgments. ERG Immunohistochemistry as an Endothelial Marker for Assessing Lymphovascular Invasion

To the Editor: We found an error in our published article. Kim S, Park HK, Jung HY, Lee SY, Min KW, Kim WY, Han HS, Kim WS, Hwang TS, Lim SD. ERG Immunohistochemistry as an Endothelial Marker for Assessing Lymphovascular Invasion. Korean J Pathol 2013; 47(4): 355-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2013.47.4.355. The Acknowledgments were marked incorrectly. The correct Acknowledgments are as follows. Corrected Acknowledgments Acknowledgments This study was supported by Konkuk University 2013.

Anatomical Analysis of Clavicles in Korean Adults and Compatibility of Pre-Contoured Anatomical Plates

Purpose: Due to the complex anatomy of clavicles, clavicular plates are not always compatible with clavicular fractures. The purpose of this study was to analyze basic data on the anatomy of the clavicle in order to determine compatibility between clavicles of Korean adults and pre-contoured anatomical plates. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the anatomy of 600 clavicles of 300 patients who underwent three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography of clavicles in the emergency room of Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, between July 2010 and July 2011, using Andermahr's method; in addition, the compatibility between 3D axial images of clavicles and sectional images of pre-contoured anatomical plates was also examined using Adobe Photoshop. Results: The mean length of the clavicle was 146.21±4.98 mm, the mean width was 9.63±1.67 mm, and the mean thickness was 9.54±1.67 mm. The location of the maximum superior bow was 36.17±0.60 mm from the lateral end of the clavicle and the mean magnitude was 5.88±0.62 mm. The mean depth of medial curvature was 15.89±1.33 mm, and the mean depth of the lateral curvature of the clavicle was 11.73±1.66 mm. The compatibility between clavicles and plates was 79% as above a fair compatibility in the 50% range of clavicles and 48% as above a fair compatibility in the 60% to 70% range of clavicles. On the contrary, in application of medial and lateral plates in the 60% to 70% range of clavicles, above a fair compatibility had increased to 67%. Conclusion: A more adequate pre-contoured anatomical plate is required for satisfactory improvement of the compatibility of clavicles of Korean adults.

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease in Koreans Aged 50 Years or Older

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) share common pathogenic mechanisms and many risk factors, and both are linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the association between NAFLD and CKD according to the presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Koreans aged 50 years or older.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 1,706 subjects who received their routine health examination was conducted between May 2008 and April 2010 at Konkuk University medical center. Biochemical tests for liver and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. CKD was defined as either proteinuria or glomerular filtration rate ≤60 mL/min per 1.73 m2.ResultsAmong the 1,706 subjects, There were 545 (31.9%) with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 424 (24.9%) with chronic kidney disease. In univariate logistic regression analysis, NAFLD was significantly associated with CKD (odds ratio [OR], 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34 to 2.12). In multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, current smoking, abdominal obesity, aspartate aminotransferases, alanine aminotransferases, γ-glutamyltransferase, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NAFLD was associated with CKD (adjusted OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.24). This relationship remained significant after classification according to the presence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus.ConclusionNAFLD diagnosed by ultrasonography was significantly associated with CKD in Koreans aged 50 years or older.

Usefulness and Limitation of 2010 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria in Patients with Early RA

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Wonkwang University, Iksan 2 , The Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 3 , Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Kangnam CHA Hospital, CHA University, Seoul 8 , Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 9 , Korea

인재채용 기능성 게임 개발에 관한 연구

글로벌 환경 속에서 기업의 경쟁력을 갖는 요인으로는 우수한 인재를 확보하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 특히, 과거의 제조 산업이 발달했던 시기와는 달리 지식서비스 산업이 발달한 오늘날에는 우수인재의 확보가 기업의 성공과 실패를 결정하는 매우 중요한 요소가 되고 있다. 이에 따라, 기업은 인재채용에 많은 돈을 투자하고 있으며 인재의 훈련, 관리, 평가 등 전주기적인 측면에서 체계적으로 인재를 관리하고 있다. 본 연구는 '인재채용 기능성 게임' 개발에 관한 연구로 기업에서 필요로 하는 인재선발과 관련한 미션을 일정기간동안 수행 후 정량, 정성적 평가를 통해 실제 면접과 취업의 기회가 주어지는 독특한 특징을 갖는 게임을 제안한다.

디자인분야의 캡스톤디자인 적용사례 및 성과 고찰

Capstone design is silk engineering in the field of education, the program requires contractors, not the industrial ability to adapt with the creative overall design training programmes in design education in terms of the applicability of that remains to be seen. In this study, the University of art and industrial design major, konkuk University School of design of the Capstone design 2011 and take advantage of the performance, and the curriculum is mainly applied for the technology. Design and development should be followed for experimental studies and a wealth of knowledge for the creation of advanced technology and professional support for institutions and industries to improve practical skills and lessons based on the Convention. This course through the patent, utility model, design, intellectual property, such as money to improve the practical skills of students to gauge the capacity of enterprises through the design, companies will come up with a gauge, and enhancing the competitiveness of SMEs in the community support instrument.

The 17th Dandelion Camp: There and Back

The 17th Dandelion Camp: There and Back

Risk for Coronary Heart Disease Increases Risk for Colorectal Neoplasm

Colorectal neoplasms and coronary artery disease have similar risk factors. Patients with established coronary artery disease have a high prevalence of colorectal neoplasms. However, little is known about the risk of colorectal neoplasms among individuals at risk for coronary artery disease. We performed a cross-sectional study of 3144 asymptomatic, average-risk individuals without history of coronary artery disease or other vascular disorders who received a screening colonoscopy examination from January to December 2010 at Konkuk University Medical Center in Seoul, Korea. Participants were classified as having low (<10%), intermediate (10%-20%), or high (≥20%) risk for developing coronary artery disease in the next 10 years, which was based on Framingham/Adult Treatment Panel III risk scores. The prevalence of colorectal neoplasms in subjects with low, intermediate, and high risk for coronary artery disease was 25.6% (635/2485), 46.6% (252/541), and 53.4% (63/118), respectively (P < .001); the prevalence of advanced colorectal neoplasms was 4.9% (122/2485), 9.2% (50/541), and 17.8% (21/118), respectively, for these subjects (P < .001). In multivariate analyses, the high-risk group had a significantly increased risk of advanced colorectal neoplasm (odds ratio, 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94-5.65), compared with the low-risk group. The numbers of colonoscopies needed to identify individuals with advanced colorectal neoplasms in intermediate-risk and high-risk groups were 10.8 (95% CI, 8.6-14.7) and 5.6 (95% CI, 7.6-11.9), respectively, which were significantly lower than for the low-risk group (20.4; 95% CI, 17.4-24.6). The prevalence and the risk of overall and advanced colorectal neoplasms increase with risk of coronary artery disease. Individuals with a 10-year risk of coronary artery disease ≥10% might benefit from colonoscopy screening, but further studies are needed to confirm and generalize these results.

Clinical investigation of EGFR mutation detection by pyrosequencing in lung cancer patients

Direct sequencing is the standard method for the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in lung cancer, however, its relatively low sensitivity limits its clinical use. Pyrosequencing is a bioluminometric, real-time non-electrophoretic DNA sequencing technique with a number of advantages compared with direct sequencing, including higher sensitivity, speed, automation and cost-effectiveness. Clinical specimens from 202 lung cancer patients were analyzed for EGFR mutations in exons 18, 19, 20 and 21 using the pyrosequencing method following genomic DNA extraction from paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. All clinical data and tumor specimens were obtained from the Konkuk University Hospital (Korea) between July 2006 and December 2008. The results and clinical responses to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were compared. Overall, EGFR mutation-positive rate was 26.7% (54/202). Activating EGFR mutations were observed more frequently in female (52.1 vs. 13.0%), non-smoking (47.8 vs. 15.8%) and adenocarcinoma (35.2 vs. 5.2%) patients. However, significant numbers of EGFR mutation-positive patients were identified as male, former or current smokers and non-adenocarcinoma patients. The combinations of favorable clinicopathological factors, including female, non-smoking and adenocarcinoma, were not identified to significantly increase the positive EGFR mutation rate (female, 52.1%; female and non-smoker, 52.6%; female, non-smoker and adenocarcinoma, 51.9%). The present findings indicate that EGFR mutation analysis is a highly useful method for the prediction of response to EGFR-TKI and the use of favorable clinicopathological factors to perform this analysis is not suitable. Exon 19 deletion was the most common mutation (63.6%) and exon 21 L858R substitution was measured at 32.7%. The exon 20 T790M mutation was identified in 1 patient prior to EGFR-TKI treatment. EGFR mutation status is associated with response to EGFR-TKI and the overall response rate in patients who have the activating EGFR mutation was 82.4 vs. 5.9% in patients with a wild-type EGFR. The present study demonstrates that EGFR mutations analyzed by the pyrosequencing method are well correlated with clinicopathological parameters and that this method may be useful in the clinical practice.

Change of mucosal color in early gastric cancer

To investigate the association between mucosal color change and the characteristics of early gastric cancer (EGC). Data of consecutive patients with EGC resected between August 2005 and October 2010 at Konkuk University Medical Center were analyzed retrospectively. The characteristics of EGC relative to mucosal color change were analyzed. Whitish discoloration of the cancer was linked to female to male gender ratio (P = 0.009), large tumor size (P < 0.001), deep invasion (P = 0.046) and depressed contours (P < 0.001) compared with EGC without discoloration or with hyperemic change. In addition, a whitish discoloration was also related to signet ring cell carcinoma (P < 0.001) and diffuse type carcinoma based on Lauren's classification (P < 0.001). On multiple linear regression analysis, diffuse type based on Lauren's classification (P = 0.017) and depth of invasion (P = 0.003) were significant independent factors for whitish discoloration. Mucosal color change is an important clue in the diagnosis of EGC. EGC with whitish discoloration needs more attention due to its link with the diffuse type of Lauren's classification.

소비자안전 정보탐색에 따른 안전추구행동

Abstract This study aims to examine consumer product safety search levels, as well as their response to safety-orientedbehavior change, in a bid to use the results in the diverse policy formulation of government and business, and asbasic data for securing consumer safety. The findings of this study are outlined as follows. First, for consumer safetyinformation search access and reliability, in the case of access, accessibility via TV and other press media was high,while accessibility via education (seminars, lectures, practice and campaigns) was low. Second, consumer safety-oriented behaviors were examined before and after purchasing products; there was a significant difference associatedwith monthly income prior to buying products. Third, in order to determine the influence of variables related toconsumer safety-oriented behaviors, consumer safety-oriented behaviors as a dependent variable underwentregression analysis; information search access and reliability, and monthly income were found to significantlyinfluence consumer behavior.± ¯ ,FZXPSET
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(information search), ‰y v³ i2(safety-orientedbehavior)Corresponding Author : Seung Sin Lee, Department of Consumer Information Science, Konkuk University, Neungdong-Ro, Gwangin-Gu, Seoul,143-701, Korea Tel: +82-2-450-3778 Fax: +82-2-450-4084 E-mail: Lchung@konkuk.ac.kr* ¤™72012™ a> s%65 0 x sy% ¨ E ´¤™P.

First report of a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ associated with little leaf disease of Ageratum conyzoides in India

Phytoplasmas are cell wall-lacking mollicutes found associated with plant diseases in a wide range of plant species ranging from grasses to trees (Al-Saady & Khan, 2006). Ageratum conyzoides (family Asteraceae) commonly known as goat weed, is a globally occurring noxious weed with serious ecological and economic impacts. In India, it is found widely growing on roadsides, railway tracks, fallow fields, arable and other land. Control is often difficult due to its high potential rate of seed production. A. conyzoides has been reported as host of pathogens associated with important crop diseases (Pabitra et al., 1997; Raj et al., 2011), demonstrating its potential to harbour different pathogens under natural conditions. During a survey in 2011 in Shahjahanpur district of UP, India, a number of A. conyzoides plants growing nearby sugarcane fields were found to be exhibiting little leaf symptoms accompanied with yellowing of leaf lamina, possibly characteristic of phytoplasma-associated disease. Leaf samples from 10 such symptom-bearing and two apparently symptomless plants were collected and total genomic DNA was extracted from ~100 mg leaf tissues employing a phytoplasma DNA enrichment protocol (Ahrens & Seemüller, 1992). Direct PCR was carried out with universal primers P1/P6 (Deng & Hiruki, 1991) followed by nested PCR with primers R16F2n/R16R2 (Gundersen & Lee, 1996), specific to the 16S rRNA gene. Consequently, DNA fragments of ~ 1.5 and ~1.2 kb were respectively amplified in all symptom-bearing plants. No PCR products were evident when DNA extracted from symptomless plants was used as template. Three amplicons of ~1.2 kb were sequenced bidirectionally and the nucleotides sequenced. Consensus sequence data were submitted to GenBank (Accession No. JQ446367). BLASTn analysis of the sequence data was compared with sequences available in GenBank, showing a maximum of 97% identity with 16S rRNA gene of Hibiscus yellows and little leaf (FJ939287), Plum little leaf (GU289674), Oilseed rape virescence (HM590625), Gladiolus witches‘-broom (HM590619), Diplotaxis virescence (HM590618), American aster yellows (HM590617), and Sesame phyllody (AB558132); all members of the 16SrI ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' group. In phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses conducted using MEGA version 4.0, the A. conyzoides phytoplasma isolate clustered in a clade with the members of 16SrI group and showed only distinct relationships with phytoplasmas belonging to other 16S rRNA groups (Fig. 1). These findings confirmed that the A. conyzoides phytoplasma is an isolate of 16SrI group (aster yellows), and that it is associated with little leaf disease. Since A. conyzoides has been reported as a weed host of virus and bacteria that induce diseases in commercial crops in India (Pabitra et al., 1997; Raj et al., 2011), it is possible that it may play a role as a reservoir of phytoplasmas that infect agronomically important species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a ‘Ca. P. asteris’ associated with little leaf disease of A. conyzoides in India. The authors are thankful to Dr. M. L. Sharma, the Director of UPCSR, Shahajahnapur, UP, India, for financial support. The authors are also grateful to KU (Konkuk University) Brain Pool Programme for providing a fellowship to M.S. Khan in 2012.