Konkuk University Research Articles

Upcoming Special Issues and Special Sections

A number of special issues and sections are on the horizon for the Journal of Aerospace Engineering. We are pleased to announce that we have invited a number of respected researchers to contribute papers for inclusion in upcoming issues and sections. “In Situ Resource Utilization” (ISRU) will feature papers that provide overviews of ISRU and papers in the following areas: beneficiation; drilling, excavation, and mining; structures, site preparation, and construction; and analogues and stimulants for extraplanetary soils. This special issue is being edited by Haym Benaroya of Rutgers University and Philip Metzger and Tony Muscatello, both from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Kennedy Space Center. “Intelligent Unmanned Systems”will be dedicated to research in the design, development, testing, and operation of unmanned aerial vehicles, with a focus on the following areas: actuators/smart sensors and their applications, including smart microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)/nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) sensors and vision sensors; and control theories and their applications, including various control theories, distributed or decentralized control methods, distributed and embedded systems, precision motion control, and swarm operation. The guest editors for this special section are Agus Budiyono of Konkuk University, Korea; Bambang Riyanto of Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia; and Hoon Cheol Park of Konkuk University. “Hydraulic and Earth Structures” will focus on issues facing engineers involved in construction and operations in challenging environments as they seek to achieve sustainable development on earth, in space, and on other planetary bodies. In particular, the topics associated with hydraulic structures and materials will be the focus, and they include water flow and sediment transport, GIS for potential disaster detection, seismic capacity of high arch dam, and soilbags for slope treatment. This special section is edited by Pizhong Qiao of Washington State University and Zhongru Wu of Hohai University, China. “Seventy Years of Aerospace Research and Technology Excellence at NASA Glenn Research Center” will celebrate the anniversary of this historic NASA facility located in Cleveland, Ohio. The issue will focus on the research activities over the last seven decades in the following areas: aeropropulsion; power and in-space propulsion; communication, instrumentation, and controls; materials and structures; and microgravity and space environments. The special issue is being edited by Robert Goldberg of NASA Glenn Research Center. We look forward to bringing you these exciting issues in the months to come.

Long thoracic nerve block in video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for pneumothorax wedge resection

Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of

A Series of N-Alkylimidazolium Propylhexanamide Iodide for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, KoreaReceived December 13, 2011, Accepted January 31, 2012We report a series of novel imidazolium iodides based ionic liquids (NMIPHI, NAIPHI, and NBIPHI) withdifferent functional groups for the development of a quasi-solid type electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs). The diffusion coefficients of redox ions (I

Notice of Retraction: Duplicate Data Reported in “Anatomical Variability of the Maxillary Artery: Findings From 100 Asian Cadaveric Dissections” (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136[8]:813-818.)

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1299 RELATION BETWEEN AORTIC PULSE WAVE VELIOCITY AND POSTPRANDIAL HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA IN NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE

Background and Aims: It is well known that Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) patients have increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. On the other hand, CHD risk of fatty liver patients other than NAFLD has not been well estimated. We aimed to assess CHD risk of fatty liver patients with significant alcohol consumption. Methods: Individuals who underwent a voluntary general health examination at konkuk university health care center were recruited and framingham risk score (FRS) was used for comparing CHD risk. Fatty liver was diagnosed according to abdominal image such as ultrasonography or computed tomography. NAFLD was defined as image finding of fatty liver and a level of alcohol consumption <140g/week in male and <70g/week in female. Alcohol consumption over this amount was defined as significant alcohol consumption. Results: A total 9,935 individuals were included after exclusion of other chronic liver diseases such as hepatitis B or hepatitis C. The mean FRS was different between normal group and fatty liver group (−0.17 vs. 2.62, p < 0.001). The mean estimated 10 year CHD risk (3.2% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.001) and the rate of individuals with over 10% CHD risk (2.6% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.001) were also different between two groups. Among individuals with fatty liver, NAFLD group showed higher FRS than fatty liver group with significant alcohol consumption (2.8 vs. 2.4, p = 0.004). The mean estimated 10 year CHD risk (4.5% vs. 4.0%, p < 0.001) and the rate of individuals with over 10% CHD risk individuals (5.7% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.001) were also higher in NAFLD group Conclusions: Individuals with fatty liver have an elevated CHD risk. Individuals with fatty liver and significant alcohol consumption showed lower FRS than NAFLD.

Abstract A23: Detection of K ras mutations in Korean non small cell lung cancer patients

Abstract Background: Point mutation of the K ras gene is known to be a poor prognostic marker of an adenocarcinoma of the lung. This study aims to define frequency of K ras mutations and evaluate clinical features of patients with Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who harbor K ras mutation. Methods: NSCLC patient who were diagnosed from Sep. 2005 to Aug. 2011 at Konkuk University Hospital were included in this retrospective study. K ras mutation was assessed by pyrosequencing on biopsy or cytology specimen. Medial chart review was performed and clinical characteristics were compared according to K ras mutation status of their tumors. Results: K ras mutation was found in 25 (9.0%) of 277 patients and which was similar to those in East Asian countries, but lower than those in western countries. Fifteen mutations (60.0%) were point mutation at codon 12 (GGT), 7 mutations (28.0%) were point mutation at codon 61 (CAA), and 3 mutations (12.0%) were found at codon 13 (GGC) in exon 2. Median age of 25 patients with KRAS mutation was 6 years (range 43–85 years). There were 20 males (80.0%) and 3 never-smokers (12.0%). The majority of histological diagnoses were adenocarcinomas (21 cases; 84.0%) and squamous cell carcinomas were followed (3 cases; 12.0%). Interestingly, 2 patients had both mutations of EGFR and KRAS unlike previous studies, they showed favorable response to EGFRTKIs. Conclusions: The data indicate that KRAS mutation is less frequent in Korean than Caucasian patients. Although it is suggested that EGFR and KRAS mutations occur in mutually exclusive, very few of the patients with KRAS mutation showed also EGFR mutation and relatively favorable response to EGFR-TKIs. Additional large scale prospective studies are needed in order to validate the clinical significance of Kras mutation in Asian patients.

Synthesis of Alkyl-functionalized Organic Dyes and Their Application to Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)

Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, KoreaReceived August 28, 2011, Accepted November 2, 2011Key Words : Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs), Bulky spacer, Photon to current conversion efficiencyRuthenium dye-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)have received great deal of attraction from chemists andmaterial scientists because of their over 10% of photon tocurrent conversion efficiency.

Transvaginal laparoscopic surgery for ovarian cysts

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of transvaginal laparoscopic surgery (TLS) using endoscopic instruments for management of ovarian cysts. MethodsIn a retrospective study, data from 140 patients with benign ovarian cysts who underwent TLS at Konkuk University Hospital between June 2007 and December 2008 were evaluated. The preoperative characteristics of patients, operative time, blood loss, complications, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. ResultsThe mean age of patients was 38years (range, 16–82years). TLS was accomplished in 136 women (97.1%). The more common pathology findings included 35 dermoid cysts, 28 endometriotic cysts, 23 mucinous cysts, 21 serous cysts, and 13 functional ovarian cysts. The median operative time was 35minutes (range 15–110minutes). The maximum diameter of the ovarian cysts ranged from 3 to 20cm (mean 6cm). The median estimated blood loss was 38mL (range 10–80mL). No patients received a blood transfusion. All of the patients were discharged within 24hours of surgery. No major complications occurred. ConclusionTransvaginal laparoscopic surgery was found to be a feasible and cosmetically beneficial surgical technique for managing selected patients with benign ovarian cysts.

Usefulness and Limitation of 2010 ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria in Korean Patients with Early RA

Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Wonkwang University, Iksan 2 , The Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 3 , Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Kangnam CHA Hospital, CHA University, Seoul 8 , Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 9 , Korea

The Association between Midnight Salivary Cortisol and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults

BackgroundThe common characteristics of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Cushing's syndrome suggest that excess cortisol may be involved in the pathogenesis of MetS. Salivary cortisol measurements are simple and can be surrogates for plasma free cortisol, which is the most biologically active form. We evaluated the association between levels of midnight salivary cortisol and MetS in Korean adults.MethodsA total of 46 subjects, aged 20 to 70 years, who visited the Health Care Center at Konkuk University Hospital from August 2008 to August 2009 were enrolled. We compared the levels of midnight salivary cortisol in subjects with MetS with those in subjects without MetS. We analyzed the associations between midnight salivary cortisol levels and components of MetS.ResultsMidnight salivary cortisol levels were higher in the MetS group (70±42.4 ng/dL, n=12) than that in the group without MetS (48.1±36.8 ng/dL, n=34) (P=0.001). Positive correlations were observed between midnight salivary cortisol levels and waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. The risk for MetS was significantly higher in subjects with midnight salivary cortisol levels ≥100 ng/dL than in those with levels <50 ng/dL (odds ratio, 5.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.35 to 36.4).ConclusionThe results showed a positive correlation between midnight salivary cortisol levels and MetS, suggesting that hypercortisolism may be related to MetS.

Is It Necessary to Re-Evaluate Airway Hyperresponsiveness During Treatment of Mild Asthma?: Is It Beneficial in Real Practice?

Correspondence to Kwang Ha Yoo, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 4-12 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-729 Korea Tel: +82-2-2030-7522, Fax: +82-2-2030-7748, E-mail: khyou@kuh.ac.kr Copyrightc 2012 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 경증 천식 치료 중 기도 과민성 재검사의 필요성: 실제 진료 현장에서 도움이 되는가?

Metabolic Cost of Horticulture Activities in Older Adults

The exercise intensity of three different horticulture activities (propagating herbs, transplanting, and making a vegetable garden) in older adults was determined. Seventeen older Korean adults (mean age 66.9 ± 2.7 years, body mass index 26.8 ± 3.4) that met the inclusion criteria (over 65 years in age, no uncontrolled chronic diseases, no heart and lung diseases, no pacemaker, and nonsmoking) participated in the study. The subjects visited the Konkuk University campus, Seoul, South Korea two times to complete the horticulture activities during June 2011. Propagating herbs and transplanting were completed in a glasshouse during the first visit, with each activity taking about 20 min. The third activity involved making a vegetable garden and required an average of 25 min during the second visit. Metabolic and heart rates during each activity were determined using a portable calorimetric instrument with a radiotelemetry monitor. Propagating herbs and transplanting were determined to be low intensity physical activities (2.4 ± 0.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) and 2.7 ± 0.5 METs, respectively) while making a vegetable garden was a moderate intensity physical activity (3.7 ± 0.7 METs) for older adults.

Multicenter Survey on the Economic Burden of Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis

1 Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Choenan, 2 Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 3 Department of Pediatrics, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 4 Department of Pediatrics, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, 5 Medical Informatics & Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 6 Atopy Clinic, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, 7 Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, 8 Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea.

Erratum: Correction of Misspelling of Title and Author Affiliation

To the Editor: We found two errors in our published article: Ki Young Son, Cheol Min Lee, BeLong Cho, Youl Lee Lym, Seung Won Oh, Wonjoo Chung, Jin-Seok Lee, DuShin Park, and Han Suk Kim. Effect of aditional brief counseling after periodic health examination on motivation for health behavior change. J Korean Med Sci. 2012; 27: 1285-1291. The corrected and affiliations are as below. Effect of Additional Brief Counselling after Periodic Health Examination on Motivation for Health Behavior Change Ki Young Son1,*, Cheol Min Lee2,*, BeLong Cho1, Youl Lee Lym3, Seung Won Oh2, Wonjoo Chung1, Jin-Seok Lee4, DuShin Park5, and Han Suk Kim6 1Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul; 2Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Centre, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul; 3Department of Family Medicine, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul; 4Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul; 5National Health Insurance Corporation, Seoul; 6Ministry for Health and Welfare, Seoul, Korea

Adolescent Build Plotting on Body Composition Chart and the Type of Diabetes Mellitus

Although the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing, there are cases difficult to categorize into certain type in pediatric diabetic patients. The aims of this study were to detect and choose a proper treatment modality for atypical cases of diabetes mellitus, using the body composition chart. We conducted a retrospective study from August 2005 to 2012 with patients who visited Konkuk University Medical Center, and were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The medical records were reviewed for the anthropometric data and indices of body composition. The subjects were grouped by the type of diabetes and gender. We constructed a body composition chart plotting fat free mass index and fat mass index (FMI). Body mass index and all body composition indices were higher in type 2 diabetes, in each gender in analysis with Mann-Whitney test. Significant determinant of diabetes type was revealed as FMI and contributing factors on FMI were analyzed with regression analysis. Six atypical cases were identified by a body composition chart including non-obese type 2 diabetes showing suboptimal growth with lower BMI related to relatively lower insulin secretion and type 1 diabetes with insulin resistance resulted from obesity. Body composition chart analysis might be useful in characterization of diabetes type and detection of atypical cases and early adjustment of diabetes management strategy.

Relationship between Positron Emission Tomography Uptake and Macroscopic Findings of Colorectal Cancer

Departments of Internal Medicine, Statistics, and Nuclear Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏 Background/Aims: The semiquantitative parameter “standard uptake value” (SUV) of Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) provides important additional information about colorectal cancer. In general, colorectal cancers exhibit different growth patterns with different clinicopathological characteristics. The aim of this study was to elucidate the link between the macroscopic appearance of colorectal cancers and maximum SUV (SUVmax) FDG uptakes. Methods: We analyzed 347 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent PET scanning before treatment. The SUVmax of colorectal cancer was analyzed by examining PET images. The macroscopic appearance of each colorectal cancer was classified into three major types: ulcerofungating (n=223), ulceroinfiltrating (n=44), and fungating (n=78). Two cases that were difficult to classify were excluded from the study. Results: The SUVmax was higher in colorectal cancers with an ulcerofungating appearance (12.19±5.84, mean±standard deviation) and ulceroinfiltrating appearance (11.66±5.63) than in those with a fungating appearance (9.58±6.67; P=0.005) (ulcerofungating and ulceroinfiltrative vs. fungating, P<0.001). A smaller tumor size (P<0.001) were significantly related to the fungating colorectal cancer. Four out of six colorectal cancers that did not show FDG uptake were the fungating type. Conclusions: Colorectal cancers with a fungating appearance exhibit a lower SUVmax, shallower invasion and smaller tumor size. Our results indicate that colorectal cancers with a fungating appearance would be less prominent on PET scan than those with an ulcerofungating or ulceroinfiltrating appearance, and thus require more attention. (Intest Res 2012;10:168-175) 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏

대학교 담장개방 녹화사업 유형에 따른 이용 만족도 비교 분석 - 서울 소재 대학 캠퍼스를 중심으로 -

본 연구는 서울특별시에서 시행한 대학교 담장개방 녹화사업 대상 학교들을 연구 대상으로 선정하였으며, 현재까지 담장개방이 시행된 총 24개의 대학교 중 담장개방 형태를 유형화하여 분류한 후, 각 유형별 대학 중, 시설이 다양하고 이용자가 많아 활성화 된 대표 사례를 선정하여 조사하여 분석하였다. 현장관찰과 문헌조사, 설문조사의 방법을 실시하여 연구하였다. 회수된 설문지는 담장개방 녹화사업 만족도에 대한 신뢰도 분석, 유형별 이용실태에 대한 빈도분석, 전체만족도와 공간환경 및 시설물에 대한 회귀분석, 유형별 차이검증을 위한 One-way ANOVA를 각각 실시하였다. 유형별 이용실태 분석결과, 법제상에서의 개념인 설치위치, 이용자 특성, 이용목적 등 3가지 분석기준과 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 시설별 전체만족도는 전원형 근린소공원 유형의 서울여자간호대학을 제외한 도시형 근린소공원의 감리교신학대학, 광장형 도심소공원의 건국대학교, 녹지형 도심소공원의 세종대학교는 만족하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 대체적으로 분수/수경시설, 체력단련시설, 광장시설에 만족하지 않는 것으로 나타나, 대학교 담장개방 녹화사업 시 시설물에 대한 확충이 필요한 것으로 사료된다. 공간 환경에 대한 전체만족도는 전원형 근린소공원 유형의 서울여자간호대학이 만족하지 않는 것으로 나타났고, 도시형 근린소공원의 감리교신학대학, 광장형 도심소공원의 건국대학교, 녹지형 도심소공원의 세종대학교는 만족하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 네 개의 공원이 대체적으로 시설이용 편리성과 개인사생활에 대해 만족하지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 대로변에 위치한 도심소공원들은 소음정도에 만족하지 않는 것으로 나타나, 담장개방 녹화사업 시 가장고려해야 할 점으로 사료된다. This study researched those universities for which fence opening and greening projects are being conducted by Seoul city. The forms of opened fences at 24 universities which have accomplished this project were classified into several types for each type of university, representative cases with many diverse facilities and active users were selected and investigated. The study was carried out using methods of field observations, literature review, and surveys. To maintain the confidentiality of the collected questionnaire analysis, the analysis of each type's usage frequency, overall satisfaction and a regression analysis with space environment and facilities, a one-way ANOVA for was used to validate the difference between types regarding satisfaction with the project. The results of usage type analysis were found to agree with the 3 analysis criteria-- installation location, user characteristics, and usage purpose--which were the legislative concepts. In overall satisfaction with facilities, it appeared that except for Seoul Women's College of Nursing with its rural district neighborhood type park, users were satisfied: with the small urban neighborhood park of Methodist Theological College, Konkuk University's small urban square park, and Sejong University's green space small city park. In general, users appeared to not have satisfaction with such features as fountains / hydroponic facilities, fitness facilities, and square facilities, which should be taken into consideration when pursuing further opening and greening projects. Regarding full satisfaction with the space environment, it was found that users were not satisfied with Seoul Women's College of Nursing's rural district neighborhood-style park, whereas they were satisfied with Methodist Theological College's small urban neighborhood park, Konkuk University's small urban square-style park, and Sejong University's green space small city park. In addition, it was shown that facilities use, convenience and privacy of the four parks were largely unsatisfactory for users, and that the small city parks located at roadsides were unsatisfactory regarding noise level, both of which should be most highly considered when conducting similar projects in the future.

Determining Exercise Intensities of Gardening Tasks as a Physical Activity Using Metabolic Equivalents in Older Adults

The objective of this study was to determine the exercise intensities of 15 gardening tasks in older adults using a portable indirect calorimeter. Twenty older Korean adults (16 females, four males) older than 65 years of age (average 67.3 ± 2.7 years) were recruited from the community of Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, South Korea. The subjects visited a garden created for the study at Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea, three times and performed a total 15 gardening tasks. Subjects wore a portable calorimetric monitoring system (Cosmed K4b2) with telemetry that allowed measurement of oxygen consumption as they conducted each gardening task over a 5-min period and during a subsequent 5-min rest period while seated on a chair between each task. Their heart rate was also continuously measured using radiotelemetry (Polar T 31) during the test. The gardening tasks performed were of low to moderate intensity physical activities [1.7–4.5 metabolic equivalents (METs)]. Tasks using both upper and lower body (e.g., digging, fertilizing, weeding, raking, tying plants to stakes) required moderate-intensity physical activity (3–4.5 METs); those using the upper body while standing or squatting (e.g., pruning, mixing soil, planting seedlings, sowing, watering using a watering can or hose, harvesting) were low-intensity physical activities (1.7–2.9 METs); and tasks requiring limited use of the upper body while standing (e.g., filling containers with soil, washing harvested produce) were the least demanding physical activities of the gardening tasks tested. The results will allow more precise tailoring of gardening activities of older individuals to achieve appropriate levels of activity for good health.

빗물활용 벽면녹화 용기 내 유기질비료 배합비에 따른 노랑조팝나무의 생육 반응

본 연구는 용기형 벽면녹화에서 유기질비료의 비율에 따른 노랑조팝나무의 생육을 실험적으로 평가함으로써, 빗물활용을 위한 적합한 식재지반 조성과 벽면녹화 수종으로서 관목류의 활용성을 높이고자 하며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 6월 무강수 실험기간 동안 용기형 벽면녹화 식재지반 내 토양수분함량을 중량단위로 측정한 결과, <TEX>$A_1L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_2L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_4L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_8L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_1L_0$</TEX> 순으로, 유기질비료의 비율이 높을수록 완만하게 감소하였다. 2. 유기질비료 배합비율에 따른 노랑조팝나무의 생육은 대조구인 <TEX>$A_1L_0$</TEX>과 비교해 볼 때, 실험구별 생육 차이는 확연하지 않았으나 <TEX>$A_2L_1$</TEX>이 전체 처리구 중 가장 양호한 생육상태를 보였다. 3. 생존율은 대조구인 <TEX>$A_1L_0$</TEX>에서 모든 식물이 고사한 반면, 유기질비료 비율이 높을수록 생존율은 향상되었다. 이러한 실험적 결과를 통해, 빗물활용 용기형 벽면녹화에서 유기질비료는 노랑조팝나무의 생육보다는 생존을 향상시키는 것으로 나타나, 빗물만으로 물공급이 이루어지는 벽면녹화에 건조기를 대비할 수 있는 녹화방안이라 본다. 또한 이와 더불어 식재지반 내 토양수분함량을 높이기 위한 토양개량제나 빗물저류시스템의 연계가 고려된다면 노랑조팝나무는 용기형 벽면녹화에 활용가능성이 높은 관목이라 판단된다. For evaluating the effect of various organic fertilizer ratios on the Spiraea<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>bumalda 'Gold Mound' growth, a container green wall system experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Konkuk university. The experimental planting grounds were prepared with different organic fertilizer ratios (<TEX>$A_1L_0$</TEX>, <TEX>$A_8L_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$A_4L_1$</TEX> <TEX>$A_2L_1$</TEX> and <TEX>$A_1L_1$</TEX>) and with drought tolerance and an ornamental value Spiraea<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>bumalda 'Gold Mound' was planted. The change in soil moisture contents, plant height, number of branches, number of dead leafs, number of leaf, number of shoots, length of node, length of leaf, width of leaf, root-collar caliper, chlorophyll contents and survival rate were investigated from April to Jun 2010. 1. The result of soil moisture contents was analyzed with weight unit in the container green wall system during the dry summer season. The soil moisture contents were significantly enhanced in the container green wall system in increasing order as the amount of fertilizer level increased <TEX>$A_1L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_2L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_4L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_8L_1$</TEX> > <TEX>$A_1L_0$</TEX>. 2. Compared to the control treatment (amended soil with 100% + organic fertilizer 0%) application, the highest plant growth was observed in the treatment of <TEX>$A_2L_1$</TEX>(amended soil with 67% + organic fertilizer 13%) application. However, the differences between the organic fertilizer ratio treatments of <TEX>$A_1L_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$A_4L_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$A_8L_1$</TEX>, and the <TEX>$A_1L_0$</TEX> organic fertilizer application were mostly not significant. 3. The survival rate increased with the increasing application of organic fertilizer, but in the control treatment (amended soil with 100% + organic fertilizer 0%) application all the plants died. Experimental results from the presented study clearly demonstrated that the organic fertilizer improved the survival rate more than the Spiraea<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>bumalda 'Gold Mound' growth at different levels of organic fertilizers. This strain can be utilized as a plant growth application in living wall systems during the dry summer season. Therefore, Spiraea<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>bumalda 'Gold Mound' is expected to be a highly valuable shrub for the green wall system if it should be considered in integration with stormwater retention or as a soil conditioner for increasing soil water contents in planting ground.

Cutoff Value of Serum Ferritin Requiring Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Evaluation for Anemia

Abstract 5282 BACKGROUND:The laboratory test with the highest sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is serum ferritin. Chronic blood loss, one of the common causes of IDA in adults, is often associated with an occult gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy, especially in adult males and postmenopausal females. It is difficult to set the cutoff ferritin level for GI endoscopic evaluation in adult patients with anemia which is presupposed to result from GI malignancies. To answer this question, we conducted a retrospective study to find out the optimum values of serum ferritin and other hematologic indices in adult anemic patients to be referred for thorough GI endoscopic evaluation. METHODS:We reviewed retrospectively patients' medical records. The subject of study was adult anemic patients (n=544) at Konkuk University Medical Center who underwent upper and lower GI endoscopy to search for possible GI blood loss from August 2005 to August 2009. Patients were stratified into three groups according to the results of GI endoscopy: benign group vs. premalignant group vs. malignant group. RESULTS:Among a total of 544, benign, premalignant and malignant diseases were detected in 265, 220 and 59 patients, respectively. The prevalence of GI malignant diseases was 10.8% (59/544) for all patients, 13.9% (34/244) for male patients and 8.3% (25/300) for female patients. As compared to non-malignant groups (benign and premalignant), malignant group demonstrated statistically significant differences in terms of median values of age (56 vs. 66 vs. 70 years, P < 0.001), male gender (41.89 vs. 45 vs. 57.63%, P = 0.0367), MCV (86.7 vs. 88.2 vs. 78.6 fL, P = 0.0005), ferritin (69.39 vs. 108.5 vs. 21.7 ng/mL, P = 0.0002), Fe (35 vs. 38 vs. 13.5 μg/dL, P < 0.001), TIBC (279 vs. 259 vs. 320 μg/dL, P = 0.0024), and TIBC saturation (13.07 vs. 14.78 vs. 4.64%, P < 0.001). However, Hb, Hct and RDW did not show significant differences. By ROC curve analyses to find out optimum cut-off points of the serum ferritin and TIBC saturation which distinguish between non-malignant diseases and malignant diseases, the cut-off ferritin value of 44.33 ng/mL in male had a sensitivity of 72.73% and a specificity of 70.95% (AUC 0.705 and P = 0.0001). In contrast, ROC curve analyses were not useful for ferritin in female (AUC 0.609 and P =0.0787). The cut-off TIBC saturation value of 9.13% in male had a sensitivity of 73.33% and a specificity of 70.92% (AUC 0.750 and P = 0.0001). And the cut-off TIBC saturation value of 6.16% in female had a sensitivity of 69.57% and a specificity of 65.13% (AUC 0.643 and P = 0.0262). CONCLUSION:Our study proposes that adult male patients with anemia require thorough endoscopic evaluation to detect GI malignancy when their serum ferritin levels are ≤ 44 ng/mL or TIBC saturation values are ≤ 9%. For adult female anemic patients, only TIBC saturation values less than 6% may contribute to determining whether they require GI endoscopic evaluation. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.