Construction Of Knowledge Base Research Articles

Open Information Extraction from Texts: Part III. Question Answering over an Automatically Constructed Knowledge Base

Open Information Extraction from Texts: Part III. Question Answering over an Automatically Constructed Knowledge Base

Knowledge graph-based method for solutions detection and evaluation in an online problem-solving community

<span lang="EN-US">Online communities are a real medium for human experiences sharing. They contain rich knowledge of lived situations and experiences that can be used to support decision-making process and problem-solving. This work presents an approach for extracting, representing, and evaluating components of problem-solving knowledge shared in online communities. Few studies have tackled the issue of knowledge extraction and its usefulness evaluation in online communities. In this study, we propose a new approach to detect and evaluate best solutions to problems discussed by members of online communities. Our approach is based on knowledge graph technology and graphs theory enabling the representation of knowledge shared by the community and facilitating its reuse. Our process of problem-solving knowledge extraction in online communities (PSKEOC) consists of three phases: problems and solutions detection and classification, knowledge graph constitution and finally best solutions evaluation. The experimental results are compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) model chapter about Infant and young child feeding and show that our approach succeed to extract and reveal important problem-solving knowledge contained in online community’s conversations. Our proposed approach leads to the construction of an experiential knowledge graph as a representation of the constructed knowledge base in the community studied in this paper.</span>

Cultural festival attendees: a path from motivation to loyalty

ABSTRACT Scholars have long undervalued the role of knowledge in the formation of festival loyalty. The purpose of this study is to define a knowledge-based model of attendee loyalty at a cultural festival. It evaluates the influence of cultural motivation – descending from knowledge needs – and acquired knowledge in the formation of festival loyalty and assesses the role of festival attachment and satisfaction in explaining the nexus between acquired knowledge and loyalty. A questionnaire survey was administered to 456 attendees at the ‘Sponz Fest’, a festival organized annually in South Italy. Data were analysed by applying a covariance-based structural equation model in two stages. The results highlight that loyalty depends on knowledge acquisition, which, in turn, is influenced by cultural motivation. Satisfaction and festival attachment act as mediators in the relationship between acquired knowledge and loyalty. These findings offer a new perspective on the explanation of the formation of loyalty to cultural festivals in light of knowledge-based constructs. Moreover, it allows to understand how specific constructs of affective and cognitive nature intervene in explaining why acquired knowledge leads attendants to be more loyal to this type of festival. The managerial implications of these findings are provided for festival organizers.

Project, toolkit, and database of neuroinformatics ecosystem: A summary of previous studies on "Frontiers in Neuroinformatics".

In the field of neuroscience, the core of the cohort study project consists of collection, analysis, and sharing of multi-modal data. Recent years have witnessed a host of efficient and high-quality toolkits published and employed to improve the quality of multi-modal data in the cohort study. In turn, gleaning answers to relevant questions from such a conglomeration of studies is a time-consuming task for cohort researchers. As part of our efforts to tackle this problem, we propose a hierarchical neuroscience knowledge base that consists of projects/organizations, multi-modal databases, and toolkits, so as to facilitate researchers' answer searching process. We first classified studies conducted for the topic “Frontiers in Neuroinformatics” according to the multi-modal data life cycle, and from these studies, information objects as projects/organizations, multi-modal databases, and toolkits have been extracted. Then, we map these information objects into our proposed knowledge base framework. A Python-based query tool has also been developed in tandem for quicker access to the knowledge base, (accessible at https://github.com/Romantic-Pumpkin/PDT_fninf). Finally, based on the constructed knowledge base, we discussed some key research issues and underlying trends in different stages of the multi-modal data life cycle.

Reusable Ontology Modelling Patterns for Biodiversity Data with Reasonable Ontology Templates (OTTR)

The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC) is currently building a traitbank for Norwegian species. The purpose of the NBIC TraitBank is to enhance sharing of traits and other information about species to support conservation actions and ecological research. The traitbank will cover a subset of traits for all multicellular species and taxa that are found in Norway. Observations of traits, collected through citizen science as well as by experts, are connected to the NBIC TraitBank ontology, forming a knowledge base. We have modeled TraitBank’s ontology in accordance with NBIC’s data management requirements, focusing on the domain knowledge necessary for ontology-based data integration of internal databases and queries specified by use cases. Our initial steps in ontology construction included outlining competency questions, which are natural language sentences expressing the questions system users expect an ontology to answer (Bezerra et al. 2013, Ren et al. 2014). The ontology for the TraitBank is populated using expert input (manual entry) and through harvesting of traits from existing internal databases at NBIC. We will present our experiences with implementing Reasonable Ontology Templates (OTTR) (Skjæveland et al. 2021) as the means for modeling the ontology and populating the TraitBank ontology. OTTR is a language for formally representing and instantiating ontology modeling patterns and is designed to support knowledge base construction and interaction at a higher level of abstraction. In the case of the TraitBank, ontology patterns are edited and published using a Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) extension for OTTR (FloSchroeder 2022), thereby providing a tool for the domain expert to work directly with templates. We build the TraitBank ontology by instantiating the templates directly in SMW as wiki pages. We argue that templates are an effective means to support the integration and use of digital biodiversity data in transparent ways, leading to successful collaboration and reuse of data. Following the "Don't repeat yourself" (DRY) principle of software development (Hunt and Thomas 1999), OTTR templates lend themselves well to easier ontology maintenance, allowing updates to occur through changes in individual template definitions rather than to repeated statements spread throughout the ontology. OTTR reshapes how domain experts work with ontologies and the data connected to the knowledge base, lifting the biodiversity expert away from dealing directly with logical axioms and Web Ontology Language (OWL). The template libraries have the power to improve international collaboration, making it easier to exchange and reuse specific templates and suggest improvements. Our templates include mappings to standards developed by Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) and biodiversity-related ontologies, linking to the international community. Use of OTTR supports the principles of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data and demonstrates a new technology that can support the creation of an extensive online network of knowledge. Example: Scientific Name The NBIC uses Scientific Name as the main identifier and means to track a species. The OTTR template shown below captures the NBIC’s modelling pattern for Scientific Name. The signature of the template specifies the Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) of the template (adb-t:ScientificName), and six parameters (where ?iri is the 1st parameter). The parameters are used in the body of the template and define how instances of the template are expanded to Resource Description Framework (RDF) statements. Template instance expansion is done in a recursive manner, similar to many macro programming languages. With the OTTR template definition given in Fig. 1, a template instance can be expanded, as shown in the example for Metopa glacialis Fig. 2. The benefits of using the OTTR framework is that modeling patterns are explicitly represented as an OTTR template, allowing for instances of patterns to be compactly and consistently captured. The format of template instances lends itself to instantiation from tabular data sources like spreadsheets and databases.

Beyond facts – a survey and conceptualisation of claims in online discourse analysis

Analyzing statements of facts and claims in online discourse is subject of a multitude of research areas. Methods from natural language processing and computational linguistics help investigate issues such as the spread of biased narratives and falsehoods on the Web. Related tasks include fact-checking, stance detection and argumentation mining. Knowledge-based approaches, in particular works in knowledge base construction and augmentation, are concerned with mining, verifying and representing factual knowledge. While all these fields are concerned with strongly related notions, such as claims, facts and evidence, terminology and conceptualisations used across and within communities vary heavily, making it hard to assess commonalities and relations of related works and how research in one field may contribute to address problems in another. We survey the state-of-the-art from a range of fields in this interdisciplinary area across a range of research tasks. We assess varying definitions and propose a conceptual model – Open Claims – for claims and related notions that takes into consideration their inherent complexity, distinguishing between their meaning, linguistic representation and context. We also introduce an implementation of this model by using established vocabularies and discuss applications across various tasks related to online discourse analysis.

AEP: Aligning knowledge graphs via embedding propagation

Knowledge graph alignment aims to identify entity pairs having the same meaning between different knowledge graphs, which is essential to the automated construction of a coherent knowledge base. With the development of knowledge representation learning, researchers have proposed several useful embedding-based alignment methods. In practice, some entities are easily aligned with high confidence while others are not. However, there is a lack of effective methods which boost the alignment of implicitly aligned entities based on explicitly aligned ones. This paper presents AEP, which combines several effective schemes for accurate knowledge graph alignment. First, we employ a word-embedding model to encode the semantic information contained in entities’ surface names. We propose an attention-based graph convolutional network model to incorporate the structural information via supervised embedding propagation. Besides, we develop a multi-view bootstrapping strategy to address the over-fitting problem caused by insufficient training sets. Next, an embedding-propagation-based alignment scheme is proposed to improve the alignment accuracy by propagating explicitly aligned entities’ embeddings to implicitly aligned ones in an unsupervised manner. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to validate the superiority of AEP and evaluate the effects of proposed schemes. Experimental results show that AEP outperforms state-of-the-art methods, and the proposed schemes improve the alignment accuracy significantly.

Knowledge-Based Fault Diagnosis in Industrial Internet of Things: A Survey

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems connect a plethora of smart devices, such as sensors, actuators, and controllers, to enable efficient industrial productions in manners observable and controllable by human beings. Plain model-based and data-driven diagnosis approaches can be used for fault detection and isolation of specific IIoT components. However, the physical models, signal patterns, and machine learning algorithms need to be carefully designed to describe system faults. Besides, the ever-increasing level of connectivity among devices can induce exponential complexity. Knowledge-based fault diagnosis approaches improve interoperability via ontologies so that high-level reasoning and inquiry response can be provided to nonexpert users. Therefore, knowledge-based fault diagnosis approaches are preferred over plain model-based and data-driven diagnosis approaches in recent IIoT systems. In the context of IIoT systems, this work reviews the recent progress on the construction of knowledge bases via ontologies and deductive/inductive reasoning for knowledge-based fault diagnosis. Besides, general inductive reasoning methods are discussed to shed light on their successful applications in knowledge-based fault diagnosis for IIoT systems. Following the trend of large-system decentralization, future fault diagnosis also requires decentralized implementations. Therefore, we conclude this survey by discussing several interesting open problems for decentralized knowledge-based fault diagnosis for IIoT systems.

Practical Skills of Business English Correspondence Writing Based on Data Mining Algorithm

English correspondence writing has become a necessary skill for every scientific researcher and high-tech talents. An English correspondence writing auxiliary writing system can help nonnative English speakers make up for the lack of professional expression. The key factor of business English correspondence writing system is the construction of knowledge base. To improve the business English correspondence writing knowledge base, we need to mine frequent patterns of sentences in each category. The purpose of this topic is to improve and supplement the knowledge base for the business English correspondence writing system and propose frequent pattern mining for sentences in each category, so as to improve the writing knowledge base for the business English correspondence writing system. Firstly, we crawl a large number of business English letters and telegrams from the Internet, extract the relevant summary information, then store it, and preliminarily construct a corpus based on sentences. Then, we do some research on the structure of business English correspondence abstracts, mark the sentences in the corpus and count the relevant information, and have a certain understanding of their writing methods. Finally, we mine frequent patterns for sentences in each category, so as to improve the knowledge base of summary writing for the business English correspondence writing system. In the experiment, we use the classical FP growth algorithm as the mining method. The experiment shows that the frequent patterns between 3 and 6 words have been mined to a certain extent. By gradually improving the mining strategy, the quality of mining results has been improved and the writing effect of business English correspondence of scientific researchers has been improved.

Graph-based representations of clarification strategies supporting automatic dialogue management

This paper aims at presenting a dialogue-oriented approach to the construction of a graph knowledge base (KB) supporting task-oriented human-machine interactions. In particular, we focus on different pragmatic scenarios, facing the Common Ground issue and arguing that knowledge bases (in the form of graphs) are needed to make a clarification and recover pieces of information when inconsistencies occur during the communicative exchange.The main contributions of this work are: 1) a flexible dialog system architecture designed to be plugged into existing service infrastructures, 2) a graph-based knowledge representation protocol to manage both dialog domain and dialog management, 3) a detailed investigation of clarification requests forms with respect to their functions. After a brief introduction (see Section 1), we present: the theoretical underpinnings of the paper and the background work (see Section 2) our system architecture (see Sections 3 and 4) and the clarification requests (CRs) issue (see Section 5); our CRs classification, and some examples in context (see Section 6).

Abstract 6341: ImaGene: A robust AI-based software platform for tumor radiogenomic evaluation and reporting

Abstract The field of radiomics has undergone several advancements in approaches to uncovering hidden quantitative features from tumor imaging data for use in guiding clinical decision-making for cancer patients. Radiographic imaging techniques provide insight into the imaging features of tumor regions of interest (ROIs), while immunohistochemistry and sequencing techniques performed on biopsy samples yield omics data. These imaging and omics feature data can then be correlated and modeled using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to highlight notable associations between tumor genotype and phenotype. Currently, however, the radiogenomics field lacks a unified and robust software platform capable of algorithmically analyzing imaging and omics features using modifiable parameters, detecting significant relationships among these features, and subjecting them to AI-based analysis. To address this gap, we developed ImaGene, a robust AI-based platform that uses omics and imaging features as inputs for different tumor types, performs statistical analyses of the correlations between these data types, and constructs AI models based upon significantly correlated features. It has several modifiable configuration parameters that provide users with complete control over their experiments. For each run, ImaGene produces comprehensive reports that can contribute to the construction of a novel radiogenomic knowledge base, in addition to enabling the deployment and sharing of AI models. To demonstrate the utility of ImaGene, we acquired imaging and omics datasets pertaining to Invasive Breast Cancer (IBC) and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) from public databases and analyzed them with this platform using specific parameters. In both cases, we uncovered significant associations between several imaging features and 11 genes: CRABP1, VRTN, SMTNL2, FABP1, HAND2, HAS1, C4BPA, FAM163A, DSG1, SMTNL2 and KCNJ16 for IBC, and 10 genes: CEACAM6, IGLL1, SERPINA1, NANOG, OCA2, PRLR, ACSM2B, CYP11B1, and VPREB1 for HNSCC. Overall, our software platform is capable of identifying, analyzing, and correlating important features from tumor scans, thereby providing researchers with a reliable and accurate tool for their radiogenomics experiments. We anticipate that ImaGene will become the gold standard for tumor analyses in the field of radiogenomics owing to its ease of use, flexibility, and reproducibility. Citation Format: Shrey S. Sukhadia, Aayush Tyagi, Vivek Venkatraman, Pritam Mukherjee, Prathosh A.P., Mayur Divate, Olivier Gevaert, Shivashankar H. Nagaraj. ImaGene: A robust AI-based software platform for tumor radiogenomic evaluation and reporting [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6341.

Construction of knowledge base of Chinese medicine manufacturing

Chinese medicine pharmaceutical industry is in the process of digital and intelligent transformation. Intelligent methods are required for efficient analysis and mining of the valuable information in the history data including literature data, pharmaceutical big data, and expert knowledge. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a knowledge-driven intelligent system of pharmaceutical technologies of Chinese medicine for efficient supplying of high-quality Chinese medicinal products. The present study proposed the construction method of the knowledge base of Chinese medicine manufacturing, which was preliminarily established from literature mining, case-based reasoning, and real-time prediction based on vacuum belt drying process optimization. Integrating the technologies(such as deep learning, case-based reasoning, and simulation modeling), pharmaceutical mechanisms, and big data, the knowledge base of Chinese medicine manufacturing can realize knowledge automation and scientific decision-making. It provides an example for upgrading from experience-based manufacturing to intelligent Chinese medicine manufacturing.

Report on the Workshop on Personal Knowledge Graphs (PKG 2021) at AKBC 2021

The term personal knowledge graph (PKG) has been broadly used to refer to structured representation of information about a given user, primarily in the form of entities that are personally related to the user. The potential of personal knowledge graphs as a means of managing and organizing personal data, as well as a source of background knowledge for personalizing downstream services, has recently gained increasing attention from researchers in multiple fields, including that of Information Retrieval, Natural Language Processing, and the Semantic Web. The goal of the PKG'21 workshop was to create a forum for researchers and practitioners from diverse areas to present and discuss methods, tools, techniques, and experiences related to the construction and use of personal knowledge graphs, identify open questions, and create a shared research agenda. It successfully brought about a diverse workshop program, comprising an invited keynote, paper presentations, and breakout discussions, as a half-day event at the 3rd Automated Knowledge Base Construction (AKBC'21) conference. The workshop demonstrated that while the concept and research field of personal knowledge graphs is still in its early stages, there are many promising avenues of future development and research that already, and independently, have attracted the interest of several different communities. Date: October 8, 2021. Website: https://pkgs.ws.

An adaptable, high-performance relation extraction system for complex sentences

The rapid proliferation of text data has lead to an increase in the use of Information Extraction (IE) techniques to automatically extract key information in a fast and effective manner. Relation Extraction (RE), a sub-task of IE focuses on extracting semantic relations from free natural language text and is crucial for further applications including Question Answering, Information Retrieval, Knowledge Base construction, Text Summarization, etc. Literature shows that supervised learning approaches were widely used in RE. However, the performance of supervised methodologies depend on the availability of domain-specific annotated datasets which is not viable for many of the domains including legal, financial, insurance etc. In recent times, Open Information Extraction (OIE) techniques address this issue, by facilitating domain-independent extraction of relations from large text corpora with no demand for domain-specific tagged data and predefined relation classes. Even though OIE systems are fast and simple to implement, they are less effective in handling complex sentences, and often produce redundant extractions.This paper proposes an efficient RE system to extract domain-specific relations from natural language text, consisting of Knowledge-based and Semi-supervised learning systems, integrated with domain ontology. We evaluated the performance of proposed work on ‘judicial domain” as a use case and found that it overcomes the flaws and limitations of existing RE approaches, by achieving better results in terms of precision and recall. On further analysis, we found that the proposed system outperforms existing cutting-edge OIE systems on varying sentence length and complexity.

Predicting Document Coverage for Relation Extraction

Abstract This paper presents a new task of predicting the coverage of a text document for relation extraction (RE): Does the document contain many relational tuples for a given entity? Coverage predictions are useful in selecting the best documents for knowledge base construction with large input corpora. To study this problem, we present a dataset of 31,366 diverse documents for 520 entities. We analyze the correlation of document coverage with features like length, entity mention frequency, Alexa rank, language complexity, and information retrieval scores. Each of these features has only moderate predictive power. We employ methods combining features with statistical models like TF-IDF and language models like BERT. The model combining features and BERT, HERB, achieves an F1 score of up to 46%. We demonstrate the utility of coverage predictions on two use cases: KB construction and claim refutation.

Crowdsourcing the Historical Record: Creating Linked Open Data for Chinese History at Scale

An important part of the historical record of premodern China is recorded in historical works such as the standard dynastic histories. These works are a key source of knowledge about many aspects of premodern Chinese civilization, including persons, events, bureaucratic structures, literature, geography and astronomical observations. While many such sources have been digitized, typically these digitized texts encode only literal textual content and do not attempt to model the semantic content of the text. Similarly, while some of the historical data contained in some of these sources has been entered into specialist scholarly databases, an even greater proportion of the information does not yet exist in any machine-readable form. Producing such a machine-readable dataset of these materials requires the effort of many individuals working together due to the large scale of the task. This article introduces a crowdsourced approach in which annotation and knowledge base construction are carried out in parallel, with a knowledge base continually expanded through multi-user contributions to textual annotation immediately and automatically feeding back to provide improved assistance with subsequent annotation. The resulting knowledge base is dynamically exposed through Linked Open Data interfaces, creating a continually expanding machine-readable dataset covering around 3,000 years of recorded history.

Semantic Association and Decision-Making for the Internet of Things Based on Partial Differential Fuzzy Unsupervised Models

This study presents an in-depth study and analysis of IoT semantic association and decision-making using a partial differential fuzzy unsupervised approach. It focuses on a semantic annotation framework for device metadata and a knowledge base construction method to further improve the interoperability of IoT domain knowledge by building a unified IoT domain knowledge base and designing and implementing a semantic IoT knowledge management and application generation system. The main proposal is an IoT generic domain ontology, which reuses the existing excellent ontologies of IoT as much as possible, extracts the commonly used concepts of the domain and combines them, and provides a unified semantic template for IoT applications. On the other hand, by applying the entity linking technique to the extension of the knowledge base and linking the structured metadata of devices to the corresponding entities of the background knowledge base, the domain knowledge base can be made to share the rich background knowledge. At the same time, the interoperability of heterogeneous IoT metadata between applications is enhanced by unifying data and concepts from different device applications to the same background knowledge base through entity alignment techniques. The semantic representation of events applicable to IoT application scenarios is investigated, and an IoT event ontology for representing abstract events and event relationships in IoT is designed; next, a domain ontology with IoT sensing and control event representation capability is constructed based on the IoT event ontology, in which the typical domain ontology (SSN) that can be used for IoT applications is followed by the ontology reuse principle is improved and extended to support the description of event types and interevent relationships, and the IoT event model is associated with the improved IoT base ontology through an ontology alignment approach. Finally, the IoT sensing and control ontology are validated by semantic modeling of device composition, component relationships, and operational processes based on the IoT sensing and control ontology.

Design Hybrid Intelligent system for Cattle Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment

Cattle is one of the main concerns of people and companies in various countries of the world. This paper built the architecture of the cattle diseases by combining the characteristics of an expert system with a neural network Expert system focuses on diagnosing the possible diseases that affect the life of cattle through constructing knowledge bases. While the Radial base functions, a neural network is proposed for the cattle diseases treatments. A tightly coupled model is used to implement a hybrid intelligence technique for diagnosing and Treatment cattle diseases. The result generated by the system was enough to demonstrate its performance.

Natural Language Processing with Improved Deep Learning Neural Networks

As one of the core tasks in the field of natural language processing, syntactic analysis has always been a hot topic for researchers, including tasks such as Questions and Answer (Q&A), Search String Comprehension, Semantic Analysis, and Knowledge Base Construction. This paper aims to study the application of deep learning and neural network in natural language syntax analysis, which has significant research and application value. This paper first studies a transfer-based dependent syntax analyzer using a feed-forward neural network as a classifier. By analyzing the model, we have made meticulous parameters of the model to improve its performance. This paper proposes a dependent syntactic analysis model based on a long-term memory neural network. This model is based on the feed-forward neural network model described above and will be used as a feature extractor. After the feature extractor is pretrained, we use a long short-term memory neural network as a classifier of the transfer action, and the characteristics extracted by the syntactic analyzer as its input to train a recursive neural network classifier optimized by sentences. The classifier can not only classify the current pattern feature but also multirich information such as analysis of state history. Therefore, the model is modeled in the analysis process of the entire sentence in syntactic analysis, replacing the method of modeling independent analysis. The experimental results show that the model has achieved greater performance improvement than baseline methods.

FUZZY FACTORS CONSIDERATION FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE WASTE COLLECTION ROUTE IN THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY

The paper considers the process of the creation of the information technology module for the optimization of the waste collection process in the communities. The given module determines the expediency of inclusion of the waste containerbin to the route of the dust cart, depending on the degree of loading of the container and impact of the external factors on its availability, determined by the intensity of the traffic on the road to the container and state of the road, connected with weather conditions. Objective of the research consists in automatic determination of those waste containers which do not need urgent waste removal, that is an important component of theoptimization problem for the formation of the most reasonable routes for waste transportation. Scientific task of the researchincludes: determination of the factors, influencing the relevance  of the waste removal problem; substantiation of the expediency of using fuzzy logic for this purpose; formation of fuzzy linguistic variables and construction of fuzzy knowledge base; study the efficiency of the process of fuzzy logic conclusion, regarding the determination of the relevance of the containers removal on the base of the suggested influencing  factors; conclusion concerning the rationality of the suggested approach. The process of the relevance  calculation of the inclusion the waste containers into the route of the waste collection, taking into account the degree of their filling and availability by means of fuzzy logic tools is described. Analysis of the external factors, influencing the relevance of the waste collection from the specific container is performed. Fuzzy graph model is suggested, the model presents possible routes of the dust carts, linguistic variables are given, membership functions of their terms are formed, fragment of the knowledge base, supplied by the production rules, processes of the fuzzification and defuzzification are graphically illustrated using Mamdani fuzzy inference algorithm. Calculation of the actuality index of the waste collection is given on the specific example. Testing has been performed on the base of the data of trash enclosures in the city of Rivne. As a result of elimination ща non-actual containersfrom the route the length of the routes was cut by on average 10.43 %. Further improvement of the routes formation is possible, taking into account the degree of importance of the waste collection, for instance, such as from hospitals, schools, recreation spaces and other civil objects.