Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Study Research Articles

Knowledge, attitude and practice related to anthrax among livestock farmers in West Kazakhstan.

Anthrax is the most prioritized zoonotic disease in Kazakhstan due to its threatening potential to the public health and agricultural sector. Sporadic anthrax outbreaks are being reported annually among human and livestock populations throughout the country, with the highest frequency occurring in West Kazakhstan. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey-based face-to-face interview. From January to May 2022, 489 randomly selected participants were surveyed in 6 districts of the Baiterek province in West Kazakhstan oblast to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding anthrax among community members. This is the first KAP study conducted relating to outbreaks of anthrax in Kazakhstan. In this study, most participants (74%) surveyed were males, and 40% of respondents had a secondary level education. Overall, 91% of the community respondents were engaged in agriculture and livestock rearing. Among these community members, cattle rearing was the most common (67%) occupation compared to other livestock species. Additionally, over a 50% of the population studied had no knowledge about the zoonotic nature of the disease, and about 82% and 87% of respondents were unaware of any animal and human anthrax symptoms, respectively. About 70% of the respondents were interested in vaccinating their livestock against anthrax. Individuals aged 45-54 displayed notably higher animal vaccination rates (45%; 95% CI: 38.4-52.0; p<0.025) compared to those aged 25-34 and 65-74. Respondents residing in the Beles district (20%; 95% CI: 17.1-24.7; p<0.005) exhibited a significantly higher level of awareness concerning the fatality of anthrax in contrast to participants from Bolashak. Roughly 61% of respondents held the belief that anthrax is a lethal disease. An overwhelming majority of the survey participants (99%) affirmed their non-participation in the slaughter of infected animals. The findings of this study indicate that KAP among community members relating to anthrax is low and requires swift implementation of education programmes in building awareness of anthrax under the One Health approach, especially in anthrax prone regions.

Health professionals KAP study on rabies exposure assessment and NTV administration in Ethiopia

Background: Globally, it’s estimated 60,000 human deaths occur due to rabies with 95% of cases occurring in Africa and Asia. Annually, thousands of people are infected with rabies in Ethiopia and more than 2700 people die. In Ethiopia, the neural-based vaccine has been used since the 1950’s. Due to the old method of production, low immunogenicity and vaccine associated adverse events, WHO discourage the use of this vaccine and recommend replacing it with a safe and effective modern cell culture vaccine. There was no specific guidelines and training for this vaccine and health professional mismanage the nerve tissue vaccine (NTV) with cell culture vaccine resulting in vaccination failure. This study identifies professional knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP), vaccine related adverse events and the burden of rabies cases in humans. Methods: Data were collected from health professionals in selected health facilities using structured questionnaire to identify the level of KAP. Results: The study identified overall gaps in the professionals KAP as below standard which is not more than 25%. The majority of the respondents (97%) reported vaccine associated local adverse events followed by 20% systemic complications during vaccination. Only 2.4% of the respondents reported post-vaccine complications. Rabies cases in humans at those covered health facilities were reported to be 32 during the one-year study period with an average of two cases at each facility. Conclusions: Gaps identified in the professional KAP result indicate the need to provide specific training based on standard guidelines. Generally, the study indicates the need to strengthen rabies prevention and control efforts through inter-sectoral collaboration, and facilitating the establishment of facility-based rabies palliative care centers. In addition, it is recommended to work on technology transfer to replace old method of NTV production with safe and effective modern cell culture based anti-rabies vaccine production for effective rabies PEP.

Two Parallel Roads Impacting the Functional Preparedness of Accredited Hospitals: The Indian Healthcare Quality Standards and Disaster Management Act 2005.

Quality management of healthcare service providers and disaster preparedness are two important aspects that affect patient safety and the overall outcome of care delivery. Accreditation standards and legal framework for disaster management are intertwined and pave the way for achieving the optimum level of safety in healthcare system. The aim of the study is to evaluate the functional preparedness of hospital staff for managing disaster situations. It was a quantitative, cross-sectional, ex-post-facto study to understand the functional elements by deeply studying the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) scores of various level hospital staff. Knowledge scores of the participants showed positive correlation with attitude scores (r = 0.424, P < 0.001) and practice scores (r = 0.446, P < 0.001). The study showed a significant difference between mean KAP score of males (14.96 ± 3.5) and female (16.38 ± 2.6). Similarly, the staff who obtained excellent scores in the KAP study belonged to a higher age group while those who obtained poor were in the lowest age group (F (2, 715) =10.739; P < 0.001). The performance of staff significantly increased (P < 0.01) with increase in age as number of years of experience and on-the-job training enriched their understanding. Inspite, of the same level of inputs in terms of training and sensitization inputs, the staff of Administration departments showed higher knowledge than other staff (χ2 =97.37, P < 0.001). Analysis of educational qualification of participants elicits that it has a statistically significant effect on their performance in KAP study (F (5, 709) = 12.82; P < 0.001). The KAP scores are direct indicator of effectiveness of quality standards in preparing the hospital for disaster management. The study shows that variables like age, gender, department, educational qualification are correlated with performance and affect the attitude and practice during a disaster event.

Integrated behaviour change intervention for sustainable community development: a KAP study of WASH in district Gujrat, Pakistan

Abstract Behaviour change interventions are fundamental to achieve sustainability in communities through the identification of new, and strengthening the existing positive practices. It is considered central to the quest for a sustainable future and solves multidimensional community problems, which require large scale shifts in human behaviour with regard to their health, socio-physical activities and long held habits. In this context, the study examines the role of integrated behaviour change interventions for sustainable community development by exploring the direct and mediating impacts through knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). The primary data was collected from district Gujrat (Pakistan) through stratified random sampling to explore the impacts of KAP of WASH and its relationship with child health and sustainable community development. The hypotheses of the study were tested with smartPLS software. Findings of the overall sample of the study have revealed that integrated behaviour change interventions have significant impacts on KAP, WASH practices in daily life, child health (CH) and sustainable community development (SCD). Furthermore, the relationships among variables are positively significant and have direct and mediating impacts on sustainable community development.

Development and validation of a food safety knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices (KAP) questionnaire in Omani consumers

Consumer knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) play important roles in ensuring food safety since the home is implicated in many food poisoning cases. This study aimed to develop and validate a food safety KAP questionnaire for Omani consumers. This study also aimed to assess the food safety KAP of Omani female staff at Sultan Qaboos University and its association with certain socio-demographic variables. The developed questionnaire consisted of 4 sections, socio-demographics, knowledge, attitudes and practices. It was tested for consistency and validated. Cronbach’s alpha for knowledge, attitudes and practices was 0.766, 0.714 and 0.687, respectively. The paired t-test evaluation of the test-retest attempts found no significant difference between the attempts (p > 0.05) and there was a high correlation (p ranging from < 0.001 to 0.002) between the two attempts. The KAP study (n = 297) showed that most of the respondents are engaged in food preparation at home at least 3 days a week. The majority also prepared food at home in most of the days of the week and rarely ate or bought food from restaurants or cafes. The study found that the majority of participants had low food safety knowledge scores. A mean of 43% of the respondents was able to correctly answer the knowledge questions, while the mean of respondents with positive attitudes and proper practices was 76.9% and 70%, respectively. Knowledge scores were affected by age, educational level and income but not by marital status. Attitudes and practices were affected by marital status but not age, educational level or income. The association between the KAP of respondents was found to be weak. It can be concluded that the level of knowledge among the population of the study needs to be increased to match the level of attitudes and practices.

Understanding farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices of pesticide use in Nepal: synthesis of a systematic literature review

Literature suggests a deeper understanding of farmers’ knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of pesticide use in agriculture, especially in developing countries, to identify interventions to reduce pesticide use in agriculture. In this paper, we thus performed a systematic review of literature on KAP of farmers on chemical pesticide use in Nepal through a systematic literature search on Scopus web repository published between 2000 and 2021. We got 114 publications initially, and with a well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, we finally reviewed 29 articles for data extraction. The results indicate (i) an inadequate KAP of farmers on pesticide use. For example, three in four farmers were found to wash their clothes after pesticide spray. One in four farmers wore boots and only one in ten farmers wore glasses during pesticide spray. Approximately 54% of farmers take a shower after pesticide spray and just one in four farmers bury empty pesticide containers in the soil. Prior studies identified that the lack of awareness and training on the handling practices is the major cause of pesticide misuse; and through formal education and introducing integrated pest management strategies for controlling pests could reduce pesticide misuse. Another notable finding is the lack of KAP theoretical understanding in the prior publications. Many studies in Nepal studied much less on ‘attitude” but much higher on “practice” of pesticide usage. We thus propose a new KAP study framework for future research to understand ground-level behavioral change and improve the effectiveness of the KAP-related programs and interventions.

A Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) Survey to Find the Impact of Mobile Application Among Maternal Hypothyroidism Patients

Pregnancy is a time during which one or more fetus grow inside mother’s womb. Pregnant women may affect physiological stress during this period. When the pregnancy accompanied with some endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism, may severely produce maternal and fetus adverse outcomes. This KAP (knowledge, attitude, and practice) study was designed to find the impact of “Maternal GDM hypothyroidism information app” among maternal hypothyroidism patients. A self-designed questionnaire was filled by patients (intervention and control) before and after implementation of software. The between response consistency measurement of whole questionnaire and individual questions was carried out by Cronbach’s alpha. After analyzing questionnaire, Cronbach score was found to be 0.688(~0.7). The Cronbach score showed that good homogeneity in the questionnaire. 1,2,3 trimester pregnant women with age greater than 18 years and having the facility of android mobile phone as well as usable internet access were included in the study (n=95). The study concludes that the maternal hypothyroidism mobile application and patient counseling by clinical pharmacist displayed good impact on KAP of the patients and improved health outcomes.

An Overview of Institutional Experience of General Surgeons of Laparoscopic Splenectomy in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar

Aim: An Overview of Institutional Experience of General Surgeons of Laparoscopic Splenectomy in Khyber teaching hospital, Peshawar Methodology: A descriptive KAP (knowledge attitude and practice) study was conducted in Khyber teaching hospital (KTH) from February 2021 to March 2021. Experience of only those General Surgeons, who have performed both Open and Laparoscopic Splenectomies was included in the study. Data was collected through a self –administered questionnaire and a total of eleven faculty members of our surgical department qualified to be a part of the study. Results: Eleven consultants of our surgical department qualified to be a part of the study. In the category of intra-operative complications, 8(72.7%) designated it as an optimum method of hemostasis, 9(81.8%) experienced no iatrogenic injury, 7(63.6%) never converted laparoscopic to an open splenectomy. Among post-operative complications, hemorrhage was witnessed only by 3(27.3%) while 8(72.7%) never had a patient with the mentioned complication. Wound Infection, post-operative ileus and post splenectomy sepsis were experienced only by 2(18.2%) participants and 9(81.8%) had not received patients with such complications. 8(72.7%) surgeons favored use of this technique for easy identification and removal of accessory spleen. 7(63.6%) participants had a consensus on it being a safe and easy method for specimen retrieval. In post-operative recovery, 9(81.8%) patients had a hospital stay of 2 days while 10(90.9%) observed an early activity resumption. A total of 8(72.7%) General Surgeons preferred Laparoscopic Splenectomy. Conclusion: The study showed that majority of the surgeons preferred use of Laparoscopic Splenectomy. Keywords: Splenectomy, Laparoscopy, Hemostasis

Survey on salt content in selected food products of fast food restaurants and determination of salt intake awareness among fast food consumers in Klang Valley

Introduction: Malaysians are exposed to a high salt diet, which is one of the contributors to the prevalence of hypertension among them. This study aimed to identify the salt content in selected food products of fast food restaurants and to determine the salt intake awareness among fast food consumers. Methods: Salt content data were collected through online survey from the official websites of selected restaurants (Kentucky Fried Chicken, McDonald’s, Subway® and Texas Chicken). The food products were classified into eight food categories (chickenbased, potato-based, rice-based, sandwich, salad, bread, dessert, and sauce). The cross-sectional study on salt intake awareness was conducted among 108 Malaysian adults from these restaurants. A knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) questionnaire was disseminated online. The salt content and the consumers’ salt intake awareness were analysed using Statistical Products and Service Solution (SPSS) software version 25.0. Results: A total of 105 food products were surveyed in this study. Sauce products contained the highest salt content (1.9±0.8 g/100g), followed by bread (1.2±0.3 g/100g), potato-based (1.2±0.4 g/100g), chicken-based (1.2±0.3 g/100g), sandwich (1.1±0.6 g/100g), rice-based (0.7±0.3 g/100g), salad (0.4±0.2 g/100g), and dessert (0.3±0.4 g/100g). For the KAP study, a total of 108 consumers had participated and mostly (48.2%) had a fair level of salt intake awareness. Conclusion: Most food products of fast food restaurants contained high salt content and majority of fast food consumers had a fair level of salt intake awareness. More strategic interventions are needed to control the salt intake among adults in Malaysia

An Overview of Analysis of Learning Curve of Laproscopic Procedures in General Surgery Residents in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar

Aim: An Overview of Analysis of Learning Curve of Laparoscopic Procedures in General Surgery Residents in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Methodology: A descriptive KAP (knowledge attitude and practice) study was conducted in Khyber teaching hospital (KTH) from January 2021 to March 2021. A total of 24 surgical residents of 3rd and 4th year residency working in different surgical units were part of the study. Experience of residents performing procedures under supervision, assistance or by means of observation was recorded by a self administered questionnaire. Results: A number of 24 surgical residents of 3rd and 4th year residency of general surgery were part of the study. Frequency of 3rd yr residents was 13(54.2%) and that of 4th yr was 11(45.8%). Number of 6(25%) observed basic laparoscopy, 8(33%) advanced procedures and 10(41.7%) observed both types of procedure. 23(95.8%) participants were regularly briefed on principles of laparoscopy and 21(87.5%) strongly agreed upon the need of video simulation sessions. According to 22(91.7%) participants instrument handling was the most difficult part to learn. And 17(70.8%) participants laparoscopy enhances visualization of disease process. 18(75%) participants said that it improves postoperative recovery and 20(83.3%) were of opinion that it minimizes hospital stay. 16(66.7%) residents stated it has a steep learning curve. All participants agreed that it is necessary to assist large number of procedures to attain confidence of performing laparoscopic procedures. Conclusion: The study showed that almost all residents were in favor of the use of laparoscopic procedures rather than open surgeries. Keywords: Laparoscopy, learning curve

Questionnaire Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Factors Associated with Initiation and Cessation of Tobacco Among Patients Using Tobacco Products

A study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of factors associated withinitiation and cessation of tobacco among patients using tobacco products. A KAP study was conductedamong patients using tobacco products of various age groups attending the outpatient department in a dentalcollege in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A self-constructed questionnaire by our team was framed and distributedto 100 subjects. The data collected was then analysed with SPSS software (version 21) statistically to obtainthe results.In this study, predominantly 69% of the subjects started the habit of using tobacco products in the agegroup of 15-25 years. Most commonly used tobacco product was cigarette (56%) and the frequency oftobacco usage was 5-10 times per day (50%). About 68% of the questioned subjects are aware of passivesmoking and 94% are aware of the consequences of using tobacco products. High prevalence of tobaccousage was observed among younger age group. This calls for the need that educational institutions mandatethe inclusion of awareness of health hazards of cigarette smoking in their curriculums. This is a much neededintervention to extricate them from this habit.

Acceptability and outcomes of foreskin preservation for phimosis: An Indian perspective.

Aim:Understanding the Indian perspective, effectiveness, and acceptability of prepuce conservation in children with phimosis. Circumcision is performed and recommended far too often for nonphysiological phimosis. Will a less radical approach be acceptable in the subcontinent?Method:A two-arm study with the first arm as KAP (knowledge, attitude, and practice) study (n = 502). The second arm recruited deserving boys (n = 47) with symptomatic phimosis (see inclusion criteria). Betamethasone ointment was applied twice daily over the foreskin and gently massaged to stretch the phimotic band. Those who failed were offered lateral preputioplasty or circumcision. Religious beliefs influence attitude and practice and these were looked at with subgroup analysis.Results:Most (85%) knew that circumcision was not the only treatment for phimosis. Though many parents (93%) knew the importance of foreskin cleanliness, few practiced it. The success of the steroid application was 81% (n = 38/47). Eight underwent preputioplasty. Minor discomfort as morbidity was noted. All parents were able to completely retract the foreskin of their children by the end of one month and were happy about the cosmetic result.Conclusions:KAP data on foreskin health is not available in the subcontinent, and this is a landmark study. Religious belief and community identity play a strong role in decisions related to foreskin preservation. Prepuce hygiene and knowledge about the usefulness of the foreskin is poor. The combination of medical and surgical methods of conserving the prepuce was effective. A high rate of success and the non-mutilating cosmetic result of prepuce preservation were acceptable to these parents.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of general practitioners and pediatricians regarding food allergy in Iran

BackgroundFood allergy is a common disorder affecting up to 8% of children around the world. Normally, general practitioners and pediatricians are the first practitioners to see food-allergic patients. Consequently, these doctors’ awareness about the presentation, diagnosis and management of food allergies is vital, as is their knowledge about the best practical methods for the prevention and treatment of systemic near-fatal reactions due to food allergy. We sought to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of general practitioners and pediatricians regarding food allergy in our environment. Methods and materialsIn this observational KAP study, 105 general practitioners and pediatricians were enrolled and their knowledge, attitude and practice in the food allergy field were determined by means of a questionnaire. ResultsIn the survey, low, medium, and high levels of knowledge were seen in 4.8%, 59%, and 36.2% of the participants, respectively. Physicians’ knowledge levels were significantly correlated with their medical specialty. Attitude was appropriate in 86.7% of the participants and practice was positive in 75.2%. Medical specialty had a significant effect on physicians’ practice regarding food allergy (P=0.007). Extensive knowledge and positive practice were significantly more frequent in pediatricians in comparison with general practitioners. ConclusionThe survey showed the knowledge, attitude and practice of Iranian pediatricians and general practitioners regarding food allergy to be suboptimal. This finding underlines the importance of organized re-education to upgrade the knowledge, attitude and practice of clinical practitioners.

A KAP study on snakebite and its management among medical interns in a tertiary care medical college and hospital in Trivandrum district, Kerala

Background: Snake bite is considered as one of the most significant health related problems throughout the world. According to the WHO, a snake bite is an important medical problem. It has been a neglected extrinsic injury in tropical and sub-tropical developing countries including India. It has been estimated that every year there are almost 83,000 snake bites and 11,000 deaths due to snake bites in India. The Goal of this study is to access knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among interns so as to find out gaps in academics and bridge them. Findings of this study will benefit community at large.Methods: An institutional based cross sectional study was conducted for the entire batch of interns in a tertiary care center in Trivandrum, Kerala, South India during June–September 2018. A non-probability sampling was done. Data was collected by self-administered questionnaire.Results: Among 100 students 48% had a score equal to and above 8 which was taken as good level of knowledge and 52% had poor level of knowledge. Attitude towards management of snake bite was 100% among study subjects. Only 35% of students had median score above 4 as good level of practice and remaining 65% had poor level of practice.Conclusions: Respondents have adequate knowledge on snake bites. They discarded various prevailing myths in society. Although study showed adequate attitude towards management, that was not reflected in practice. This gap can be overcome by teaching in simulated environment, so as to make them competent enough for managing snake bites.

Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Health Workers of East Azerbaijan, Ilam and Khorasan Razavi Provinces about Leishmaniasis During 2015 - 2016: A Comparative Study Before and After Intervention

Background: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection caused by the Leishmania spp. and transmitted via the bite of infected female Phlebotomine sand flies. Health education is one of the important approaches to increasing knowledge and awareness of the community about leishmaniasis health issues. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of health education on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of health volunteers about leishmaniasis in some areas endemic for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Methods: In this KAP study, 104 health workers (41 from East Azerbaijan, 41 from Khorasan Razavi and 21 from Ilam provinces) were participated in the study. For this purpose, a questionnaire containing 11 items on knowledge, 10 items on attitude and 13 items on practice was used before and after educational intervention. The results were analyzed by SPSS version 22 using Wilcoxon test, Kruskal-Wallis test, McNamar’s test, and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The results showed a significant difference between pre and post-educational intervention scores. These results were reported for each province and for total subjects. KAP among the studied population was at a moderate level before the intervention, and it increased to high levels after the intervention; this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). After the intervention, there was a significant difference between the provinces. After the intervention, the level of knowledge in Ilam was significantly higher than Khorasan Razavi and Azerbaijan provinces (P < 0.01). Attitude scores were significantly lower in Khorasan Razavi Province compared to Ilam and East Azerbaijan provinces (P < 0.01), and practice had improved more significantly in Khorasan Razavi province compared to Ilam province (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Health education can be considered as a simple and inexpensive approach to increasing KAP among health volunteers, and it can play an important role in the prevention of leishmaniasis.

Evidence Based KAP Study for Fluoride Therapy in Odisha

Background: Dental caries is a global problem; however, it is entirely preventable. Fluoride is considered as effective method in lowering dental caries. The amount of knowledge, awareness and its method of implementation in prevention process among general population are challenging. Objectives: 1. To review and analyse the knowledge of fluoride action, therapeutic uses, method of application, possible combination of fluoride exposure, its deleterious effects and create evidence about awareness among the Odisha population and knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of fluoride in management of dental caries among the dental professionals. 2. To recommend the dental council, dental professionals, teaching institutions, primary health care centres, community health centres, social media and health care consumers for active involvement in spreading the awareness regarding Pros and Cons of fluoride to the general population, based on the available evidence. Method: A survey was conducted for 918 general populations and 474 dental professionals of Odisha based on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP study) regarding fluorosis, fluoridated water, dental caries and fluoride therapy and validated. The questionnaire for general population was translated from English to local language (Odia). Google and physical questionnaire were circulated among the general population and dental professionals. Dimensionality and local dependency were also tabulated. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The evidence revealed that dental professionals (ANOVA, p < 0.05) practicing in Odisha had significant knowledge regarding fluoride therapy and fluorosis; however, its implementation in practice is compromised. Approximately, 65% of general population irrespective of age and gender, lack the basic knowledge, 65% of attitude and 77% of practice regarding fluorides and fluorosis. Conclusion: This evidence will be a strong enforcement and implementation in primary practice by dental professionals for prevention of dental caries.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of screening for carcinoma of the cervix among reproductive health clients at three teaching hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

AbstractBackground: Carcinoma of the cervix is one of the commonest cancers of women. It representsabout 12%of all cancers in females, and more than half of them die from it. There are clearevidences that cytological screening programs are effective in reducing morbidity and mortalityfrom the disease. Cancer prevention consciousness in developing countries is low and mostpatients seek consultation only at advanced stages.Objective: This survey was undertaken to elicit information on the knowledge attitude andpractice (KAP) of screening for carcinoma of the cervix (Pap smear) among reproductive health(RH) client a at three teaching hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Tikur Anbessa, St Paul’s andGhandi Memorial.Method: - Across sectional descriptive KAP study was conducted on 276 RH clients attendingemergency and regular outpatient department (OPD) antenatal, postnatal, family planning andreferral clinics at the three hospitals. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was prepared and therespondents were interviewed by the principal investigator.Results: Most respondent (81.2%) had never heard of Pap smear screening. The source ofinformation for those who had heard about this test were health institutions for 65.4% of therespondents. Women who had heard about Pap smear screening were younger than those who hadnever heard of it. Only 6.5 % of all the respondent had ever had a Pap smear test. The reasonsgiven for not having the test were: no gynecologic symptoms (41.2%); don’t know the place were itwas done (32.4%); wait till older (14.7%). And consider it was not important (11.8%). For thosewho had ever had the test, the indication for undergoing the test were doctor / nurse consultation(72.2%)and personal initiative (20.7%). Women who had a Pap smear test had higher level ofeducation than those who never had a Pap smear. Almost all the respondents were willing toundergo the screening test in the future.Conclusion: The awareness and practice of the screening procedure of cervical cancer (Pap smear)among RH clients in Addis Ababa is very low. There is a need for intensifying health educationprovision on cervical cancer screening in the city.Keywords: Cervical cancer screening Pap smear, KAP on cervical cancer

Orofacial injuries and use of protective wear among field hockey players of Coorg District, Karnataka, India - A KAP Study.

Traumatic orofacial injuries are frequent among hockey players, often causing aesthetic, functional, psychological, and economic problems. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and distribution of orofacial injuries and to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices toward the use of protective wear as perceived among hockey players of Coorg district. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 281 field hockey players of Coorg district, Karnataka, India. Data were collected using a specially designed self-administered, pretested questionnaire containing a set of 19 statements. Chi-square test was performed to assess statistical significance among the variables studied. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age of the study sample was 32.7 ± 4.3 years, and majority of them were semi-professional hockey players (46.6%) with an experience of 5-10 years (41.3%) of playing hockey and having at least a graduate qualification (65.5%). A total of 79% of the players reported to have been injured at least once in the past 1 year, of which orofacial injuries accounted for 33.8% of the injuries. Majority of the players had a fair Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) score toward the use of protective wear (63.7%). Although 37.7% of the players had good knowledge, it translated to a favorable attitude among 24.1% of the players and favorable practice among 11.7% players. Professional hockey players had a positive association with KAP scores (P < 0.00), whereas experience was found to be negatively associated with KAP scores (P < 0.03). The majority of players had moderate knowledge about the importance of protective wear in preventing orofacial injuries, but their attitude and practices toward the same were relatively poor.

Spatial analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Antananarivo Madagascar: tuberculosis-related knowledge, attitude and practice.

IntroductionTuberculosis infection may remain latent, but the disease is nevertheless a serious public health issue. Various epidemiological studies on pulmonary tuberculosis have considered the spatial component and taken it into account, revealing the tendency of this disease to cluster in particular locations. The aim was to assess the contribution of Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) to the distribution of tuberculosis and to provide information for the improvement of the National Tuberculosis Program.MethodsWe investigated the role of KAP to distribution patterns of pulmonary tuberculosis in Antananarivo. First, we performed spatial scanning of tuberculosis aggregation among permanent cases resident in Antananarivo Urban Township using the Kulldorff method, and then we carried out a quantitative study on KAP, involving TB patients. The KAP study in the population was based on qualitative methods with focus groups.ResultsThe disease still clusters in the same districts identified in the previous study. The principal cluster covered 22 neighborhoods. Most of them are part of the first district. A secondary cluster was found, involving 18 neighborhoods in the sixth district and two neighborhoods in the fifth. The relative risk was respectively 1.7 (p<10−6) in the principal cluster and 1.6 (p<10−3) in the secondary cluster. Our study showed that more was known about TB symptoms than about the duration of the disease or free treatment. Knowledge about TB was limited to that acquired at school or from relatives with TB. The attitude and practices of patients and the population in general indicated that there is still a stigma attached to tuberculosis.ConclusionThis type of survey can be conducted in remote zones where the tuberculosis-related KAP of the TB patients and the general population is less known or not documented; the findings could be used to adapt control measures to the local particularities.

Mandatory Child Restraints: A KAP Study among Parents and Nursery Instructors

Aims: New road traffic injury (RTI) laws in Iran still neglects the importance of child restraint in automobiles. The objective of this study is to determine the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on the mandatory use of child restraint among parents and nursery instructors. Study Design: An observational KAP study Place and Duration of the Study: City of Tehran capital of Iran, between June 2013 and November 2013. Methodology: An observational KAP study was carried out (using a self-administered questionnaire and a Likert scale) on 403 parents, which children were less than 13 years old and nursery instructors both residing in Tehran by a stratified randomized sampling. Twelve elementary schools and six nurseries were selected randomly. Validity and reliability of questionnaires were determined using the content validity and test re-tests. Subjects were selected randomly and data was collected by trained interviewers, after obtaining consent forms from the subjects. Results: The majority (71%) of parents was female, aged 36.7±5.6 (range: 25-59). Half of the parents did not have any knowledge about child restraint laws and its implementation in the country. The knowledge among subjects about different kinds of child restraints, according to the child’s age and weight, was 22.6%. Only 28% of subjects use child restraints for their children. A significant difference was observed between subjects' use of