KMnO4 Concentration Research Articles

A Retrospective Study of the Severity of Injury following Potassium Permanganate Ingestion in Teenagers and Adults in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

Introduction: Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) is an uncommon cause of caustic ingestion in teenagers and adults; only case reports are found in the recent literature. At Ngwelezana Hospital in South Africa, KMnO4 ingestion is not an uncommon indication for admission. KMnO4 is readily available as used in most households and recommended for medicinal purposes by traditional health practitioners. Aim: To ascertain the reasons for KMnO4 ingestion, the extent and severity of injury as determined by upper gastro-intestinal studies, and patient outcomes in comparison with the available global literature. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 26 teenage and adult patients, admitted to our adult wards following KMnO4 ingestion. Data collected on patient demographics, reason for KMnO4 ingestion, and quantity ingested. Oral inspection and upper gastro-intestinal study findings recorded with grading (Zargar) of corrosive injury to oesophagus and stomach. Patients’ outcome and duration of hospital stay documented. Results: There were 73% females and 27% males, with an average age of 23 years. Reasons for ingestion included parasuicide (84%), accidental ingestion (8%), and for relief of abdominal pain (8%). The vast majority (96%) swallowed KMnO4 in solution rather than in solid form. The volume and concentration of KMnO4 taken was difficult to quantify. Oral discoloration, oedema, and ulceration were found in 58%. Gastro-intestinal endoscopy was performed in 92%; abnormalities were demonstrated in 68% (oesophageal injury 14%, oesophageal and gastric injuries 14%, gastric injury alone 41%). Oesophageal injuries: n = 6; Zargar grade 1—83%, Zargar grade 2A—17%. Gastric injuries: n = 12; Zargar grade 1—42%, Zargar grade 2A—33%, Zargar grade 2B—25%. Average hospital stay was 2.9 days (range 2–8 days). There were no mortalities and no complications at 6 weeks. Conclusion: KMnO4 ingestion by teenagers and adults is not uncommon in our setting, mostly related to suicide attempts and most often taken in liquid form. KMnO4 was possibly of a low concentration as no systemic complications were noted and there were milder gastric and oesophageal injuries as compared to case reports from elsewhere of mucosal necrosis following ingestion of KMnO4.

The Effect Of Potassium Permanganate On Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper) Epoxy Fiber Compositesusing Hand Lay Up Method

The application of natural fiber composites in the modern world is often overlooked due to the rise of new synthetic fibers. The BetungBamboo is one type of natural fiber that has been used for many generations in the Indonesian archipelago. The fiber can be used to produce composites, however the choice of matrix and fiber treatment has an effect on determining the strength properties of the composite. In this study using epoxy resin as a matrix and Betung Bamboo fiber as a filler. Permanganate treatment of Betung bamboo fiber was conducted using KMnO4 solution. With variations in KMnO4 concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7% for 15 minutes of immersion. The fabrication was carried out by hand lay-up method with silicone rubber molds. Tensile tests are then carried out to determine the tensile strength of the composite. Digital microscopy was observed to see the fracture pattern of the composite. The initial hypothesis of this study was the treatment of KMnO4 solution which aims to improve the interfacial properties of strength and resistance of Betung bamboo fiber and matrix, so that the mechanical properties of the composite are stronger. The highest tensile strength was at 5% KMnO4 content of 33.55 MPa and the lowest was at the specimen without KMnO4 content of 28.06 MPa. The highest strain was on specimens without KMnO4 content with 2.645% and the lowest on 7% KMnO4 content with 1.513%. The highest elastic modulus value was at 7% KMnO4 content of 20.84 MPa and the lowest was for specimens without KMnO4 content of 10.6 MPa. In the tensile test specimen without KMnO4 content, there are pullout fracture patterns, and in the tensile test specimen with 5% KMnO4 content there are indications of overload fracture pattern.

Changing the Microstructural and Chemical Properties of Graphene Oxide Through a Chemical Route.

The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of engineering desired molecular sp2 structures in graphene oxide, via controlled oxidation of graphite powder, in order to achieve tunable chemical and microstructural properties useful for optoelectronics or sensing applications. Specifically, GO powder is obtained by a modified Hummers method, by using different concentrations of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in order to change the number of oxygen functionalities in the graphitic structure. Then, a successive alkaline treatment is performed by increasing the KOH concentration. The alkaline treatment induces a noticeable variation of the GO microstructural and chemical properties, which is accompanied by a strong enhancement of photoluminecence. PL and PLE measurements reveal that the configuration of electronic energy states changes as a function of the KMnO4 and KOH concentration, by introducing further electronic n levels available for n→π* transitions. In particular, the number of sp2 small domains embedded among oxygen-sp3 domains, increases under the KOH treatment, due to the addition of OH groups. Most of these sp2 domains are lifted-off from GO and thrown away in the surnatant giving it high blue photoluminescence excited at λexc ∼ 319 nm. The employ of combined spectroscopy techniques allows a deep investigation of the microstructural and chemical changes induced by chemical treatments, opening the way to the fine tuning of GO functional properties.

Development of A Hybrid Method by Integrating Electrocoagulation Countinous System with Activated Charcoal Adsorption to Treat Sago Wastewater

Wastewater from the sago industry can pose a risk of pollution because it contains chemicals such as high organic matter content, fiber, 4% unextracted starch, nitrogen solution, and cyanoglucoside which are difficult to degrade in the environment. Sago wastewater is generally acidic, has foul smells, and has a high solids concentration. In this study, a hybrid method using electrocoagulation continuous system and activated carbon adsorption was developed to decrease organic and inorganic contaminates which considered importand environmental concern. These two methods have the advantages of simple equipment, easy operation, low efficiency, and short reaction time. The flow rate will affect the pause time of the sample in the reactor. The longer the pause time, feeding will lead to an increase in the level of turbidity that can be lowered. Industrial wastewater variations in the initial analysis then carried out the electrocoagulation process in a continuous system with a container capacity of 1680 mL with an electrode distance of 2 cm, a voltage of 18 volts, and wastewater into a container with a flow rate of 1 mL/, 2 mL/second, 3 mL/ sec, 4 mL/sec, and 5 mL/sec. In addition, the waste is directly into a container containing charcoal. The parameters studied were COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, KMnO4, DO, pH, DHL, and Al concentration analysis with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, odor, and color analysis. The maximum removal efficiency for TDS, TSS. COD, BOD, TDS, KMnO4 were 81.16%, 87.58%, 91.32%, 48.66%, 99.07%, for a flow rate of 1 mL/second, also other parameters also met have met the quality standards set by PerMenLH No. 5.

Investigation of the doping mechanism and electron transition bands of PEO/KMnO4 complex composite films

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) incorporated with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was prepared using the solution casting technique forming PEO/KMnO4 complex composite films. The physicochemical properties, doping mechanism, and electron transition bands of PEO/KMnO4 were investigated. Introducing KMnO4 PEO matrix led to a decrease in crystallinity degree and optical bandgap energy due to the creation of polarons and bipolarons that form new energy levels in the bandgap between the HOMO and LUMO; in addition, to form of a new transition band appears at about 380 nm is attributed to the n{-}{pi }^{*} electronic transitions are generated due to the unsaturated center of the molecules. The existence of KMnO4 in the polymer matrix leads to the blocking of light in the 250–400 nm range. Consequently, PEO/KMnO4 complex composite films could be used as UV-light shielding filters. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of the PEO/KMnO4 complex composite films increases as KMnO4 concentration is increased in the PEO matrix since the created new energy levels in the bandgap between the HOMO and LUMO can be populated with conduction electrons providing true ohmic conduction with the delocalization of the electron densities moving on the polymer chain.

A Facile Synthesis of High Performing MnxOy-Rgo Hybrid Composite for Potential Supercapacitor Application

In this study, the facile synthesis procedure of MnxOy-rGO hybrid and the variation of its electrochemical performance on varying the KMnO4 concentration have been elucidated. The as prepared hybrid was synthesized by adopting a one-step hydrothermal process at 180°C for 24h. The controlled growth of mixed manganese oxide (MnxOy) was achieved for 0.5 mM KMnO4, and it showed a specific capacitance of 280 Fg-1 at 1 Ag-1 current density using 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The incorporation of the MnxOy into the conductive rGO layers successfully prevented the self-agglomeration of rGO nanosheets. It was found that an appropriate incorporation of MnxOy provided the fast electrolytic ion transportation in and on between the rGO layers by reducing the solution resistance, (Rs) down to 4 ohm (Ω). Hence, it is expected that the synthesis procedure for the fabrication of MnxOy-rGO has prospects as the high performing supercapacitor electrode materials.

Potassium permanganate dye removal from synthetic wastewater using a novel, low-cost adsorbent, modified from the powder of Foeniculum vulgare seeds

In this study, Seeds powder of Foeniculum vulgare was used to prepare a novel adsorbent, the modification of the prepared adsorbent was done by each of ZnCl2, oxalic acid, and CuS, all samples have been characterized by different techniques and examined for Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) adsorption. Among the four modified and unmodified adsorbents, the sample modified by oxalic acid has the highest percentage removal for KMnO4 adsorption (%R = 89.36). The impact of KMnO4 concentration, adsorbent dose, contact temperature, contact time, and solution pH on the adsorption performance was also investigated. The experimental data of this adsorption was analyzed by different kinetic and isotherm models. As Constants of thermodynamic ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° have been also evaluated. Surface area, pore volume, and pore size of the modified oxalic acid F. vulgare seeds powder adsorbent were determined as 0.6806 m2 g−1, 0.00215 cm3 g−1, and 522.063 Å, as pHZPC also was stated to be 7.2. The R2 values obtained from applying different isotherm and kinetic models (0.999 and 0.996) showed that the adsorption performance of KMnO4 follows the Langmuir and Pseudo 2nd order models. Furthermore, high adsorption capacities of 1111.11, 1250.00, and 1428.57 mg g−1 were achieved at three temperatures that were used in this study. Constants of thermodynamic ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° values indicate chemical and spontaneous adsorption at the adsorbent surface. Therefore, the modified adsorbent can be used to remove KMnO4 dye from pollutant water samples.

Extending the Shelf Life of Curly Red Chili (Capsicum annuum) Using KMnO4

Curly Red Chili have a shelf life of only a few days. In order to be more durable, post-harvest handling is needed to extend the shelf life of the fruit, among others, by reducing the ethylene content. There are several ways to reduce the ethylene content; one can use potassium permanganate (KMnO4), which works as an ethylene absorber. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate concentration of KMnO4 to extend the shelf life of Curly Red Chili. The research was conducted at the Post-Harvest Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhammadiayah Yogyakarta. The research was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single factor. Treatment including four concentrations, that is: KMnO4 0%, KMnO4 0.05%, KMnO4 0.10%, KMnO4 0.15%. Each treatment was repeated three times, each replicating three samples. The data were analyzed using variance analysis at the 5% level and mean separations with Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the 5% level. The results showed that KMnO4 has a positive effect of extending the shelf life of Curly Red Chili, where the KMnO4 concentration of 0.10% is the best. At this concentration, the shelf life of Curly Red Chili can be extended up to 21 days.

Study on Treatment of Blood from Abattoir using Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Technology with Production of Green Energy

Zero energy technologies and sustainable energy production are the two major concerns of present day researches. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioreactors that extract chemical energy stored in organic compounds, into electric potential, through bio-degradation. The core reason for the high strength of effluent generated from slaughterhouses is animal blood. The current study evaluates the potential of MFC technology to reduce the pollution strength of cattle blood in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The current study was piloted in three stages using lab scale two chambered MFC: The first stage was to determine the best oxidising agent as compared to natural aeration from three accessible options, KMnO4, diffused aeration and tape grass aquatic plant. KMnO4 was found to be the superlative with a 30% reduction in COD in 100 hrs batch reactor and a maximum power of 0.97 mW using 125 mL livestock blood. The second stage of the study optimised the concentration of KMnO4. At 500 mg/L KMnO4 concentration, 50% COD removal efficiency was acquired in a batch reactor of 60 hrs with an average energy output of 1.3 mW. In the final stage on the addition of coconut shell activated carbon with an Anolyte at a rate of 40 mL/125 mL of substrate COD removal efficiency increased to 74.9%.

Controlled Synthesis, Mechanism and Degradation Property of Birnessite-MnO₂ Nanoflowers and Nanoflakes.

Birnessite-MnO₂ nanoflakes were synthesized via an aqueous oxidation method at 90 °C using Mn(CH₃COO)₂, NaOH, and KMnO₄. The samples' morphology, crystalline structure, and optical property were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The birnessite-MnO₂ nanoflakes were converted to KxMn8O16 and Mn suboxides following a decrease in the concentration of KMnO₄ in the reaction. The amount of NaOH in the reaction determined the type of precursor. Without NaOH, the precursor was converted from Mn(OH)₂ to Mn2+ (from Mn(CH₃COO)₂), thereby enabling the synthesis of birnessite-MnO₂ nanoflowers. The formation mechanism of birnessite-MnO₂ nanoflowers and nanoflakes was clarified via the corresponding simulated crystal structures. Evaluation of the synthesized samples confirmed that the birnessite-MnO₂ nanoflakes and nanoflowers exhibited excellent degradation properties.

Frugal discrete memristive device based on potassium permanganate solution

Many thin film-based devices with solid electrolytes have been studied for memristive applications. Herein, we report a simple and facile way to fabricate solution-based, low-cost, and discrete two-terminal memristive devices using the KMnO4 solution. The water and methanol were used as a solvent to prepare different concentrations of KMnO4 to carry out the optimization study. Furthermore, the effect of KMnO4 concentration with aqueous and methanol solvents was studied with the help of current-voltage, device charge, charge-flux, and cyclic endurance properties. Interestingly, all developed devices show the asymmetric time-domain charge and double valued charge-flux properties, suggesting that aqueous KMnO4 and methanol-KMnO4 based devices are non-ideal memristors or memristive devices. The statistical measures such as cumulative probability and coefficient of variation are reported for the memristive devices. The possible switching mechanism of the discrete memristive was tried to explain with the UV-visible spectrum and theoretical framework. The optimized device was further studied using the cyclic voltammogram, Bode plot, and Nyquist plot. An equivalent circuit was derived for the optimized discrete memristive device using electrochemical impendence spectroscopy results. The results of the present investigation are beneficial to develop programmable analog circuits, volatile memory, and synaptic devices using discrete memristive devices.

Two-Step Chemical Mechanical Polishing of 4H-SiC (0001) Wafer

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), as a widely used global smoothing technique, requires a high polishing rate and a low surface roughness. However, it is difficult to meet these requirements with single-step polishing. To obtain a perfect 4H-SiC wafer surface, we studied a two-step CMP 4H-SiC wafer using a-Al2O3-based slurry and nano-SiO2-based slurry. Before the two-step process was determined, the effect of concentration of KMnO4 and pH on the polishing rate of 4H-SiC was first studied with Al2O3 as the abrasive, and the maximum polishing rate of 1400 nm h−1 was determined under the condition of pH of 2.00 and KMnO4 concentration of 6.5 wt% in the step. Furthermore, the effect of H2O2 concentration on the polishing rate of 4H-SiC was investigated using SiO2 as the abrasive and V2O5 as the catalyst. It was determined that under the condition of V2O5 concentration of 4 wt% and H2O2 concentration of 10 wt%, the maximum polishing rate of the second step polishing was 150 nm h−1, and a perfect surface was obtained, with a surface roughness of 0.066 nm. In addition, the in situ friction coefficients have used to characterize the two-step process. At the end, the CMP mechanisms of the above two slurry have been deduced and preliminarily demonstrated.

Enhancement of carotenoid production and its regulation in edible mushroom Cordyceps militaris by abiotic stresses

Cordyceps militaris carotenoids are widely used as food additives, animal feed supplements, and so on. However, the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids in C. militaris is still obscure. In this paper, changes of mycelial morphology and carotenoid accumulation of C. militaris were investigated under oxidative (KMnO4) and osmotic stress (NaCl). Subsequently, qRT-PCR was employed to detect the expression levels of genes related to carotenogenesis to explore the mechanism of adaptation to abiotic stress. When the concentrations of KMnO4 and NaCl were respectively 0.4 g/L and 2 g/L, carotenoid accumulation reached a maximum of 6616.82 ± 666.43 μg/g and 6416.77 ± 537.02 μg/g. Under the oxidative stress condition of KMnO4, the expressions of psy and hsp70 increased significantly compared with control. Besides, the genes fus3 and hog1 were significantly enriched in the MAPK signal pathway. Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in expression of psy in the NaCl group. Moreover, the accumulation of triacylglycerols may contribute significantly to the increase in carotenoid accumulation. The increased accumulation of antioxidant carotenoids induced under environmental stress is to resist oxidative conditions. Fus3 and Hog1 signaling in the MAPK pathway was activated and subsequently take effects on the resistance of oxidative condition by regulating related metabolic processes. C. militaris resist the stress of high oxygen by producing a large amount of glycerol and carotenoids when this fungus is cultured in a saline environment for a long time.

3D interpenetrating networks of MnO2/Carbon-CNTs composites derived from ZIF-67 MOF and their application to supercapacitors

3D interpenetrating networks of carbon modified MnO2 nanocrystals being connected by carbon nanotubes (MnO2/Carbon-CNTs) have been prepared using cobalt modified Carbon-CNTs, which is derived from CNTs joined ZIF-67 MOF crystals, as sacrificial template. Due to the coexistence of amorphous carbon and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their diversity upon oxidization, the CNTs can be remained preferentially after the oxidizing by KMnO4 solution. As results, carbon content in the resulted MnO2/Carbon-CNTs networks can be turned from 7 to 18 wt% by simply controlling the concentration of KMnO4 and the reaction time. The MnO2/Carbon-CNTs have been explored as electrode for supercapacitors and they show excellent performance. The capacitance measured with a three-electrode configuration using 2 M KOH aqueous solution as electrolyte at current density of 0.5 A g−1 reaches 508.8 F g−1. Such a superior electrochemical performance can be related to the interpenetrating network of the sample, in which CNTs can not only increase the electrical conductivity of the material but also play a role in supporting and fastening the 3D architectures, which also improves greatly the specific surface area of the composite. All these characters are favorable to their electrochemical performance when MnO2/Carbon-CNTs are used as electrode for supercapacitor or other energy storage systems.

Improvement of potassium permanganate pretreatment by enzymatic saccharification of rice straw for production of biofuels

Commonly, the agricultural waste, i.e. lignocellulosic biomass is disposed through combustion causing air pollution with production of PM2.5 and PM10 particles. However, it has been found that these biomasses can be used as source for the production of biofuels and other valuable biochemicals. Though deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass is challenging due to its complex structure. In this study, rice straw (RS) was pretreated using potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to enhance the enzymatic saccharification efficiency. The study was carried out by varying the operational factors in pretreatment, including temperature (30-90°C), time (30-360 min) and concentration of KMnO4 (0.5-3.0, % w/v), respectively, based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). Through multi-regression analysis of the experimental data obtained after pretreatment, the optimum conditions were determined. The optimum conditions for temperature, time and potassium permanganate concentration were 48.09°C, 360 min, and 1.36% w/v, respectively. The saccharifications of pretreatment and untreated rice straw were carried out using Cellic Ctec2. The reducing sugar was determined by using DNS method and the yields of the untreated and pretreated RS were 32.38 and 49.011 mg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the sugar for pretreated RS were 1.51 fold times higher compared to untreated RS. Therefore, this work illustrates the pretreatment efficiency for KMnO4 to enhance the reducing sugar yield during saccharification, which can be used for biofuel and value-added product productions.

Designing for the cerium‐based conversion coating with excellent corrosion resistance on Mg–4Y–2Al magnesium alloy

AbstractThe cerium salt chemical conversion baths containing KMnO4 are applied to prepare protective coatings on the WA42 alloy surface, and the effect of the concentration of KMnO4 on the microstructure and corrosion properties of the coatings is investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical tests. The results indicate that with the addition of KMnO4 to the conversion bath, the microstructure of the coating is more uniform and denser, and the coating with the KMnO4 concentration of 4 g/L (4M coating) has the most uniform microstructure with the least microcracks. The 4M coating exhibits a two‐layered structure, and it is mainly composed of MgO, Mg(OH)2, CeO2, Ce2O3, Ce(OH)3, MnO, and MnO2. In addition, as the KMnO4 concentration increases from 0 to 6 g/L, the Icorr of the coatings in 3.5% NaCl solution decreases first and then increases, and the 4M coating shows the best corrosion resistance, which should attribute to the uniform and dense microstructure.

An investigation on the structure properties of platinum nanoparticle deposition on graphene sheets by gamma-ray irradiation: a study of methanol electro-oxidation by synthesis catalyst

This is an investigation about the influence of synthesis conditions of graphene oxide (GO) such as KMnO4 concentration and H2SO4/H3PO4 ratio on the structural and electrochemical properties of the Pt/rGO nanocatalyst produced based on gamma irradiation. The catalytic characterizations were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry (CA), XRD, TEM, FTIR, and Raman. The Pt/rGO for 0.01 g/ml of KMNO4 (Pt-G0.01 K) exhibited the highest stability and anodic peak of current with values of 0.1150 and 17.5 mA/cm2 in terms of methanol oxidation and this value decreased with increasing it. Electrochemical activities enhanced with an increase in acid ratio of 0.07 mA/cm2 for Pt-G50 to 6.46 mA/cm2 for Pt-G100. TEM images showed that the ratio of H2SO4/H3PO4 was effective on the size and concentration of KMnO4 on the amount of produced nanoparticles. The structural defects of Pt-G100 were less than those of the other similar catalysts. Finally, the study proved that manipulation of synthesis parameters of support can significantly change the structural and electrochemical properties of the Pt/rGO nanocatalyst in the radiation technique.

Preparation of novel nano–based films impregnated by potassium permanganate as ethylene scavengers: An optimization study

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a dominant ethylene (C2H4)-scavenger extensively used in fresh horticultural commodities, mainly in climacteric fruit, to prolong their shelf life. This material has been traditionally utilized as a C2H4-permeable sachet for inclusion into packages of produces. New formulation strategies are required in polymeric materials to develop nanocomposites with ethylene scavenging potential, as well as good barrier and mechanical properties. This work involved preparation and optimization of novel interesting nanocomposites based on polyolefin elastomer (POE) comprising impregnated nanoparticles (nanosilica (NS) and nanoclay (NC)) with KMnO4 via the response surface methodology (RSM). Regression models were developed for water vapor permeability (WVP), ethylene absorbency (EA), and mechanical properties as a function of concentrations of independent variables (POE-g-MAH (0–3%), NS (0–1.5%), NC (0–2%)). According to Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results, both NS and NC were fully dispersed in the POE matrix. The prepared nanocomposites demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties, larger EA, and lower WVP than neat POE film did. Ethylene absorption capacity increased at higher concentrations of impregnated nanoparticles due to their higher KMnO4 concentration. In addition, the optimized nanocomposite films were shown to extend the shelf life of bananas up to 15 days at ambient conditions.

Preparation, characterization and performance evaluation of ZnO deposited polyethylene ultrafiltration membranes for dye and protein separation

In this research, polyethylene (PE) membrane was prepared by the thermal induced phase separation and its surface was modified by the growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) crystals on the surface and inside of the pores by chemical bath deposition method. Effect of different coating parameters such as immersion time in ZnO precursor, precursor concentration and KMnO4 concentration as a PE surface activator were investigated on ZnO layer growth to obtain a membrane with the least fouling against the protein and organic dye wastewater with suitable flux and rejection. The presence of grown ZnO nanoparticles on the membrane surface was confirmed by FTIR-ATR, SEM, XRD, contact angle and EDX analyses. Water flux of the membrane containing 0.5 M ZnO precursor concentration and 5 mM KMnO4 solution reached to its maximum. The more addition of the precursor concentration was blocked membrane pores and reduced the pure water flux. Also, the analysis of the water contact angle showed an increase in the membrane's water hydrophilicity by increasing the ZnO growth. The BSA fouling test was carried out, which the results showed better performance in reducing fouling of the modified membranes rather than the uncoated membranes. Blue indigo dye was selected for rejection testing, which rejection of the layered membranes was more than 99%. All the modified membranes were better performance in filtration of the colored solution than the uncoated membrane. In addition, these membranes were compared by plasma modified membrane and the results showed that the ZnO grown membranes have better performance compared to the plasma modified membranes.

Zinc chloride modification of sage leaves powder and its application as an adsorbent for KMnO4 removal from aqueous solutions

Sage Leaves Powder was modified by 30% w/w of Zink Chloride (ZnCl2) and used as a cheap adsorbent for potassium permanganate (KMnO4) adsorption from aqueous media. The characterization of the synthesized adsorbent showed diversity in its functional groups at 1030, 1700, and 2930 cm−1. The impact of experimental conditions on the adsorption was investigated. It was found that these experimental conditions except pH have positive effects on the efficiency of this adsorbent. The initial KMnO4 concentration of 1500 mg l−1, the temperature of 60 °C and the solution pH of 1.5 were found to be the ideal conditions in this adsorption. The equilibrium data were analyzed using three isotherm models. Langmuir model was found to be the best model applied in this work. The adsorption capacities were 714.29, 769.23, 833.33 and 909.09 (mg g−1) at 30, 40, 50 and 60 (°C), respectively. The parameters of the adsorption kinetics were evaluated by three kinetic models. The kinetic results confirm that the 2nd order described well the experimental data. Thermodynamic outcomes suggest that this adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The obtained results make from this adsorbent a good option for KMnO4 removal from wastewater in terms of its low-cost and adsorption performance.