Kitchen Area Research Articles

CIRI-CIRI DAN PERKHIDMATAN RUMAH BOT SEBAGAI TARIKAN PELANCONGAN DI TASIK KENYIR, TERENGGANU

Houseboats are one of the tourist attractions in Tasik Kenyir, Terengganu. Their unique services have not been documented much which prompted this study. The objectives of this study are (i) to identify the features of houseboats as tourist attractions in Tasik Kenyir, and (ii) to examine the characteristics of services offered by houseboat operators to tourists visiting the lake. The design of this study is exploratory and the approach used is qualitative through in-depth interviews supported by observation. Eight houseboat operators and workers were involved in the study as informants. The results showed that the features of houseboats are unique in that they have complete facilities like those found in a house. Among the facilities provided are a living room, bedrooms, kitchen area, toilet/bathroom, barbeque area, and provision of safety jackets. The services include the types of packages, rental price, booking mode, and duration of booking including houseboat services payment method. In summary, the fundamental study of houseboats as a tourist attraction in Tasik Kenyir is relevant for the purpose of documentation and as a reference to various parties such as tourism policymakers, houseboat operators and researchers.

SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION AND BASIN MODELLING IN THE GORGAN PLAIN, SE SOUTH CASPIAN BASIN, NORTHERN IRAN

Hydrocarbon exploration in the Gorgan Plain to the SE of the South Caspian Basin (northern Iran) has taken place since the 1960s but no economic resources of petroleum have yet been discovered in this area and few studies of potential source rocks have been carried out. In this study, the generation potential and thermal maturity of potential Cenozoic source rocks are investigated on the basis of Rock‐Eval analyses of core and cuttings samples and organic petrographic observations. Hydrocarbon generation, migration and entrapment are evaluated from 2D basin modelling along two seismically‐derived profiles, oriented east‐west and north‐south across the Gorgan Plain area. The models used input data from ten wells.Rock‐Eval analysis of 65 samples from well C in the Gorgan Plain show that organic‐rich intervals with source rock potential are present in the Paleocene‐Eocene section (1.1% TOC) and in the Pliocene Cheleken Formation (1.5% TOC). These intervals in general contain organic matter of terrigenous origin (kerogen Type III) but have poor hydrocarbon generation potential (i.e. Rock‐Eval S1+S2). There is no evidence for an organic‐rich interval in the Oligocene – Miocene succession equivalent to the Maikop Group – Diatom Formation which is a major source rock in eastern Azerbaijan and the adjacent offshore.Results of 2D basin modelling indicate that potential source rocks in the Paleocene – Eocene and Pliocene (Cheleken Formation) intervals are thermally immature throughout most of the study area, but that their maturity increases westwards towards the centre of the South Caspian Basin due to the increasing thickness of the overburden. The source rocks may be sufficiently mature in kitchen areas (at depths of more than 4000 m) to have generated hydrocarbons which may have migrated laterally updip to the basin margins.

PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY OF OILS FROM MYANMAR – A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

Myanmar has a long history of petroleum production, but little information has so far been published pertaining to the detailed composition of the country's oils. The present paper reports the results of the analysis of a total of 28 Cenozoic oil samples collected from producing fields/wells or natural seepages in the onshore Salin and Chindwin Basins of the Central Myanmar Depression and from Ramree Island in the Rakhine Coastal Belt. In addition, a set of 68 mudstones and coals from four Oligocene – Paleocene formations were collected along the western margin of the Central Myanmar Depression and were analysed for petroleum generation potential. Data on five oil samples from the Assam Province of India, situated to the north of the Central Myanmar Depression, were also included in the study for comparison purposes.Previous studies have suggested that the Eocene succession in the Central Myanmar Depression includes organic‐rich source rocks. However, none of the analysed rock samples show any potential for the generation of appreciable amounts of liquid petroleum components. The samples were collected at the basin margin and only cover a small fraction of the succession, and they are probably not therefore representative of the actual source rocks present in deeply buried kitchen areas in the Central Myanmar Depression.The oils from the Central Myanmar Depression appear to have been generated from the same overall source type, which is dominated by terrigenous, higher land‐plant –derived kerogen. Several different parameters consistently show clear north–south trends in the Salin Basin with respect to both thermal maturity and source facies. Oils from the Chindwin Basin in the north of the depression can be distinguished from those of the Salin Basin further south using subtle variations in biomarkers. The oils collected from Ramree Island represent a different basin and are easily distinguished in that they are generated from a predominantly marine source rock, albeit one with a significant terrigenous input. However, one sample from Ramree Island was generated from a predominantly terrigenous source, which may suggest the existence of two viable petroleum systems in the Rakhine Coastal Belt or of marked facies variations within the source succession.Oils from the Central Myanmar Depression and the Assam Province of India are remarkably similar, thus suggesting generation from highly similar source rock types, presumably of Eocene age. This could be a result of these two areas being physically connected during the Eocene as suggested by modern plate reconstructions.

Fire Detection System Using Android-Based Microcontroller

The Fire Detection System can be supported by Internet of Things technology, e.g. a Microcontroller device which is used to control the related devices. In this study, android-Based fire detection system was designed in which the house owner can always monitor the condition of the house all the times and accessing the information about their house when a fire occurs until the fire suppression process is complete. Information of the house condition will be displayed on the Blynk application which is located in the kitchen area and is connected to several supporting sensors. The design of a Fire Detection System Using an Android-Based Microcontroller is divided into several stages, namely: (1) Requirement Identification; (2) Requirement Analysis;(3) Hardware Design; (4) The software design (Arduino IDE 1.8.5 and Blynk). The testing results showed that the android-based Fire Detection System Using Microcontroller was able to provide information to residents of the house in the real-time.

Support for food innovation

Support for food innovation

EVALUASI PASCA HUNI ASPEK FUNGSIONAL PADA BANGUNAN RUMAH SUSUN SEDERHANA SEWA (RUSUNAWA) UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA

Policies and strategies for the construction of flats have been launched in various cities, one of which is in Pontianak which is intended for the general public and students. One of the Rusunawa in Pontianak is the Tanjungpura University Flat which is rented out for students which was built in 2009. Based on this, it is necessary to carry out a Post-Work Evaluation of the building that has been used for some time. This study aims to identify and evaluate the Rusunawa building of Tanjungpura University in terms of functional aspects and its application in design solutions. The research approach used is qualitative and quantitative research. The research method used is spatial syntax and place-centred mapping. The results showed that the results of connectivity analysis in spatial syntax showed low values in the drying room and kitchen area and integration analysis on spatial syntax showed low values in building circulation areas 1, 2, 3, and 4. Place centered mapping data showed activity. That residents routinely do on the building. This indicates a change in the function of space and affects the dimensions of space. The post-occupancy evaluation shows a change in the function of space, access to circulation, and the dimensions of space in the building. Based on the results of post-occupancy analysis and evaluation, the design proposal also focuses on variables with functional aspects, namely circulation, dimensions, flexibility and changes in space function.

Hydrocarbon Columns of Oil and Gas Fields in the South Sumatra Basin

The South Sumatra Basin is a prolific basin with a long history of oil and gas exploration that started in early 1900s. It is located in the southern part of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, where more than 300 oil and gas fields have been discovered. The basin contains multiple hydrocarbon reservoir horizons, from Pre-tertiary Basement to Miocene age. The kitchen areas also have various depths, with different levels of maturity. This petroleum system variation is reflected by the field size distribution and the heights of the hydrocarbon columns.Many authors have discussed the petroleum system of this basin and they are useful for providing regional geological perspectives. The oil and gas fields in South Sumatra are usually discussed independently by the operators. Different seismic vintages, density and quality make seismic correlations across the basin challenging. Apart from that, the data restriction is another hurdle in making correlation of the fields. Therefore, statistical studies of the fields and play level understanding become challenging.This study utilizes the Indonesian Petroleum Association Atlas of South Sumatra oil and gas fields, which was published in 1990. Several new fields, especially in fractured basement reservoirs, were added, based on recent publications. Additional information from the IHSE fields database was used to support the study. These data allow a statistical study on hydrocarbon column heights in the South Sumatra Basin. The result of this study could explain more about the charge and seal elements in the basin.

A Modular Mobile Robotic Platform to Assist People with Different Degrees of Disability

Robotics to support elderly people in living independently and to assist disabled people in carrying out the activities of daily living independently have demonstrated good results. Basically, there are two approaches: one of them is based on mobile robot assistants, such as Care-O-bot, PR2, and Tiago, among others; the other one is the use of an external robotic arm or a robotic exoskeleton fixed or mounted on a wheelchair. In this paper, a modular mobile robotic platform to assist moderately and severely impaired people based on an upper limb robotic exoskeleton mounted on a robotized wheel chair is presented. This mobile robotic platform can be customized for each user’s needs by exploiting its modularity. Finally, experimental results in a simulated home environment with a living room and a kitchen area, in order to simulate the interaction of the user with different elements of a home, are presented. In this experiment, a subject suffering from multiple sclerosis performed different activities of daily living (ADLs) using the platform in front of a group of clinicians composed of nurses, doctors, and occupational therapists. After that, the subject and the clinicians replied to a usability questionnaire. The results were quite good, but two key factors arose that need to be improved: the complexity and the cumbersome aspect of the platform.

The Application of CHSE in Cook Interpreter Activities at Sibayak International Hotel Berastagi

The Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy is currently implementing CHSE-based health protocols (Cleanliness, Health, Safety and Environment Sustainability) on tourism and creative economy efforts, to revive the sector from the downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The key to successful tourism in order to rebound immediately is the implementation of CHSE-based health protocols well and disciplined in each destination and tourism sector actors. Berastagi city is one of the tourist cities that is a mainstay of tourism in north Sumatra. This is certainly very related to the implementation of the CHSE program from the government, in order to make tourism activities in Berastagi city bounce back. The purpose of this research is to find out how to understand and apply the CHSE program to employees working in the kitchen department at Sibayak International hotel so as to have a positive impact from the application and can increase the trust of guests to stay. This research is descriptive research with data analysis method is qualitative descriptive. The results of the study can be concluded that cooks get a good understanding of the CHSE program that is being implemented by the government as an effort to prevent the transmission of the covid.19 virus, especially in the kitchen area as the place most at risk of becoming a medium of transmission of bacteria and viruses from humans to processed foods. The implementation of CHSE program in Sibayak Berastagi hotel kitchen goes well so it is expected that it will also have a good influence on the level of trust of guests not to worry about visiting and staying at Sibayak Berastagi hotel.

PETROLEUM SYSTEMS IN THE RIONI AND KURA BASINS OF GEORGIA

The Neogene Rioni and Kura foreland basins in Georgia are located between the converging Greater and Lesser Caucasus fold‐and‐thrust belts. The Rioni Basin continues westward into the Black Sea whereas the Kura Basin extends eastward into Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea. “Pre‐” and “post‐salt” petroleum systems are distinguished in the Rioni Basin separated by an Upper Jurassic evaporite succession of regional extent. The pre‐salt petroleum system in the northern Rioni Basin is still poorly understood. Bathonian shales have generated oil which has been recorded in Middle Jurassic sandstones. However, as the origin of the oil in Upper Jurassic sandstones (e.g. at the Okumi oil discovery) is still problematic, the pre‐salt petroleum system remains poorly constrained. Gas‐rich, high volatile bituminous coals of Bathonian age may represent a CBM play.The post‐salt petroleum system in the Rioni Basin is charged by two prolific source rock units: the Middle Eocene Kuma Formation and the Oligo‐Miocene Maikop Group. The petroleum potential of the Kuma Formation, which is about 40 m thick, is classified as good to very good. The Oligocene part of the Maikop Group is several hundred metres thick and contains source rocks with up to 5 wt.% TOC in its lower part. Additional source rocks are present in Cretaceous and lower Paleogene levels. Oil is produced from fractured Upper Cretaceous carbonates in anticlinal structures below the Neogene unconformity and from Mio‐Pliocene siliciclastics in fault‐related anticlines. Trap formation and hydrocarbon accumulation is interpreted to have occurred since Maeotian time. Proven oil reserves are very low (∼2 million tons) and suggest low charge efficiency.Several stratigraphic horizons containing potential source rocks are present in the Kura Basin of eastern Georgia. Although oil‐source correlations have yielded unsatisfactory results, the Maikop Group is the most likely source rock, despite its relatively poor petroleum potential which is at best “fair” in the Tbilisi area in the west of the basin. Additional potential source rocks include Middle and Upper Eocene shales. Fractured Middle Eocene volcaniclastic rocks are the best producing reservoirs for hydrocarbons, but oil accumulations are also found in fractured Upper Cretaceous carbonates and in Lower and Upper Eocene, Oligocene and Neogene siliciclastics. Biomarker data suggest a Cenozoic (or Upper Cretaceous) source rock containing abundant terrigenous organic matter. Anticlines and positive flower structures related to compressional tectonics in front of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus fold‐and‐thrust belts form the main trap types. Samgori‐Patardzeuli‐Ninotsminda in the Tbilisi region is by far the largest oil field in Georgia and accounts for nearly 90% of the cumulative production of the country (28.5 million tons). The field was probably charged from a kitchen area located to the north. Strike‐slip faults played a major role as migration pathways. Despite of the presence of many oil seeps, proven reserves in the Georgian part of the Kura Basin are very low (2.4 million tons). This may reflects the presence of traps with poor seal integrity.

Energy from food waste

Energy from food waste

Differences in source kitchens for lacustrine in-source and out-of-source hydrocarbon accumulations

Because of the differences of hydrocarbon accumulation between in-source and out-of-source oil pools, the demand for source kitchen is different. Based on the establishment of source-to-reservoir correlation in the known conventional accumulations, and the characteristics of shale oil source kitchens as well, this paper discusses the differences of source kitchens for the formation of both conventional and shale oils. The formation of conventional oil pools is a process of hydrocarbons enriching from disperse state under the action of buoyancy, which enables most of the oil pools to be formed outside the source kitchens. The source rock does not necessarily have high abundance of organic matter, but has to have high efficiency and enough amount of hydrocarbon expulsion. The TOC threshold of source rocks for conventional oil accumulations is 0.5%, with the best TOC window ranging from 1% to 3%. The oil pools formed inside the source kitchens, mainly shale oil, are the retention of oil and gas in the source rock and there is no large-scale hydrocarbon migration and enrichment process happened, which requires better quality and bigger scale of source rocks. The threshold of TOC for medium to high maturity of shale oil is 2%, with the best range falling in 3%–5%. Medium to low mature shale oil resource has a TOC threshold of 6%, and the higher the better in particular. The most favorable kerogen for both high and low-mature shale oils is oil-prone type of I–II1. Carrying out source rock quality and classification evaluation and looking for large-scale and high-quality source rock enrichment areas are a scientific issue that must be paid attention to when exploration activity changes from out-of-source regions to in-source kitchen areas. The purpose is to provide theoretical guidance for the upcoming shale oil enrichment area selection, economic discovery and objective evaluation of resource potential.

THE FORMATION HISTORY OF HYDROCARBON DEPOSITS IN THE UPPER PALEOZOIC AND MESOZOIC ROCKS OF THE VILYUI HEMISYNECLISE

The paper is aimed at the basin and petroleum systems modeling in the Vilyui hemisyneclise located in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The Vilyui hemisyneclise is known to be the deepest depression of the Siberian Platform. The research identifies maturity and temperature history of the Permian source rock in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, kitchen areas, accumulation balance of hydrocarbons in reservoirs, trapping of gas and gas-condensate deposits in the Upper Permian, Lower Triassic, and Lower Jurassic rocks. Funding: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-35-90039.

834 Help Me Stop Eating Please…

Abstract Introduction Sleep related eating disorder (SRED) is an uncommon NREM parasomnia, predominantly seen in females in their 20s and 30s and is commonly associated with sleep walking, daytime eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia) and use of certain sedative-hypnotics. Here, we describe a case of unique therapeutic dilemma in a middle-aged female, in whom SRED affected the use of continuous positive airway pressure device (CPAP) for her obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) which lead to worsening sleep quality and daytime functionality. Report of case(s) 42-year-old female with history of migraines and OSA, came to the clinic with 6-month history of SRED which started after the demise of her husband and was associated with significant weight gain and injuries. During typical episode, she would take CPAP mask off, walk down the stairs and eat in the kitchen area and then fall asleep in the living area. She denied predilection for particular food, food allergies, consumption of inedible materials or use of offending drugs. Upon further inquiry, she reported recent unsuccessful attempts at smoking cessation, frequent nighttime smoking, significant body image issues and discontinuation of topiramate use for her migraines recently. Telemedicine visit limited the physical examination but included increase in BMI from 32 to 35 kg/m2. Compliance report, sleep diary and surveillance videos were consistent with the history with compliance report showing 17% of nights with optimal usage and 59% of nights with any usage. Beside locking the food, safety measures and napping, we recommended her to use clonazepam 1.5 mg. Unfortunately, she continued to have episodes. She was then started on Topiramate 50 mg which was gradually increased to 100 mg with reduction in her episodes and increase in her compliance to 60%. Conclusion In sleep medicine, treatment of OSA usually precede the treatment of comorbid conditions. However, SRED with comorbid OSA, requires a reverse strategy where improvement in compliance and coexisting daytime symptoms requires the treatment of SRED first. Moreover, detailed history to investigate the potential precipitating factors, co-existing medical and sleep conditions can help with choice of therapy e.g. patients with depression and SRED can benefit from Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors rather than other choices. Support (if any):

Food Safety Practice and Its Associated Factors Among Food Handlers in Public Food Establishments of Godey Town, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia

Food borne illness is more common in both developed and developing country. In developing countries up to an estimated 70% of cases of diarrheal disease are associated with the Consumption of contaminated foods. Approximately 10 to 20% of food-borne disease outbreaks are due to contamination by the food handler. Nevertheless, data regarding food safety practice and associated factors in low-income countries like Ethiopia are very minimal, including the study area. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of food safety practice and associated factors among food Handlers in public food establishments of Godey town, Somali region. To address the stated objective, institutional based cross sectional study design was used, on 390 food handlers working in all 109 public food establishments in Godey town. Data collection was done by four diploma nurse by using structured pretested questionnaire and institutional observation checklist. Data were entered on to Epi Data version 3.0 computer software and exported to SPSS version 20 computer software for analyzes. Accordingly, descriptive statistics was used to describe the independent variables in relation to the outcome variable. Bivariate, logistic regression analyses were done to see the association between each independent variable and the outcome variable. All variables with p-value <0.25 during bivariate were entered in to multiple logistic regression models to control for all possible confounders and to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. Odds ratio along with 95% CI were estimated to measure the strength of the association. Finally, level of statistical significant was declared at p-value <0.05. As a result, the study has revealed that the prevalence of satisfactory food safety practice of food handlers was 20.9% [95% CI: 16.7, 24.8]. In multivariable logistic regression analysis having knowledge about food safety [AOR= 10.4, 95%CI: (4.6, 23.81)], presence of hand washing facility for food handlers [AOR=6.5, 95%CI: (2.7, 15, 3)] and presence of supervision [AOR=3.08, 95%CI: (1.3, 7.12)] were statistically significant factors associated with food safety practice. Along with this, the prevalence of satisfactory food safety practice among food handlers was low in this study, knowledge about food safety, hand washing facility, and supervision were factors associated with food safety practice. Thus, strong supportive supervision, awareness on knowledge of food handlers on food safety practice and maintaining and establishing hand washing facility in kitchen area have to be done to solve the problem. Keywords: Ethiopia, food handlers, food safety practice, Godey, Somali DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/11-7-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Natural L ighting of Studio Apartment with East-Oriented Opening

Less optimized natural lighting would result in apartment residents being dependent on artificial lighting, thus increasing energy consumption. Building opening orientation considerably influences the natural light intensity. This research aimed to analyze the natural lighting pattern on apartment units with east-oriented opening orientation and determine methods to support the existing condition to be optimized. This research applied the descriptive analysis research method assumed from calculation outcome of the software DIALux. Results indicated a proportion of units in The H-Residence Apartment do not meet the requirements specified by SNI 03 6197-2011, predominantly in the kitchen area. The average light intensity in a day in units with east-oriented opening reached its peak at 08.00 – 09.00 a.m. and decreased towards 16.00 p.m. following the sun path. The light intensity in numerous areas exceeded the requirements significantly. Other factors influencing the natural light distribution are layout and interior element. Several ways to optimize the natural light intensity utilization are adding suitable shading device, using dark-colored interior elements, and considering the sun path in designing building openings.

Household air pollution and blood markers of inflammation: A cross-sectional analysis.

Household air pollution (HAP) from biomass stoves is a leading risk factor for cardiopulmonary outcomes; however, its toxicity pathways and relationship with inflammation markers are poorly understood. Among 180 adult women in rural Peru, we examined the cross-sectional exposure-response relationship between biomass HAP and markers of inflammation in blood using baseline measurements from a randomized trial. We measured markers of inflammation (CRP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α) with dried blood spots, 48-h kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ), black carbon (BC), and carbon monoxide (CO), and 48-h kitchen concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) in a subset of 97 participants. We conducted an exposure-response analysis between quintiles of HAP levels and markers of inflammation. Markers of inflammation were more strongly associated with kitchen area concentrations of BC than PM2.5 . As expected, kitchen area BC concentrations were positively associated with TNF-α (pro-inflammatory) concentrations and negatively associated with IL-10, an anti-inflammatory marker, controlling for confounders in single- and multi-pollutant models. However, contrary to expectations, kitchen area BC and NO2 concentrations were negatively associated with IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory marker. No associations were identified for IL-6 or CRP, or for any marker in relation to personal exposures.

Evaluation of health risks associated with exposure to volatile organic compounds from household fuel combustion in southern India

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from household cook-fuel use are a major public health concern in low and middle income countries (LMICs), but health risk assessments have largely been based on measurements of fine particulate matter. We report results from cooking period measurements of 21 non-methane VOCs (NMVOCs) and estimated lifetime cancer risk for women cooks in the Tamil Nadu Air Pollution and Health Effects (TAPHE) cohort in Southern India. We enrolled 112 (56 biomass, 23 kerosene and 33 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) using) TAPHE households to perform kitchen area measurements during the cooking period. VOC samples were collected on mixed-bed sorbent thermal desorption tubes using low-volume air samplers and analyzed using automated thermal desorption on a GC-MS system. Pentafluorobenzene, 1,4-difluorobenzene and chlorobenzene-d5 were used as internal standards that provided recoveries ranging from 81.7% to 119.9%. Total VOC concentrations were 4617 µg/m3, 2839 µg/m3 and 1639 µg/m3 while total BTEXS (i.e. benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene and styrene) concentrations were 139 µg/m3,121 µg/m3 and 245 µg/m3 among biomass, LPG and kerosene using households, respectively. Sampling season, type of food cooked and kitchen ventilation were significantly associated with measured total NMVOC concentrations. Lifetime cancer risks were estimated to be 2.93 × 10−3, 1.55 × 10−4 and 8.18 × 10−5, for biomass, kerosene and LPG fuel users, respectively with 1,2,3-trichloropropane, benzene, 1,4-dichlorobenze, 1,2-dibromoethane and chloroform contributing maximally to excess cancer risks. Health risk assessments for women cooks in LMICs should be expanded to include NMVOCs as these risks may not be adequately addressed through measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution alone.

Petroleum generation and migration in the southern Tyumen region, Western Siberia Basin, Russia

A suite of geochemical studies on core and petroleum samples from the south of the Tyumen region (Western Siberia Basin, Russia) has been performed. Pyrolysis data from rock samples of Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments establish the presence of at least four potential source rock intervals in the study area. Of these, the Upper Jurassic Bazhenov interval hosting marine organic matter has the greatest potential for oil and gas generation. The other identified source intervals are of lower quality and do not have a potential for generating significant amounts of liquid petroleum due to the terrestrial nature of the organic matter. A detailed study of petroleum and source rock extract data confirms that the Bazhenov source interval is the main source of all reservoired petroleum found in the region. Lower Cretaceous petroleum deposits are found at distances up to 100 km from the mapped Bazhenov kitchen areas. Petroleum deposits in Upper Jurassic reservoirs have been generated in local kitchens or have migrated over short distances only (10–20 km). The largest regional spread is seen in Bazhenov-generated petroleum in Middle Jurassic Tyumen reservoirs, which are found in deposits along migration routes from the kitchen areas towards the south and which can reach up to 150–200 km.

Indoor black carbon and brown carbon concentrations from cooking and outdoor penetration: insights from the HOMEChem study.

Particle emissions from cooking are a major contributor to residential indoor air pollution and could also contribute to ambient concentrations. An important constituent of these emissions is light-absorbing carbon, including black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC). This work characterizes the contributions of indoor and outdoor sources of BC and BrC to the indoor environment by concurrently measuring real-time concentrations of these air pollutants indoors and outdoors during the month-long HOMEChem study. The median indoor-to-outdoor ratios of BC and BrC during the periods of no activity inside the test house were 0.6 and 0.7, respectively. The absorption Ångström exponent was used to characterize light-absorbing particle emissions during different activities and ranged from 1.1 to 2.7 throughout the campaign, with the highest value (indicative of BrC-dominated emissions) observed during the preparation of a simulated Thanksgiving Day holiday style meal. An indoor BC exposure assessment shows that exposure for an occupant present in the kitchen area was ∼4 times higher during Thanksgiving Day experiments (primarily due to candle burning) when compared to the background conditions.