Kirby Method Research Articles

Antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract of rambusa leaves (Passiflora foetida L.) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria

One of the medicinal plants in Indonesia is rambutan (Passiflora foetida L.). Some of the chemical substances contained in the leaves of rambusa include alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids which have an antibacterial effect. This study aims to determine the activity and concentration of effective antibacterial from the extract of rambutan leaves on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The antibacterial test was carried out using disc diffusion or the Kirby method with test concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, and positive control (Ciprofloxacin). The results showed that the antibacterial inhibition of rambutan leaf extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, and positive control was 2.63 mm, 4.53 mm, 6.05 mm, and 26.72 respectively. The concentration of 20% of rambusa leaf extract showed moderate antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone diameter of 6.05 mm.

Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of some novel Schiff bases and their Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes: A new route for Co3O4 and NiO nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye

Six novel Co(II) and Ni(II)-triazole Schiff base complexes have been successfully synthesized by refluxing the prepared triazole Schiff bases with CoCl2·6H2O or NiCl2·6H2O. The Schiff base ligands were prepared through condensation of 3-R-4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole with dibenzoylmethane [RH, CH3, and CH2CH3; namely, L1, L2, and L3, respectively]. The prepared Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes have been identified using elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV–Vis, magnetic moment, conductivity, and thermal analysis. On the basis of the conductance results, it was concluded that all the prepared complexes are nonelectrolytes. Interestingly, the prepared Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes were employed as precursors for producing of Co3O4 and NiO nanoparticles, respectively. The produced nanostructures have been identified by XRD, HR-TEM, FT-IR and UV–Vis spectra. The produced nanoparticles revealed good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue dye under UV illumination in presence of hydrogen peroxide. The percent of degradation was estimated to be 55.71% in 420.0 min and 90.43% in 360.0 min for Co3O4 and NiO, respectively. Moreover, the synthesized complexes, nano-sized Co3O4, and NiO products have been examined, employing modified Bauer- Kirby method, for antifungal (Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus) and antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) activities.

Synthesis, assessment of substituent effect and antimicrobial activities of (4E)-4-(benzylideneamino)-1,2-dihydro-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one compounds

A series of substituted (4E)-4-(benzylideneamino)-1,2-dihydro-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one compounds has been synthesized from 4-aminoantipyrine and substituted benzaldehydes. Their structures have been confirmed by their physical constants, UV, IR and NMR spectral data. The observed UV absorption maximum λmax(nm), IR frequencies νCN(cm−1), NMR δ(ppm) of C–H & CN chemical shift values have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants and F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analyses. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the spectral data has been studied. The antimicrobial activities of all the Schiff bases synthesized have been studied using Bauer–Kirby method.

Synthesis, Hammett Spectral Correlations and Antimicrobial Activities of (<i>E</i>)-1-Benzylidene-2-(4-Chlorophenyl)Hydrazines

In the present study, a series of nine number of (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl) hydrazine compounds have been synthesized by condensation reaction of meta and para substituted benzaldehydes with 4-chlorophenylhydrazine using acetic acid catalyst. They are characterized by their physical constants, UV (200-450 nm), Infra-Red (KBr, 4000-400 cm−1) and NMR (1H and 13C) spectral data. The observed UV, IR and NMR spectral data have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants and Swain-Lupton’s F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis the effects of substituents on the spectral data have been discussed. The antimicrobial activities of all the synthesized (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl) hydrazine compounds have been studied using Bauer–Kirby method.

Synthesis, Hammett Spectral Correlations and Antimicrobial Activities of (<i>E</i>)-1-Benzylidene-2-(4-Chlorophenyl)Hydrazines

In the present study, a series of nine number of (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl) hydrazine compounds have been synthesized by condensation reaction of meta and para substituted benzaldehydes with 4-chlorophenylhydrazine using acetic acid catalyst. They are characterized by their physical constants, UV (200-450 nm), Infra-Red (KBr, 4000-400 cm−1) and NMR (1H and 13C) spectral data. The observed UV, IR and NMR spectral data have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants and Swain-Lupton’s F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis the effects of substituents on the spectral data have been discussed. The antimicrobial activities of all the synthesized (E)-1-benzylidene-2-(4-chlorophenyl) hydrazine compounds have been studied using Bauer–Kirby method.

New Day Rising? Non-Originalism, Justice Kirby and Section 80 of the Constitution

This article critically evaluates Justice Kirby's method of constitutional interpretation: non-originalism.

Purification and chemical characterization of antimicrobial compounds from a new soil isolate Streptomyces rimosus MTCC 10792

A new isolate of Streptomyces sp. from soil of state Chhattisgarh (India) having broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity was obtained. The active strain was identified as Streptomyces rimosus subsp. rimosus with accession number MTCC 10792 based on physiological, biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA sequence homology studies. Antimicrobial compound produced by S. rimosus was tested against the drug resistance pathogens by the Bauer and Kirby method. The crude active metabolite was extracted using solvent n-butanol and purified by silica column chromatography and HPLC method. The physicochemical characteristics of the one purified compound viz. color, melting point, solubility, elemental analysis; ESIMS, IR,UV, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and chemical reactions have been investigated. Purified antimicrobial compound produced by S. rimosus MTCC 10792 at concentration 25 μg/ml showed antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra as well as broad activity against all tested bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Solvent-free synthesis, spectral correlations and antimicrobial activities of some aryl E 2-propen-1-ones

Totally 38 aryl E 2-propen-1-ones including nine substituted styryl 4-iodophenyl ketones have been synthesised using solvent-free SiO2–H3PO4 catalyzed Aldol condensation between respective methyl ketones and substituted benzaldehydes under microwave irradiation. The yields of the ketones are more than 80%. The synthesised chalcones were characterized by their analytical, physical and spectroscopic data. The spectral frequencies of synthesised substituted styryl 4-iodophenyl ketones have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. The antimicrobial activities of 4-iodophenyl chalcones have been studied using Bauer–Kirby method.

Solvent free synthesis, spectral correlation and antimicrobial activities of some 2E 4′-nitrochalcones

A series containing twelve substituted styryl 4′-nitrophenyl ketones have been synthesized using solvent free SiO2–H2SO4 catalysed aldol reaction under microwave condition. The yield of chalcones is found to be more than 80%. These synthesized ketones have been characterized by their physical constants and spectral data. The spectral frequencies of these chalcones have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters. From the results of statistical analyses the effect of substituents on the frequencies has been predicted. The antimicrobial activities of all ketones have also been studied with the help of Bauer–Kirby method.

Solvent-free synthesis, spectral correlations and antimicrobial activities of some aryl imines

A series of aryl imines have been synthesized by Fly-ash: H2SO4 catalyzed microwave assisted process under solvent-free conditions. The yields of the imines have been found to be more than 87%. The purity of all imines has been checked using their physical constants and spectral data as published earlier in literature. The UV λmaxCN(nm), infrared νCN(cm−1), NMR δ(ppm) of CH and CN spectral data have been correlated with Hammett substituent constants and F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the above spectral data has been studied. The antimicrobial activities of All synthesised imines have been studied using Bauer–Kirby method.

Bacterias patógenas con alta resistencia a antibióticos: estudio sobre reservorios bacterianos en animales cautivos en el zoológico de Barranquilla

ObjectiveThe objective is to determine respiratory and enteric bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility in captive animals at Barranquilla Zoo. Materials and methodsSamples were taken from rectus and glottis in 30 birds and nasal and rectal swabs from 29 mammals, which were restricted mechanically and then anesthetized. Bacteria were identified by using biochemical tests such as: Urea, SIM, TSI, LIA and Citrate, some bacteria isolates were confirmed with API 20E (Biomerieux SA, Marcy I’Etoile, France) or Micro scan® Neg combo panel type 32 (Dade Behring, CA, USA). Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Bauer and Kirby method and taking into account CLSI regulation. Results Eighty-nine strains were obtained, 45 from birds and 44 from mammals. The most frequent bacteria were: E. coli (n=31), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=20), Enterobacter cloacae (n=10), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=5), Staphylococcus aureus (n=5) and Pseudomonas stuzeri (n=4). Gram negative bacteria and Staphylococci were respectively resistant to the following antibiotics: tetracycline (28% and 57.1%), chloramphenicol (14.6% and 57.1%) and β-lactam (54.2% and 42.8); Gram-negative was (6.1%) resistant to Fluorquinolones and (2.4%) resistant to aminoglycosides; and Staphylococci were (64.2%) resistant to macrolides. Twentyfour (27%) were multi-resistant: 16 (36%) in birds and 8 (18%) in mammals. ConclusionResistance to one or more antibiotics in bacteria isolated from captive animals Barranquilla Zoo, is a risk factor for health for the animals themselves. The zoo animals are potential reservoirs for bacteria and resistance genes clinically important in the spread of these resistance factors. The resistance similarities found in animal and human strains suggest clone mobility between the sapiens species and the animals.

From the Characterization of the Four Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases (PknA/B/G/L) of Corynebacterium glutamicum toward the Role of PknA and PknB in Cell Division

Corynebacterium glutamicum contains four serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs) named PknA, PknB, PknG, and PknL. Here we present the first biochemical and comparative analysis of all four C. glutamicum STPKs and investigate their potential role in cell shape control and peptidoglycan synthesis during cell division. In vitro assays demonstrated that, except for PknG, all STPKs exhibited autokinase activity. We provide evidence that activation of PknG is part of a phosphorylation cascade mechanism that relies on PknA activity. Following phosphorylation by PknA, PknG could transphosphorylate its specific substrate OdhI in vitro. A mass spectrometry profiling approach was also used to identify the phosphoresidues in all four STPKs. The results indicate that the nature, number, and localization of the phosphoacceptors varies from one kinase to the other. Disruption of either pknL or pknG in C. glutamicum resulted in viable mutants presenting a typical cell morphology and growth rate. In contrast, we failed to obtain null mutants of pknA or pknB, supporting the notion that these genes are essential. Conditional mutants of pknA or pknB were therefore created, leading to partial depletion of PknA or PknB. This resulted in elongated cells, indicative of a cell division defect. Moreover, overexpression of PknA or PknB in C. glutamicum resulted in a lack of apical growth and therefore a coccoid-like morphology. These findings indicate that pknA and pknB are key players in signal transduction pathways for the regulation of the cell shape and both are essential for sustaining corynebacterial growth.

SEROTIPIA, RESISTENCIA A ANTIMICROBIANOS Y PERFILES PLASMÍDICOS DE BACTERIAS ENTEROPATOGENAS AISLADAS DE PROCESOS DIARREICOS DE COLOMBIA

Se analizaron 107 cepas provenientes de diferentes regiones de Colombia de brotes diarreicos de pacientes pediátricos distribuidas de la siguiente forma: 50 aislamientos de Escherichia coli enteropatógeno (ECEP), 44 de Salmonella sp y 13 de Shigella sp. Los serotipos de ECEP más frecuentemente aislados correspondieron a 0:111, 0:127, 0:124, 0:55 y 0:119. La susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos se realizó empleando la técnica Bauer & Kirby. Los resultados mostraron que las cepas de ECEP fueron resistentes a ampicilina, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole y tetraciclina. Las cepas de Salmonella sp fueron resistentes a todos los antimicrobianos empleados incluyendo cloranfenicol, las cepas de Shigella sp mostraron solamente susceptibilidad frente a furazolidona. El análisis plasmídico demostró que todas las cepas de ECEP presentaron plásmidos con pesos moleculares entre 4.2 y 21.2 Kb. En las cepas de Salmonella sp se observaron 2 perfiles con 1 y 4 plásmidos de pesos moleculares entre 1.6 y 21.2 Kb. En las cepas de Shigella sp se observaron 3 perfiles con 3,4 y 5 plásmidos con pesos moleculares aproximados entre 1.2 y 21.2 Kb. Salmonella sp mostró perfiles de 1 y 4 plásmidos, mientras que los perfiles de Shigella sp revelaron la presencia de mayor número de plásmidos con tamaños menores. El plásmido de 21.2 Kb aislado en cepas de ECEP, Salmonella sp y Shigella sp podría ser utilizado como marcador epidemiológico de la EDA en Colombia.

The effect of extraction methods. The kind of organ samples and the examination delay on the DNA yields and typing.

This study investigated the effect of DNA extraction methods, examination delay and the kind of organs samples to the DNA yields and typing. Thirty autopsy cases with postmortem period less than 12 hours were used as the sample resources. The DNA was successfully extracted from cerebral cortex, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, kidney, psoas muscle and prostate gland by Bar and Kirby methods. The spectrophotometric measurement showed that the spleen, lymph nodes, kidney and liver provided more DNA rather than the other organs. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the majority of the samples had High Molecular Weight-DNA (HMW-DNA) with variable degree of degradation. All of these DNA were successfully typed on the D1S80 locus using the PCR according to Kasai method. The spleen samples were collected from the same cases and stored at -20 degrees C for 1 to 6 weeks before the DNA extraction was performed. The analysis of the DNA extracted from these samples showed that the DNA yields and typing did not change significantly among the samples with examination delay up to 6 weeks after the sample collection. The comparison between the Bar and Kirby methods showed that the Kirby method resulted in more DNA yields with the same purity of DNA, but less HMW-DNA compared with Bar method.

Metabolic and compositional changes in Escherichia coli cells starved in seawater

Thirteen Escherichia coli strains of different biotypes isolated from urine and faeces cultures were studied for metabolic and compositional changes during starvation in seawater at different timepoints. Additionally, the antibiotic susceptibility of the starved E. coli cells was evaluated over time on Mueller-Hinton agar (Bauer-Kirby method). All starved E. coli cells lost β-galactosidase activity gradually with time and acquired the ability to degrade gelatine. Nine of the E. coli strains lost the ability to decarboxylate lysine and seven to acidify melibiose. C 4 esterase, C 8 esterase lipase, leucine arylamidase and C 14 lipase activity increased during starvation, while alkaline and acid phosphatase and phosphoamidase activity decreased. Most of the E. coli strains underwent alterations in their electrophoretic protein pattern. The traditional Bauer & Kirby method was shown to be inadequate for testing antibiotic susceptibility of starved strains.

Clinical determination of the linear equation for the subtalar joint axis

The authors present a methodology to measure the frontal plane angular and linear displacement and the transverse plane angular displacement of subtalar joint movement. This method is combined with a modification of the Kirby method for determining the transverse plane projection of the subtalar joint axis onto the plantar foot. A mathematical model is then used to construct the subtalar joint axis into a three-dimensional linear equation. Data are obtained from an in vivo series of 62 feet that indicates that within acceptable clinical errors of measurement the subtalar joint is a ginglymus type of joint that moves around a single fixed axis. Results also indicate that the subtalar joint axis is more superior and lateral to the neutral foot than any previous studies on cadaver feet have shown. Finally, the authors show that once the subtalar joint axis can be accurately located, the torque on the joint axis produced by ground reactive forces and muscular forces can be computed.

Clinical determination of the linear equation for the subtalar joint axis.

The authors present a methodology to measure the frontal plane angular and linear displacement and the transverse plane angular displacement of subtalar joint movement. This method is combined with a modification of the Kirby method for determining the transverse plane projection of the subtalar joint axis onto the plantar foot. A mathematical model is then used to construct the subtalar joint axis into a three-dimensional linear equation. Data are obtained from an in vivo series of 62 feet that indicates that within acceptable clinical errors of measurement the subtalar joint is a ginglymus type of joint that moves around a single fixed axis. Results also indicate that the subtalar joint axis is more superior and lateral to the neutral foot than any previous studies on cadaver feet have shown. Finally, the authors show that once the subtalar joint axis can be accurately located, the torque on the joint axis produced by ground reactive forces and muscular forces can be computed.

Proximate Aggregation-Estimation of Spatial Interaction Models

In this paper the authors introduce a method of approximating the parameter values of gravity models from measures of information or entropy associated with the observed pattern of spatial interaction. The method builds on the previous work of the authors in which parameter values were estimated in a two-stage process which involved utilising the log-linear properties of entropy models through the canonical form of entropy, together with other approximations based on Kirby's method. Here the method is elaborated by adopting a consistent set of information measures to which the parameters of the model are related and this negates the need for other approximations. The original framework is first reviewed and then elaborated through the introduction of a weighted entropy measure. The traditional family of spatial interaction models is sketched and the new method developed for each of these models. The models are then applied to various aggregations of trip data in the Reading (United Kingdom) subregion, and estimates of parameter values based on the old, new, and conventional methods are compared. The new method is demonstrably superior to the old method and various extensions through the spatial disaggregation of entropy measures are noted in conclusion.

Attempts of transmission of the newt melanoma by nucleic acids preparations (author's transl)

In the present study attempts were made to obtain DNA extracts with tumorigenic activity from the melanoma of the newt (Triturus cristatus Laur.). The DNA, prepared by two different methods from melanomas that had been transferred by cells for several generations, was injected subcutaneously in adult animals. Control animals were not treated or received DNA isolated from normal homologous organs. In all 320 animals were used, 238 of which were given DNA. The DNA preparations obtained according to the procedure of Colter et al. failed to induce tumors in any of the 111 inoculated animals, while the treatment with DNA extracted according to Kirby's method (127 cases) from tumors as well from normal tissues resulted in the development of melanomas with an incidence significantly higher than that observed in the group of untreated animals; however, the activity of the extracts was not modified by DNase treatment. The influence of factors such as neoplasia spread in the donors, duration of observation, geographical origin of animals and season of treatment was considered. Altogether 934 animals were studied, including those of other experimental series reported elsewhere: 670 were given nucleic acids extracted from tumors or normal organs, 204 received tumor or normal organ transplants, 60 were untreated. Of interest is the fact that the overall incidence of melanoma was much high in animals coming from areas of high industrialization, i.e. in the newts from the environs of Pavia (54.1 %), than in those from Naples (11 %): the difference between the two groups was highly significant and independent of the treatment. Due to the high tumor incidence in the newts from Pavia, no correlation could be demonstrated between biological activity of nucleic acid extracts and the above mentioned factors in the 670 animals treated. However, in the case of the newts from the Naples area a higher frequency of tumors was observed after treatment with nucleic acids extracted from melanoma, than after treatment with nucleic acids from normal organs: the result is statistically significant only at the 5 per cent level with the χ2 test.

Vergleichende Analyse der nach den Extraktionsmethoden von Kirby und Georgiev aus Mäuseleber extrahierten RNS-Fraktionen / Analysis of the RNA Fractions of Mouse Liver: Comparison of the Extraction Methods of Kirby and Georgiev

Ribonucleic acids labeled with 14C- or 3H-orotic acids, respectively were extracted from aliquots of mouse liver homogenates according to the cold-phenol-method of Kirby or the method of Georgiev employing different temperature steps. This comparative analysis showed that only ca. 50% of the total labeled RNA was extracted by the Kirby method. Especially the high molecular D-RNA and R-RNA were not sufficiently extracted, as was demonstrated by hydroxyapatite- and methylalbumin-Kieselgur column chromatography. Reextraction of the tissue at 65 °C first extracted by the Kirby method resulted in a recovery of most of the missing nucleic acid species. Therefore, results obtained by the Kirby and Georgiev methods will be different in regard to the nucleic acid composition. These findings could explain contradictary results about this problem in literature.