Kind Of Suspension Research Articles

Proposal for New Method for Calculating Sedimentation Process Efficiency in Water Treatment Plants.

An important aspect of water treatment is removing fine-grain materials from water. Due to the properties of fine-grain materials, they are difficult to remove from water. During the sedimentation process, which takes place in settling tanks, such materials are removed. The sedimentation process is often accompanied by coagulation and flocculation processes, which form aggregates of particles (flocs) from the fine-grained material particles in a suspension (non-grainy suspension). This kind of suspension (consisting of aggregates of particles or flocs) shows a different behaviour when falling compared with classic grainy suspensions. The main goal and novelty of this article are to propose (and test) a modification of the often used Stokes' formula with the addition of fractal geometry into the calculation of the terminal velocity of free-falling particles in order to overcome Stokes' formula's limitation, thus obtaining the sedimentation process efficiency. Because of this fractal modification, it is possible to use the simple and elegant Stokes' formula in order to calculate better the terminal velocity of non-grainy particles-aggregates or flocs-and thus obtain the sedimentation efficiency for the whole range of suspensions, both non-grainy and grainy. The results obtained in this article show that the sedimentation process efficiency calculated by using the modified formula based on the fractal geometry morphology of particles (the proposed fractal method) describes and agrees more with the data from the experiment than the sedimentation efficiency calculated only based on particle size (classic method).

Indole-3-carbinol loaded-nanocapsules modulated inflammatory and oxidative damages and increase skin wound healing in rats

This study evaluated the effects of topically applied hydrogels (HG) containing nanoencapsulated indol-3-carbinol (I3C) and its free form in a rat model of skin wounds. Formulations were topically applied twice a day for five days to the wounds. On days 1, 3, and 6, the wound area was measured to verify the % of regression. On the sixth day, the animals were euthanized for the analysis of the inflammatory and oxidative profile in wounds. The nanocapsules (NC) exhibited physicochemical characteristics compatible with this kind of suspension. After five hours of exposure to ultraviolet C, more than 78% of I3C content in the suspensions was still observed. The NC-I3C did not modify the physicochemical characteristics of HG when compared to the HG base. In the in vivo study, an increase in the size of the wound was observed on the 3rd experimental day, which was lower in the treated groups (mainly in HG-NC-I3C) compared to the control. On the 6th day, HG-I3C, HG-NC-B, and HG-NC-I3C showed lower regression of the wound compared to the control. Additionally, HG-NC-I3C exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect (as observed by decreased levels of interleukin-1B and myeloperoxidase), reduced oxidative damage (by decreased reactive species, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation levels), and increased antioxidant defense (by improved catalase activity and vitamin C levels) compared to the control. The current study showed more satisfactory results in the HG-NC-I3C group than in the free form of I3C in decreasing acute inflammation and oxidative damage in wounds.

Electrorheological effect of suspensions containing mixed size of poly(ionic liquid) microspheres

In this paper, the electrorheological (ER) effect of suspensions containing mixed size of poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) microspheres were studied by combining experiment and molecular dynamics simulation. The PIL microspheres with two particle sizes were prepared via a cooling-assisted phase separation method. The PIL microspheres were dispersed in silicone oil to form five kinds of suspensions with different volume ratios of large and small at a fixed particle volume fraction. The ER effect of these suspensions was measured by a rheometer. We established ER suspension models for five suspensions and simulated the rheological curves of the ER suspensions using molecular dynamics-stochastic rotation dynamics method. Both experiment and simulation results showed that the ER effect of suspensions containing mixed size of PIL microspheres was lower than that of suspensions containing uniform size of PIL microspheres. The reasons for the influence of mixed particle size on ER effect were analyzed through the three-dimensional visualization simulation results.

Particle Behaviours in Free Surface Flow of Particle Suspensions

In this study, the suspension flows in a Hele-Shaw cell were experimentally examined. We focused on the free surface of suspension in a Hele-Shaw radial flow and discussed the effect of particle behaviors on the change in surface shape. The test fluids used were two kinds of suspension with a different particle size. The volumetric fraction of each fluid was 40 vol.%. In the observation of free surface in the Hele-Shaw flow, it was found that concave and convex parts appeared on the free surface with a time. Furthermore, at the inside region of surface undulation, the occurrence of the particle-induced viscous fingering was confirmed. Measuring velocity profiles inside the viscous fingering using the particle imaging velocimeter (PIV), we found that the velocity in the fingering region became higher than those of entire suspension. The difference between the particle velocity inside fingering and that of entire suspension suggested that the shear flow in the Hele-Shaw cell affected the particle behaviors. Furthermore, since the temporal changes in the fingering shape was different between both fluids, the particle behaviors inside the viscous fingering might relate to the particle migration in the perpendicular direction to flow direction due to the local change in the shear deformation.

An autopsy study of suicidal hanging

Hanging is the most preferred method of Suicide. Individuals are known to use different Ligature material and suspend completely or partially. hence, it is important to understand the Parameters involved in it. Large number of Suicidal death are reported. To Understand Suicidal Hanging by studying different parameters involved in it like Ligature Material, Type of Knot. Sex and Age Group, involved, kind of Suspension and Position of knot. A total of 634 cases were studied . Crime scene examination was done only in those cases where their were Suspicion on the Suspension Deaths. Rest of the cases the crime scene photographs and investigating officer records were the inputs. Only Suicidal Hanging were Considered for the Study. Suicidal Hanging contributed to 6.5% of the Total Cases. The Ropes[27%%] and Stole [36%]Contributed to the Most Preferred Ligature Material and Shoe Lace contribute[0.5%] to the least preferred Material for Self Suspension. Complete Suspension was observed in 62% of cases. The Majority of the Victims were Females contributing to 62% of the Deaths. The Major Age Group[50.76%] Involved was between 21-30years and the Uneffected Age group were those in the Extremes of Life i.e 1-10 and 61-70years. A Slip Knot was used on 97.73% of suspensions. In 78% of Suspension the Position of the Knot was situated over the [Typical Hanging]Nape of Neck. Married Victims Contributed to 37.45% of cases. The different Parameters of Suicidal Hanging are necessary to understand the Suicidal Nature of Hanging.

Computational Errors and Suspension in a PWK Epistemic Agent

Abstract In a computational program there can be two kinds of errors: (i) critical errors and (ii) non-critical errors. A critical error stops the program in a global way, which means the error cannot be fixed in the subsequent computation process. A non-critical error partially stops the computation program, and the error can be fixed in the subsequent computation process. We argue that two kinds of errors correspond to two kinds of suspension and can be modeled using Paraconsistent Weak Kleene ($ {\textsf{PWK}}$) belief revision theory, with the help of a new interpretation of the third value of $ {\textsf{PWK}}$, that is, off-topic. According to this new interpretation, if a proposition obtains the third value $\textbf{u}$, it means it is off-topic. Within our framework of $ {\textsf{PWK}}$ belief revision theory, we will show that a non-critical error corresponds to a non-critical suspension and that a critical error corresponds to a critical suspension.

Analysis of the flow behavior of electrorheological fluids containing polypyrrole nanoparticles or polypyrrole/silica nanocomposite particles

A four-parameter model (Seo-Seo model) was used to analyze the flow behavior of some electrorheological (ER) fluids containing polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles, nanocomposite particles of conductive polypyrrole confined in mesoporous silica (MCM-41), and core-shell-structured SiO2/polypyrrole nanoparticles. The static yield stress predictions by the model were compared with the experimental data and dynamic yield stress obtained from the Bingham model and/or Cho-Choi-Jhon (CCJ) model. The static yield stress values were larger than the dynamic yield stress values. It was also found that the static yield stress of the polypyrrole suspension had a quadratic dependence on the electric field strength as predicted by the electric polarization model whereas those of the nanocomposite suspensions showed 1.5 power-law dependency. A master curve describing the yield stress data dependence on the electric field strength was obtained using a single-parameter scaling function to interpret the underlying mechanism of ER activity. A simple method for evaluating the activity mechanism criterion has been proposed and applied to the ER response of those three kinds of suspension. The results show that the critical electric field strength should be checked before the conduction mechanism is asserted, even if the yield stress plot shows 1.5 power-law dependence on the electric field strength.

Experimental study on tensile mechanical properties of magnetorheological fluid

Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is a kind of suspension composed of a nonconducting magnetic liquid and small soft magnetic particles with high permeability and low hysteresis. The tensile mechanical properties of MRF reflect its important mechanical properties. In this study, a testing device is designed to investigate the tensile mechanical properties of MRF in accordance with the plate method theory. First, the magnetic field is selected to analyze the influence of different gap sizes on the magnetic field. The magnetic field strength decreases as the gap increases. Second, a testing platform for tensile mechanical properties is built, and the tensile mechanical properties of MRF are experimentally studied under different magnetic field strengths, tensile speeds and surface characteristics. Experimental results show that the stronger the magnetic field, the greater the tensile yield stress. The maximum tensile stress at different velocities is nearly the same. Different surface characteristics affect tensile stress.

Highly stable and efficient electrorheological suspensions with hydrophobic interaction

HypothesisElectrorheological fluid (ERF) is a kind of suspension or colloid composed of fine particles and insulating oil as continuous phase. The second miscible liquid phase with less affinity to the particles than the continuous phase is expected to influence particles aggregation, assembly and spanning mesostructures. Hence, it should be possible to tune the rheological and electrorheological properties and stability by the addition of second miscible liquid with different chain length and substituents. ExperimentsWe developed a giant ERF (GERF) with a binary liquid phase (BLP) by the addition of alkane to the silicone oil continuous phase. We studied the shear stress and viscosity under different shear rates, thixotropy and particle size distributions of these suspensions and characterized the concentration variation of GERFs under quiescent conditions by measuring the backscattering light intensity variation through vertical scanning. FindingsThe dispersed particle size distribution is broadened, which produces higher static yield stress and lower zero-field viscosity than those of a single-liquid-phase GERF. The ER efficiency is much higher with the addition of alkane, reaching 10656, which is 1.8 times larger than that of single-liquid-phase suspensions. We performed 100-day stability testing and found that the GERF with 1-phenyldodecane showed excellent stability and performance.

When Evidence Isn't Enough: Suspension, Evidentialism, and Knowledge-first Virtue Epistemology

AbstractI motivate and develop a novel account of the epistemic assessability of suspension as a development of my knowledge-first, virtue-epistemological research program. First, I extend an argument of Ernest Sosa's for the claim that evidentialism cannot adequately account for the epistemic assessability of suspension. This includes a kind of knowledge-first evidentialism of the sort advocated by Timothy Williamson. I agree with Sosa that the reasons why evidentialism fails motivate a virtue-epistemological approach, but argue that my knowledge-first account is preferable to his view. According to my account, rational belief is belief that manifests proper practical respect for what it takes to know. Beliefs are the only primary bearers of epistemic evaluation since they are the only candidates for knowledge. However, suspension can manifest a derivative kind of practical respect for what it takes to know. Thus, we can explain why the same sort of assessment is applicable to both belief and suspension (epistemic rationality), and why belief has a privileged claim to these properties. Lastly, I'll look at Sosa's and Williamson's treatments of Pyrrhonian skepticism, which treats a certain kind of suspension as the epistemically superior practice, and argue that my account provides a better anti-skeptical response than either of their approaches.

Absential Suspension: Malebranche and Locke on Human Freedom

This paper treats a heretofore-unnoticed concept in the history of the philosophical discussion of human freedom, a kind of freedom that is not defined solely in terms of the causal power of the agent. Instead, the exercise of freedom essentially involves the non-occurrence of something. That being free involves the non-occurrence, that is, the absence, of an act may seem counterintuitive. With the exception of those specifically treated in this paper, philosophers tend to think of freedom as intimately involved with volition, the judging or deciding activity of the will that votes in favor of or against a proposed action. However, there are two thinkers who endorse a view where not willing constitutes human freedom. Our analysis focuses on the views of Malebranche and Locke. Both invoke a notion dubbed here as ‘absential suspension.’ On this view, freedom is associated not with the power of volition, but rather with this kind of suspension.

Study and Simulation of a Hydropneumatic Suspension for Telescopic Handler Vehicles

The article shows the study and simulation of a hydropneumatic suspension to be adopted for a telescopic handler vehicle. The hydropneumatic suspension system with independent wheels and with quadrilateral architecture has been studied to improve the comfort and the productivity of the existing vehicle, which has a suspended rigid axle on the front and a rigid axle on the rear, which limits the comfort and the grip. After the choice of the architecture and the kind of suspension, the article shows the design of the suspension kinematics. The optimization of the characteristic angle of the suspension has been performed by means of Adams/Car and Adams/Insight. The kinematic model optimized is subsequently reproduced in Adams/View to simulate the dynamics of the complete vehicle. The simulation results are used to evaluate the vehicle performances in terms of comfort and stability according to the methods proposed by the standards.

Mechanisms of partly flooded loose sand deposits

Partly flooded loose sand deposits are left back from lignite mining, particularly in east Germany. After flooding, gas inclusions in macropores enhance the pore pressure increase by total stress cycles without drainage, and this can cause the transition into a kind of suspension. Thus, natural and technical changes of surface loads triggered flow slides in chain reactions of sometimes catastrophic extent. Such collapsible deposits were and are stabilized by blast-induced liquefaction and densification. Successive collapse fronts in flooded grain skeletons are seismogeneous, and this appears as wavering in the near-field and leads to power-law spectra in the far-field. Apart from this evidence of mild fractality, the wild fractality of chain reactions eludes mathematical treatment. Therefore, uncommon methods of geotechnical design, operations and monitoring are required.

Forced-convective heat-transfer coefficient and pressure drop of water-based nanofluids in a horizontal pipe

In this paper the heat transfer performance of Al2O3, SiO2 and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) in a closed loop were investigated. Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were measured in a horizontal thermal-insulated test-section. Special care was taken in the loop calibration and the estimation of measurement uncertainties. The results show that the Gnielinski correlation can be used to predict the turbulent heat transfer coefficient as long as the proper experimental values for the thermophysical properties of each nanofluid are used. Also, the Colebrook–White correlation for the friction factor showed good agreement with the experimental results for pressure drop. The nanofluids showed an increased heat transfer coefficient with respect to that of water on a constant Reynolds number basis, but a reduced performance when compared on a constant pumping power basis. Note that some authors treat CNTs as nanofluids because one of their dimensions is in the nanoscale, but strictly speaking this dimension is not the one that is actually contributing to the changes in the thermal properties of the mixture. We include them in our analysis to demonstrate that this kind of suspension also follows conventional correlations.

Energy Conservation Analysis and Control of Hybrid Active Semiactive Suspension with Three Regulating Damping Levels

Active suspension has not been popularized for high energy consumption. To address this issue, this paper introduces the concept of a new kind of suspension. The linear motor is considered to be integrated into an adjustable shock absorber to form the hybrid active semiactive suspension (HASAS). To realize the superiority of HASAS, its energy consumption and regeneration mechanisms are revealed. And the system controller which is composed of linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller, mode decision and switch controller, and the sliding mode control based thrust controller is developed. LQR controller is designed to maintain the suspension control objectives, while mode decision and switch controller decides the optimal damping level to tune motor thrust. The thrust controller ensures motor thrust tracking. An adjustable shock absorber with three regulating levels to be used in HASAS is trial produced and tested to obtain its working characteristics. Finally, simulation analysis is made with the experimental three damping characteristics. The impacts of adjustable damping on the motor force and energy consumption are investigated. Simulation results demonstrate the advantages of HASAS in energy conservation with various suspension control objectives. Even self-powered active control and energy regenerated to the power source can be realized.

Use of Graphene and Cucurbit[7]uril Electrodes for the Determination of Amantadine in Biological Fluids

A differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method for amantadine (AT) determination is developed. To this end, all the chemical and instrumental variables affecting the determination of amantadine are optimized. These studies have used three types of glassy-carbon electrode, first electrode which has not undergone surface modification or coating, to then modify the working electrode surface with two kinds of suspensions: graphene and graphene-cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). From studies of the mechanisms governing the electrochemical response of amantadine, it was concluded that it is an electrochemically system with a diffusive reduction phenomenon. Under optimal conditions and with the appropriate electrode modification, we proceed to study the relation between the peak intensity with the analyte concentration. Thus, we find that when the electrode surface is covered with graphene-CB[7], two linear sections are obtained, the first one in the concentration range of between 0.05 μg·mL﹣1 and 0.75 μg·mL﹣1 ; and the second one between 1.00 μg·mL﹣1 and 6.00 μg·mL﹣1, with Er (%) = 87 and R.S.D. = 0.94% (n = 10 at 0.5 μg·mL﹣1 level). The minimum detectable amount was 15 ng·mL﹣1 while a concentration of 44 ng·mL﹣1 was calculated as determination limit. The optimized method was applied to the determination of amantadine in biological fluids.

Independent Suspension of Invariable Alignment Parameters by Using Flexible Links With Anisotropic Elasticity

This paper investigates an independent suspension with invariable alignment parameters by using flexible links of anisotropic elasticity. It focuses on the synthesis of elasticity of compliant flat links and establishes the mapping from the internal forces during jounce and rebound to the perturbation of the alignment parameters of the knuckle. The equivalent substitution of a flexible link to the infinite-R kinematic chain is first discussed by investigating the free motion and constraint of planar R-type kinematic chains. The rigid guidance capability of the suspension is then discussed from the viewpoint of perturbations of alignment parameters via investigating the lateral deflections of the anisotropic flexible links. At last the rib strengthened double level links on each side of the knuckle are proposed for engineering applications. Numerical simulations and model test show that this kind of suspension can provide very good alignment for the wheel.

The Mechanical Characteristics Study on an Interconnected Anti-Rolling Suspension System

The heavy-duty special vehicles easily roll during steering, anti-rolling technology becomes a critical technology to the heavy-duty vehicles. Aiming at the rolling problem of a full load heavy vehicle in the process of steering, an interconnected anti-rolling suspension system with adjustable damping was designed, the nonlinear mathematical models of both hydro-pneumatic independent suspension and interconnected anti-rolling suspension system were established. The mechanical characteristics of two kind of suspension were studied through digital simulation method, discussing the system parameter changes affection on the performance of interconnected anti-rolling suspension system. The study results indicate that the interconnected anti-rolling suspension system bitterly improves vehicles rolling resistance in contrast to the oil-gas mixed independent suspension, the study results provide theoretical basis for the anti-rolling s design of heavy-duty vehicles.

Experimental identification of rare-earth magnetic suspensions for micro and meso scale levitating systems

Magnetic suspensions based on passive levitation of diamagnetic materials on permanent magnets provide attractive systems for several applications on the micro and meso scales. The magnetic properties of these kinds of suspensions dramatically reduce the global mechanical stiffness of the devices providing significant effects on their dynamic response. The goal of this paper is to investigate the static and dynamic behavior of magnetic suspensions with respect to its dependant parameters. Experimental measurements have been performed on the response of dedicated prototypes where the geometrical dimensions and magnetic field strength have been intended as variable parameters. Some benefits have been documented in the fields of energy harvesting and inertial sensing, while additional applications of magnetic suspensions are under investigation.

Wall slip phenomena in concentrated ionic liquid-based magnetorheological fluids

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recently proposed as carrier for magnetorheological (MR) fluids. Their special properties, such as very low vapor pressure and high thermal stability, make ILs highly suitable dispersion media to increase the broad range of technological applications that magnetorheological fluids already have. It has been just reported that using ILs as carriers in MR fluids an improvement in the colloidal stability and suspension redispersibility is obtained. In this work, the magnetorheological behavior of highly concentrated suspensions in ILs is studied. Two kinds of suspensions were analyzed: using an ionic liquid of low conductivity and a mineral oil as carriers. In both cases, silica-coated iron microparticles were used as solid phase, being the solid volume concentration of 50% vol. A complete magnetorheological analysis focused on the wall slip phenomenon was performed. Steady-state and oscillatory experiments were carried out. In order to study wall slip effects, all experiments were performed with a plate–plate system, using both smooth and rough measuring surfaces. A significant effect of wall slip was observed when the experiments were performed using smooth surfaces. The novelty of this paper is mainly based on (1) the use of an ionic liquid as carrier to prepare magnetic suspensions, and (2) the analysis of wall slip phenomena in MR fluids with a particle content close to the maximum packing fraction.