Kinds Of Muscle Research Articles

サクサンガ雄の生殖器付属器官の筋肉と第9神経節から派出する神経の分布

Previously the author reported with others on the relation of the sexual behaviour and the role of ganglia in Antheraea moths (YAMASAKI et al., 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957; NISHIMURA et al., 1958, 1959).The present study reports upon the muscular system in appendages of the genital organ and upon the distribution of nerve fibres from the 9th ganglion in the male moth, which will contribute to the fundamental knowledge on the above-mentioned studies.1. The muscular system consists of the muscles of tubercle, supra-anal plate, chitinous tubercle, uncate chitin, the 10th tergum, and penis at which three kinds of muscles (exo-, meso- and endo-muscle) distribute.2. The nerve fibres from the 9th ganglion are composed of 9 pairs.3. The distributions of the above-mentioned fibres are shown in Table 1.4. It is observed by removing the ganglion of the pupa that the nerve (6) and (7) are originated in the 11th ganglion, the nerve (4), (5) and (9) (sympathetic nerve) in the 12th one, the nerve (1), (2), (3) and (8) (sympathetic nerve) in the 13th one.Table 1

The disappearance of pyruvic decarboxylase and α-ketoglutaric decarboxylase from pigeon muscles on thiamine-deficient diets

In homogenates of breast muscle and heart muscle acetoin and succinic semialdehyde are final products of the anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate respectively. Therefore the pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric decarboxylase activities of these muscles could be measured by determining the rates of production of these compounds from pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate added to the homogenates. During thiamine deprivation both activities decreased according to the curves shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Pronounced differences exist between both kinds of muscle regarding the rates of decline of the activities as well as the activities remaining at death. The presence or absence of carbohydrate in the thiamine-free diet also has a marked influence on both phenomena. In general the α-ketoglutaric decarboxylase activity decrease less rapidly than the pyruvic decarboxylase activity. At death the pyruvic decarboxylase activity of breast muscle is much higher on the carbohydrate diet than on the fat diet, while in this regard no difference appeared to exist in heart muscle. Regarding the α-ketoglutaric decarboxylase activity at death, this is also higher on the carbohydrate diet than on the fat diet in breast muscle, while in most cases the reverse was observed in heart muscle. As compared to the normal activity of breast muscle or heart muscle the final percentage decrease of the pyruvic decarboxylase activity is always much greater than that of the α-ketoglutaric decarboxylase activity, but the former also is never completely lost. The apoenzymes are completely maintained in the muscles during most of the period of deficiency; they are only partly lost in the last stages, with the exception of the α-ketoglutaric decarboxylase on the carbohydrate diet.

血合筋肉の化学的研究-III

By using microbiological methods, seventeen amino acids were determined in the protein prepared from four species of fish, Scomber japonicus, Seriola quinqueradiata, Parathunnussibi, and Katsuwonus vagans. The results obtained were tabulated in Table 3. Distribution of amino acids in the muscle protein of these fish seemed to be relatively uniform, irrespectively of species of fish and kind of muscle. It is noticeable that the content of amino acids in the protein of the superficial red muscle of fish, such as Parathunnus sibi and Katsuwonus vagans, which have the deep seated red mucsle too, agreed surprisingly with those of the ordinary muscle. However, between the deep seated red and the ordinary muscle of above two species, there seemed to be some differences, although very small, in content of several amino acids. This tendency was observed also, between the red and the ordinary muscle of Scomber japonicus and Seriola quinqueradiata, glycine, leucine, phenylalanine, and perhaps proline being prevailing in the red muscle, and aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, and perhaps valine, serine, threonine, methionine, and tyrosine being prevailing in the ordinary muscle. From the nutritional point of view, the protein of these fish, both the red and the ordinary muscle, may be considered to be as rich as those of domestic animals in the essential amino acids.

Muscle Contraction and Fibrous Muscle Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the contraction of different kinds of muscle that show differences with respect to the amount of tension developed, the maximum shortening, the rate of shortening, and the fuel requirement. These differences not only reflect the varying levels of evolutionary development, but also a considerable adaptation to the performance of special functions. The crossstriated musculature of vertebrates and arthropods is specialized to give in particular a high tension and velocity of shortening, and less to achieve a large degree of shortening. The skeletal muscle fiber thus closely resembles the smooth retractor penis muscle of the dog. When the crystalloids, globular proteins, and enzymes are removed from the skeletal muscle fiber by extraction with glycerol water, the tension developed in ATP-contraction remains as high as before. However, the maximal shortening is comparable to that of a muscle fiber in the delta state, and the velocity of shortening is even less. And finally, the thread model of purified, oriented actomyosin develops only a low tension of a few hundred grams per square centimeter, which is of the same order as that for some smooth muscles. It causes contraction and imparts that degree of plasticity and extensibility that is a pre-requisite both for active and passive changes in length. The softening action of ATP, however, is solely due to the combination of the ATP with actomyosin, for it persists when breakdown and tension are reduced by two-thirds, as when the system is brought to a lower temperature.

A comparative study of the contractile mechanism of unstriated muscle

1. A comparative study of the contractile mechanism of frog’s, dog’s andMytilus muscles has been made. 1. Sodium and potassium chlorides have identical action on the three kinds of muscles. Barium chloride and sodium cyanide cause contraction of the contractile mechanism of unstriated muscle ofMytilus and elongation of frog’s and dog’s muscle. 3. Contraction of the contractile mechanism of unstriated muscle are of two kinds. One kind is relaxed by swelling of the muscle and the other kind not. Relation of this finding to the tonus mechanism is discussed. 4. Action of ammonium, calcium, strontium, magnesium, bromide, nitrate, iodide and thiocyanate is described. Potassium, magnesium relax the contractile mechanism. 5. The excitatory and the contractile mechanism of unstriated muscle have been dissociated by destroying the former by high voltages (110–880 volts A.C.) and by methyl alcohol. Action of substances on the contractile mechanism has then been studied. 6. If normal tone of the muscle is destroyed, then the asphyxiai contraction does not occur, proving the identity of the two.

Active relaxation of unstriated muscle.

Ramsey and Street1, working on single muscle fibres, concluded that relaxation in skeletal muscle was active. Prof. A. V. Hill2 has conclusively shown that relaxation in skeletal muscle is passive. We stimulated the frog's rectus abdominis with potassium salts and acetylcholine and did not find any active relaxation. In unstriated muscle relaxation is active under some conditions and passive under others3–5. In unstriated muscle there would appear to be two cycles: in one, the energy for contraction is derived from chemical stores; in the other, the energy for contraction is derived from energy previously stored in the structure. Striated muscle appears to possess the former cycle only. This, we think, is the fundamental difference between the two kinds of muscle.

X-ray studies of muscle

No X-ray diffraction photographs have yet been obtained of muscle in the very act of contracting or relaxing, but much work has been carried out in the approaches to this goal. I reviewed the situation in 1945 in my Croonian Lecture (Astbury 1947 a ), and the present contribution may serve partly to recall some of the main conclusions already arrived at then, but chiefly to develop them in relation to more recent discoveries. In all the kinds of muscles that have so far been examined by X-rays the dominating feature has been found to be the fibrous protein myosin lying along the direction of the myofibrils; further structural components have been revealed according to the type of muscle, it is true, but myosin at least seems to be essential, and there are very strong reasons, not only from X-rays but from much other evidence besides, for believing that it is indeed the mainspring of the contractile apparatus proper. Many X-ray and accessory studies have been carried out on it both in situ and after extraction, and it is a principal inference from such investiga­tions that, whatever the detailed steps by which contraction and recovery are contrived in muscle itself, myosin has at any rate properties peculiarly fitted for these purposes. The myosin molecule or complex is inherently elastic; it can be caused to change its internal configuration and thereby alter its length over a large range.

THE R.C.A.M.C. ELECTROMYOGRAPH MARK III

The R.C.A.M.C. Electromyograph Mark III is an apparatus developed under the auspices of the National Research Council of Canada during the war for the study of casualties with peripheral nerve injuries. It was used principally to study the electrical activity of muscles as a sensitive test of their nerve supply and general condition with regards to atrophy, etc. It is now being used not only in the diagnosis and to follow the recovery of nerve injuries, but for the study of muscle activity in various neuromuscular diseases, including poliomyelitis.The electromyograph consists of (a) a high gain, low noise level, wide range calibrated, balanced, push–pull pre-amplifier, with built-in calibrator, (b) a cathode ray oscilloscope unit with photographic attachment, and incorporating a nerve and muscle stimulator of variable intensity and duration, and (c) a mobile loud speaker cabinet including the speaker power amplifier, battery, and battery charger.Action potentials from single muscle fibres, or groups of fibres known as the motor unit, are picked up by means of a small finely pointed needle electrode, insulated except at the very tip, thrust through the skin into the muscle. A reference electrode is placed on the skin next to the point of insertion of the needle and a distant grounded electrode is placed on the subject to aid in the elimination of stray electrical interference. Action potentials are then amplified through four stages of condenser coupled amplification. They are then of sufficient magnitude to be clearly observed or photographed on the calibrated screen of the cathode ray oscilloscope, which makes possible accurate measurement of each potential wave, both in voltage and duration. The sound of the muscle action potentials may be simultaneously heard in the loud speaker. With training, diagnosis of muscle conditions may be greatly aided by certain characteristic sounds produced by different kinds of muscle activity.For example, a denervated muscle gives rise, from single muscle fibres, to continuous low voltage random 'spikes' that produce in the loud speaker a 'crackling' sound recognized as fibrillation. At rest the normal muscle is electrically silent. It gives rise during contraction to action potentials that are much higher and of longer duration. They produce in the loud speaker a knocking sound recognized as a motor unit discharge. During recovery from a nerve injury, and in certain degenerative conditions, the motor unit becomes poorly synchronized or disintegrated producing very complex wave forms that produce a distinctive 'chugging' sound.The electrical stimulator, which is synchronized with the trace of the oscilloscope, makes it possible to test the responsiveness of single muscles to different forms of electrical current as well as to record the electrical activity of a given muscle in response to stimulation of its motor nerve at a distance. By the use of the same equipment, the nerve impulse can also be followed in its course down the nerve fibre.

Comparative physiology of unstriated cardiac, and striated muscles

1. Unstriated, cardiac and striated muscles show differential action of substances on the excitability to electrical stimulation and potassium. 2. The response to nervous stimulation and acetylcholine may be similarly or oppositely affected. 3. Muscle shows adaptation to temperature. 4. Tonus may be shown by three kinds of muscle; one kind of tone in unstriated muscle is similar to the contracture of striated muscle. 5. In all the three kinds of muscle, twitch is antagonistic to contracture; a synergistic contracture also occurs. 6. In some instances, there is a gradation in the properties of unstriated, cardiac and striated muscles. 7. Adaptation to electric current is more rapid in unstriated than in striated muscle. 8. Many drugs and ions act similarly on the three kinds of muscle. 9. Many agencies affect excitation and inhibition similarly. 10. The properties ofMytilus muscle and the motor end plate of striated muscle are in many respects similar.

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorus Content of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle, Bladder and Uterus

Few values are given in the literature for the distribution of mineral substances in the different kinds of muscle from the same animal.Table I contains the results of the analysis of skeletal muscle (taken from the shoulder), right and left ventricle, uterus and bladder of 2 beef animals. The analyses were made by the methods described by Cullen and Wilkins,1 on duplicate ashings which afforded sufficient material for duplicate determinations of most of the substances in each ash.Of all the tissues, the uterus was uniformly the richest in sodium and poorest in potassium. The total phosphorus content of both uterus and bladder was decidedly lower than that of skeletal and heart muscle. The findings for skeletal and heart muscle, including certain small constant differences in the composition of the right and left ventricles, were in general agreement with those reported by Cullen, Wilkins, and Harrison2 and Wilkins and Cullen3 for human tissues. These authors made no analyses of human bladder and uterus. ...

Muscular Exercise1

Introduction.—Muscular exercise is a subject in which most people are interested. It is fortunate therefore that, in this direction, physiology has made greater progress into the intimate working of the body than perhaps in any other. The means by which bodily movements are carried out is muscle. Muscle is the red meat. There are three kinds of muscles: the voluntary muscle of the trunk and limbs, governed- or at any rate governable-by the conscious will of the individual; the involuntary muscle of the bloodvessels, of the alimentary and excretory, the so-called vegetative, system; and the cardiac or heart muscle, the muscle which pumps the blood round the body.

The Osmotic Properties of Different Kinds of Muscle

The Osmotic Properties of Different Kinds of Muscle