Kinds Of Muscle Research Articles

Causes and Implications of Type I Myofiber Grouping in Parkinson's Disease: A Brief Scoping Review

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the alterations in muscle fibers in Parkinson's disease(PD). The following were our review questions. (1)How has research on type I myofiber grouping in PD developed over time? (2)What kinds of muscles are affected in which patients? (3)What are some possible pathophysiology and mechanisms? Does type I myofiber grouping in PD differ from primary sarcopenia that occurs with aging? (4)What are the clinical implications and possible therapeutic approaches for type I myofiber grouping in PD?.
 Method: To investigate the questions, we used combinations of keywords such as “Parkinson”, “skeletal muscle”, “myofiber type”, “fast twitch”, “slow twitch”, “myofiber grouping”, and “motor unit” in PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles on PD patients and normal elderlies that dealt with type I myofiber grouping and motor unit alterations were included. References in the included articles were also considered.
 Results: Research over the past five decades has identified various motor abnormalities and myofiber alterations in PD patients, including the hypertrophy of slow-twitch type I myofibers and atrophy of fast-twitch type II myofibers across different muscles. One important finding is that Type I myofiber grouping, which is common in aging, is more severe in PD, which could be due to the selective activation of low-threshold motor units and could be also linked to abnormal alpha-synuclein aggregation, a factor associated with PD.
 Conclusion: Research suggests that type I myofiber grouping in muscles, not just dopaminergic cell damage in the substantia nigra, could influence motor symptoms of PD, indicating that alternative treatments beyond dopaminergic drugs, such as high-intensity exercise, might be beneficial. However, given the limitations in these studies, such as small participant numbers and the complexity of PD pathophysiology, future research is needed to fully understand the phenomena in different PD subtypes and to develop more effective treatments.

Impact of frozen storage on oxidation changes of some components in goose meat

The objective of this study was to investigate the oxidation activity and lipid oxidation changes in breast (BM) and leg (LM) muscles from 17-wk-old female White Kołuda geese packaged in a vacuum, and stored in freezing conditions at −20°C. The geese were fed ad libitum during the experimental period (up to 17 wk) on the same complete feed. The samples of LM (n = 18) and BM (n = 18) from the right carcass were stored for 30, 90, 80, 270, and 365 d. Lipid oxidation was described by determining changes in: TBARS value expressing the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measured by DPPH and ABTS methods and total reduction potential (TRP) measured by FRAP method. Moreover, total heam pigments pigment (THP), relative concentration of myoglobin (Mb), oxymyoglobin (MbO2), and metmyoglobin (MMb) were determined in this study. Time of storage affected the TAC, TRP, TBARS, and the color stability of BM and LM. The THP concentration and Mb proportion decrease gradually during the 365 d of frozen storage, while the relative concentration of MMb increase in BM and LM. It was noted that the shares of MMb in both analyzed types of muscles stored for 365 d did not exceed 0.4. This value is considered to be the limit, after which the meat takes on an intense gray-brown color not accepted by the consumer. The oxidation processes occurring during frozen storage caused an increase of TBARS and a decrease of DPPH•, ABTS•+, FRAP values in both kinds of muscles. The amounts of TBARS during frozen storage of muscles did not exceed 2.0 mg MDA/kg of meat. A higher value of TBARS than 2.0 causes a lack of acceptance by consumers of the flavor profile. Based on the results concerning changes in the heam pigments, as well as changes related to the oxidation of lipids, we cannot unequivocally state in which types of muscles the changes had a more intense course.

Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles provide insight into epigenetic regulation of red and white muscle development in Chinese perch Siniperca chuatsi.

Fish skeletal muscles are composed of spatially well-separated fiber types, namely, red and white muscles with different physiological functions and metabolism. To compare the DNA methylation profiles of the two types of muscle tissues and identify potential candidate genes for the muscle growth and development under epigenetic regulation, genome-wide DNA methylation of the red and white muscle in Chinese perch Siniperca chuatsi were comparatively analyzed using bisulfate sequencing methods. An average of 0.9 billion 150-bp paired-end reads were obtained, of which 86% were uniquely mapped to the genome. Methylation mostly occurred at CG sites at a ratio of 94.43% in the red muscle and 93.16% in the white muscle. The mean methylation levels at C-sites were 5.95% in red muscle and 5.83% in white muscle, whereas the mean methylation levels of CG, CHG, and CHH were 73.23%, 0.62%, and 0.67% in red muscle, and 71.01%, 0.62%, and 0.67% in white muscle, respectively. A total of 4192 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were identified significantly enriched in cell signaling pathways related to skeletal muscle differentiation and growth. Various muscle-related genes, including myosin gene isoforms and regulatory factors, are differentially methylated in the promoter region between the red and white muscles. Further analysis of the transcriptional expression of these genes showed that the muscle regulatory factors (myf5, myog, pax3, pax7, and twitst2) and myosin genes (myh10, myh16, myo18a, myo7a, myo9a, and myl3) were differentially expressed between the two kinds of muscles, consistent with the DNA methylation analysis results. ELISA assays confirmed that the level of 5mC in red muscle was significantly higher than in white muscle (P<0.05). The RT-qPCR assays revealed that the expression levels of the three DNA methylation transferase (dnmt) subtypes, dnmt1, dnmt3ab, and dnmt3bb1, were significantly higher in red muscle than in white muscle. The higher DNA methylation levels in the red muscle may result from higher DNA methylation transferase expression in the red muscles. Thus, this study might provide a theoretical foundation to better understand epigenetic regulation in the growth and development of red and white muscles in animals, at least in Chinese perch fish.

Impact of environmental pollution on PCDD/F and PCB bioaccumulation in game animals

Elucidation of the relationship between the levels of 35 individual dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in environmental samples (pine needles, leaves, grass and soil), and their bioaccumulation in the muscles of two game animal families (Cervidae and Suidae) was the aim of the research. Comparative studies were performed in four industrially degraded regions with various types of heavy industry and in an agricultural region with a tourism industry. The content of pollutants was determined by the isotopic dilution method using high resolution gas chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. The polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furan and PCB profiles in plants, soil and animal tissues varied by region and were related to the indigenous industry. The presence of characteristic congeners of particular industrial sectors was found. The animal tissue congeners were a reflection of the types and levels found in soil and plants. Independently of the region, deer tissue had almost twice the concentration of PCDD/F/DL-PCBs compared to boars, but the converse was true for NDL-PCBs. Spearman’s statistical test showed strong correlations between pine needle, leaf, grass and soil dioxin and dioxin-like PCB levels and concentrations of these in the tissues of both species. Coefficients of bioaccumulation in deer muscles (BAF) calculated for all regions varied considerably and they were significantly higher for wild boars. BAF decreased with increasing number of chlorine atoms in the dioxin and furan molecule. The highest congener values were for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzodioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in both kinds of muscle regardless of the region. The levels of pollutants, types of pollutants, and their relative abundance in tissues of deer and boar reflected their surrounding environment and local pollutant emitters.

Mass-growth of a finite tube reinforced by a pair of helical fibres

Several types of tube-like fibre-reinforced tissue, including the layers of arteries and veins, different kinds of muscle, biological tubes as well as plants and trees, are reinforced by a pair of helical fibres wound symmetrically around the tube axis in opposite directions. In many cases, this kind of biological structures grow in an axially symmetric manner that preserves their own shape as well as the direction and shape of their embedded pair of helical fibres. This study considers and investigates the influence that preservation of fibre direction exerts on pseudo-elastic (elastic-like) mass-growth modelling of the described fibre-reinforced structure. Complete sets of necessary conditions that enable the implied axisymmetric tube mass-growth to take place are sought, found and presented. These hold in addition to, and simultaneously with standard kinematic relations and equilibrium equations met in conventional hyperelasticity. They thus render this mass-growth mathematical model the properties of an apparently overdetermined boundary value problem. However, the additional information they provide leads to identification of admissible classes of strain energy densities for growth that enable realisation of the implied type of tube mass-growth. The analysis is applicable to several different types of mass-growth of tube-like tissue reinforced by a pair of symmetrically wound helical fibres. This is demonstrated with an application which considers that mass-growth of the fibre-reinforced tube takes place in an incompressible manner; namely, in a non-isochoric manner that along with fibre direction, it also preserves the material density of the growing tube.

Pelvic floor investigations for bowel dysfunction (part 1): endoanal ultrasound

Endoanal ultrasound is the gold-standard diagnostic tool for assessing the anal sphincter musculature. It is most frequently used to establish the cause of faecal incontinence symptoms, which often result from obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Visualised patterns of echogenicity reveal the texture of different kinds of muscle, potentially showing atrophy, defects and/or fragmentation. These can be examined in light of the patient's clinical history for signs of infection, scarring or anal cancers, as well as haemorrhoids, abscesses or fistulae. Different depth-of-field settings make it possible to view the subepithelium, longitudinal muscle and internal and external anal sphincters at different depths. Technological developments include three-dimensional imaging. Endoanal ultrasound is a valuable investigative modality for colorectal nurse specialists to be able to use and interpret to benefit the patient and improve their symptoms.

On the preservation of fibre direction during axisymmetric hyperelastic mass-growth of a finite fibre-reinforced tube

Several types of tube-like fibre-reinforced tissue, including arteries and veins, different kinds of muscles, biological tubes as well as plants and trees, grow in an axially symmetric manner that preserves their own shape as well as the direction and, hence, the shape of their embedded fibres. This study considers the general, three-dimensional, axisymmetric mass-growth pattern of a finite tube reinforced by a single family of fibres growing with and within the tube, and investigates the influence that the preservation of fibre direction exerts on relevant mathematical modelling, as well on the physical behaviour of the tube. Accordingly, complete sets of necessary conditions that enable such axisymmetric tube patterns to take place are initially developed, not only for fibres preserving a general direction, but also for all six particular cases in which fibres grow normal to either one or two of the cylindrical polar coordinate directions. The implied conditions are of kinematic character but independent of the constitutive behaviour of the growing tube material. Because they hold in addition to and simultaneously with standard kinematic relations and equilibrium equations, they describe growth by an overdetermined system of equations. In cases of hyperelastic mass-growth, the additional information they thus provide enables identification of specific classes of strain energy densities for growth that are admissible and, therefore, suitable for the implied type of axisymmetric tube mass-growth to take place. The presented analysis is applicable to many different particular cases of axisymmetric mass-growth of tube-like tissue, though admissible classes of relevant strain energy densities for growth are identified only for a few example applications. These consider and discuss cases of relevant hyperelastic mass-growth which (i) is of purely dilatational nature, (ii) combines dilatational and torsional deformation, (iii) enables preservation of shape and direction of helically growing fibres, as well as (iv) plane fibres growing on the cross section of an infinitely long fibre-reinforced tube. The analysis can be extended towards mass-growth modelling of tube-like tissue that contains two or more families of fibres. Potential combination of the outlined theoretical process with suitable data obtained from relevant experimental observations could lead to realistic forms of much sought strain energy functions for growth.

Dynamic instability of collective myosin II motors**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11205123).

Some kinds of muscles can oscillate spontaneously, which is related to the dynamic instability of the collective motors. Based on the two-state ratchet model and with consideration of the motor stiffness, the dynamics of collective myosin II motors are studied. It is shown that when the motor stiffness is small, the velocity of the collective motors decreases monotonically with load increasing. When the motor stiffness becomes large, dynamic instability appears in the force–velocity relationship of the collective-motor transport. For a large enough motor stiffness, the zero-velocity point lies in the unstable range of the force–velocity curve, and the motor system becomes unstable before the motion is stopped, so spontaneous oscillations can be generated if the system is elastically coupled to its environment via a spring. The oscillation frequency is related to the motor stiffness, motor binding rate, spring stiffness, and the width of the ATP excitation interval. For a medium motor stiffness, the zero-velocity point lies outside the unstable range of the force–velocity curve, and the motion will be stopped before the instability occurs.

Bilateral reversed Palmaris longus muscle with trifid insertion – A rare variation

The palmaris longus muscle (PL) is described as probably the most variable muscle in the human body, being variable both in number and form. 1 It can be absent in about 11% of bodies and this absence is more often in females and on the left side. 1,2 Bilateral absence is more common than unilateral absence. 1 Concerning the kind of muscle, it may be fleshy throughout its entire length or may be digastric. The muscle may have a proximal tendon or a distal one. It may be fleshy distally and tendinous proximally (Palmaris longus inversus), being known as the reversed palmaris longus muscle (RPL). The insertion is also highly variable and the muscle may be attached to the fascia of the forearm, the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris, the flexor retinaculum, the pisiform or the scaphoid bones, the abductor pollicis brevis muscle, the fascia or muscles of the hypothenar eminence, one of the flexor tendons, or near the metacarpophalangeal joints. 1 The distal end of the PL is of clinical interest because of its possible relationships with the median and ulnar nerves. Usually the anatomical variations of the PL are not symptomatic. Nevertheless, a RPL can cause median nerve compression, 2,3 and less frequently ulnar nerve compression. 4

생체모방 소형 점핑로봇의 설계 및 시뮬레이션

본 논문은 형상기억합금 와이어에 의해 구동되는 점핑로봇에 대한 연구로서 기구의 설계와 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 포함하고 있다. 인간과 같은 척추동물 하지 근골격계의 구조와 기능을 모방한 구조의 점핑 기구를 설계하였다. 점핑 기구의 각 다리는 대퇴부, 정강이, 발의 세 부분으로 구성되고, 점핑에 필수적인 단일관절근육인 대둔근, 양관절근육인 대퇴직근과 비복근을 포함하는 구조이다. 각 근육을 형상기억합금 와이어로 대체한 컴퓨터 모델로 시뮬레이션한 결과, 로봇의 최대 점핑 높이가 로봇 신장의 약 4 배임을 확인하였다. 또한 구조가 보다 단순화된 로봇 모델과 점핑 성능을 비교하였고, 그 결과 근골격계를 모방한 모델이 점핑 높이 면에서 3.3 배 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 형상기억합금이 소형 점핑로봇의 작동기로 사용하기에 적합함을 확인하였다.

축구선수와 일반인의 스쿼트운동에 따른 근피로도 변화 비교

In this study, to analyze the changing process of the muscle fatigue before squat, immediately after squat, 5 minutes after squat, 10 minutes after squat, experiment was carried out to 8 people of soccer player played over 7 years who are at I university and 8 people of healthy adult man. The electromyogram was measured at Erector Spinae, Gluteus Maximus and Rectus Femoris, and repeated 2-way ANOVA test was performed by repeated measuring about the value of the muscle fatigue of each muscle and time, group, left and right side, time and group, time and left and right side. The results are as below. About the left and right side of the Erector Spinae, Gluteus Maximus and Rectus Femoris, there is no meaningful difference through all 3 kind of muscles. In the result of the analysis of the study about the Erector Spinae and Rectus Femoris, there are statistically definite differences through time and a little statistical difference through time and group. But about the Gluteus Maximus, there is no statistically meaningful difference. Thus, the muscle fatigue generated in the process of squat, influences on the muscle of Erector Spinae and Rectus Femoris but doesn`t influence on the Gluteus Maximus.

Identification of histaminic (H1-type) receptors in small intestine of broilers by application of histamine and some of its agonists and antagonists

Histamine is a biologically active amine (biogenic amine) that has a broad spectra of physiologic and pathologic reactions in the organism. Its effects are shown through 4 types of specific receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4). Histamine is one of the main causes of intestine disorders and the occurrence of diarrhea, both of which are very common in broilers. Whilst there is no information in scientific literature about the presence of histaminic receptors in smooth muscles of the small intestine wall of broilers (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), we tried to determine their presence, distribution and type in this kind of muscles. Investigations were carried out on isolated smooth muscles of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broiler small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strip was then placed in an isolated organ bath and the contractions obtained were registered with isometric transducers on a two-channel printer. This was done following the addition of histamine, betahistine (H1 agonist), and mepiramine (H1 antagonist). Muscle vitality was checked by adding acethylcholine chloride. Using the obtained results, it can be concluded that H1 types of histaminergic receptors are present in smooth muscles of the small intestine of broilers. .

Biochemical Survey on Episodic Localized Darkening in Turkey Deboned Thigh Meat Packaged in Modified Atmosphere

The color of food, especially meat and meat products, is a parameter that strongly influences consumer choice. In Italy, repeated cases of darkening in deboned thigh meat of male turkeys packaged in modified atmosphere (MAP; 80% 02, 20% CO2) have been reported. The pH, lipid oxidation (TBARS), heme proteins, and iron content were investigated in MAP samples of turkey males, females, and in oxygen-permeable film-packaged males. Furthermore, the absorbance spectrum (400 to 700 nm) of the meat extracts was analyzed to better delineate the evolution and characteristics of the darkening process. Results showed that darkening occurred only in males with higher content of total iron, independently of the content of heme proteins, which differs only between males and females. Furthermore, pH was higher in muscles taken as controls, with respect to muscles involved in the darkening, as well as in females. Finally, TBARS values were found to be higher in darkened regions than in not darkened ones, as well as in MAP samples with respect to oxygen-permeable film-packaged samples. These findings suggest that darkening occurrence might depend on kind of muscle, sex, and individual characteristics of the animals raised under the same breeding conditions.

Reviewing Gender

Reviewing Gender

Análise eletromiográfica do quadríceps durante a extensão do joelho em diferentes velocidades

A síndrome de dor fêmuro-patelar (SDFP) é uma disfunção comum, geralmente causada por trações laterais excessivas da patela. Indivíduos com SDFP, usualmente apresentam inibição do vasto medial oblíquo (VMO), o qual é responsável pela tração medial patelar. O tratamento conservador envolve o reforço do quadríceps para promover melhor estabilidade e tração patelar. Muitos pesquisadores buscam o recrutamento seletivo do VMO, com o intuito de otimizar o tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar, através da eletromiografia, a interferência da velocidade angular e diferentes formas de fixação do tubo elástico na atividade quadricipital. Dez indivíduos do sexo masculino com ausência de lesão muscular ou articular participaram deste estudo. Indivíduos com ângulo Q fora do intervalo de 10-15° foram excluídos da pesquisa. O tubo elástico foi fixado paralelo e oblíquo em relação ao corpo do indivíduo. As extensões de joelho foram realizadas com velocidades angulares de 60 e 120°/seg. Nenhuma atividade seletiva do VMO foi encontrada. Comparando os níveis de atividade muscular, durante as duas velocidades angulares houve aumento no nível de atividade eletromiográfica em todas porções do quadríceps, apenas para a fixação do tubo elástico paralela. Os resultados sugerem uma atividade sinérgica entre o VMO e as outras porções do quadríceps.

筋の振動特性に着目したクロナキシー測定システムの開発

Electro-stimulation of muscles is utilized in various fields, such as functional electric stimulation (FES), therapeutic electric stimulation (TES), chronaxie testing of muscle, etc. The chronaxie is examined to estimate the relative excitability of muscles in clinical practice. ChronaxTM (OG Giken Co., Ltd., CX-3) is a commercial instrument for this type of diagnosis. However, the time required to obtain a strength-duration curve and the chronaxie is relatively long. It is also difficult to get reproducible measurement results because the start of muscle vibration is detected visually and subjectively.We previously developed a computer-based chronaxie meter. It consisted of a notebook-type computer, an electrical interface circuit, and a set of stimulating electrode and accelerometer. The motor point of a muscle was stimulated with negative rectangular pulses. As the muscle vibration caused by stimulation was detected using an accelerometer, the measurement reproducibility of the meter became better. The measurement time also decreased, compared with that of the ChronaxTM. The application of our instrument to many subjects and muscles was difficult for two reasons: a) individual characteristics of muscles; and b) heart synchronous pulsatile noise was superimposed on the muscle vibrations. As a consequence, our former instrument was inadequate because of the long measurement time required, and the accuracy was not sufficient for clinical use.In the present study, the former chronaxie meter was improved for an increase in measurement accuracy and a decrease in measurement time. The improved chronaxie measurement system is characterized by a measurement/control programming design and a transducer for detecting a pulsatile blood flow, newly appended to the former meter. In order to apply this system to many kinds of muscles, two characteristic frequencies and the rheobase current of the S-D curve of the muscle are examined prior to the usual S-D curve measurement. In order to avoid muscle vibration with superposed cardiac synchronous pulsatile noise, the muscle is electrically stimulated just after the onset of the systolic phase of the photoplethysmogram, measured transdigitally. With this trigger method, the muscle vibration can be detected free from noise.The measurement time for an S-D curve has decreased to approximately 50%, compared with the ChronaxTM. The dispersion in the obtained chronaxies of ten measurements has become 3.3%, and in the rheobases, 1.3% (3.8% and 2.3%, respectively in the former meter). The improved measurement system will be applicable to many subjects and kinds of muscles in clinical examination.

Proteolytic activity of 26s proteasomes isolated from muscles of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta: differences between surviving muscles and those undergoing developmentally programmed cell death.

The intersegmental muscles (ISMs) of tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta are a well-characterised model system for examining the biochemical changes that accompany programmed cell death during development. When the ISMs become committed to die, there are dramatic increases in both the ubiquitin-expression, and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Since the 26S proteasome is responsible for ATP/ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in cells, we examined its enzymatic properties. Specific chymotrypsin-like proteolytic activity of 26S proteasomes isolated from ISM is four times higher than that of surviving flight muscle (FM). However, specific activity does not change between developmental stages within ISM or FM. The difference between proteolytic capacity of the two kinds of muscles is even higher when the ISM become committed to die because 26S proteasome content of ISM increases just before cell death. These observations underline the role of 26S proteasome in programmed cell death.

Scallop striated tropomyosin prepared by a new method

A large amount of tropomyosin was quickly prepared from scallop striated muscle by the method combining ammonium sulfate fractionation in the presence of Mg2+-ATP and subsequent dialysis. The yield of tropomyosin by this method was about four times higher than that by conventional method. The tropomyosin thus prepared showed essentially the same activity as ordinary preparation, e.g., it depressed the Mg2+-ATPase activity of rabbit skeletal actomyosin by 25%, whereas no effect on that of recom stituted scallop actomyosin was observed. This new method for preparing tropomyosin characterized by its simplicity and rapidity is expected to be applicable to different kinds of muscle.

Comparison of respiratory sparing effect between pancuronium and three new nondepolarizing muscle relaxants in rats.

There is a large difference in sensitivity between respiratory muscles and other limb muscles. This phenomenon, known as the respiratory sparing effect (RSE), is well established withd-tubocurarine, pancuronium, and succinylcholine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the RSE of these new relaxants, vecuronium, pipecuronium, and ORG9426. The study was done in vivo using rats. Mechanical twitch responses of tibialis anterior muscle and diaphragm stimulated with the sciatic nerve and phrenic nerve, respectively, were recorded simultaneously to monitor neuromuscular transmission. Changes of mechanical twitch responses from both muscles were compared following the injection of four kinds of muscle relaxants (pancuronium, picuronium, recuronium, and ORG9426). T, D (%) represents the maximum depression in tibialis anterior and diaphragm, respectively. T-D (%), which means the sensitivity difference between the two kinds of muscle, was calculated by subtracting D from T. The T-Ds of pancuronium, pipecuronium, vecuronium, and ORG9426 were 86.0±2.6%, 81.4±1.9%, 77.7±2.1%, and 74.6±2.7%, respectively. The results indicated that the blockade produced by each muscle relaxant was lower in the diaphragm than in the anterior tibialis muscle. T-D was significantly smaller with vecuronium or ORG9426 than with pancuronium.

ブタの筋肉内トリアシルグリセロールの分子種組成

The compositions of fatty acid and molecular sgecies in intramuscular triacylglycerols of three kinds of porcine muscles from three way crossing (Landrace×Large White×Duroc) pigs were determined by gas chromatography. There were no differences in the fatty acid and molecular species compositions of triacylglycerols among three kinds of muscles. The major fatty acids of intramuscular triacylglycerols were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C8:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) where C18:1 had the highest concentration. The major molecular species of intramuscular triacylglycerols were dipalmitoyl (PP)-oleoyl (O)-glycerol (PPO) and P-stearoyl (S)-O-glycerol (PSO), POO and P-O-linoleoyl (L)-glycerol (POL). POO had the highest concentration in these molecular species.