Kinds Of Detection Research Articles

Rapid detection of Penaeus vannamei diseases via an improved LeNet

Shrimp disease is a greatly important factor in the culture of Penaeus vannamei, the shrimp species with the highest yield in the world aquaculture industry. Hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (HPND, 37 %), red body disease (RBD, 26 %), and whitish muscle disease (WMD, 18 %) were the most common Penaeus vannamei diseases, all of which are usually classified and identified by two kinds of detection (manual detection and germs purifying method). Most of these detections suffer from the class low accuracy, too complex, or too costly. In this study, we tackle this situation with an improved LeNet, which includes modifying model parameters and computational methods. More particularly, this study proposes a convolutional neural networks (CNN) model that is based on LeNet network framework and can reduce parameters and accelerate calculation. To offer improvements in classification and identification, we increase the number of feature maps. Meanwhile, to firstly take denoise and then strengthen characteristic in pretreatment, HSV color space conversion and Gaussian noise with a level of 20 are led into. We conclude that the model generates the precision at about 96.1 % when the weight parameter learning rate is 0.002 and the number of iterations is 120 after being trained and validated. The study has made tremendous progress in the rapid detection of Penaeus vannamei diseases by providing an effective technological path and suggesting the possibility of realizing early disease warnings in future works.

Application of TMA Technology in Donors' HBV-DNA Detection

To understand the infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV) in blood donors, and to evaluate the effectiveness and necessity of TMA technology for HBV-DNA screening in blood donors. Using the ELISA/NAT model, routine serology test and NAT were performed in the 169 160 donors，including voluntary blood donors and some of donors returned to donor team. For some donors with test positive NAT, nucleic acid identification test was performed. And the HBsAg neutralized and confirmed assay would conduct in blood donors with unilateral HBsAg positive and HBV-DNA negative result. Among 169 160 donation cases-times, the donors of bilateral positive of HBsAg detection was 803, accounted for 0.476%; donors of unilateral positive was 243, accounted for 0.144%. For 40 specimens with HBV-DNA negative, unilateral HBsAg positive, the neutralization and confirmed assay was performed.In result, only 4 specimens were confirmed to be HBsAg positive, the confirmed positive rate was 10%. Among detected 1003 specimens with HBV-DNA positive specimens, both HBsAg and HBV-DNA positive were 739, the consistency rate between 2 kinds of detection was 73.7%. The comparision of positive rate detected by using 3 kinds of reagents showed that there were statistical differences (P＜0.05); moreover, there were statistical difference in positive rate detected by using Murex reagent and In Tec reagent (P＜0.0125). The comparison of detected rate of HBsAg+ and HBV-DNA+ during March 2016-February 2017 showed no statistical difference (P＞0.05). Among 60 blood donors with HBsAg- and HBV-DNA+ who has retured to the donor team, 1 donor presented the transformation of HBsAg from negative to positive, suggesting the HBV infection of window period, HBsAg of the other 59 was negative. The detection of HBV-DNA showed that the HBV-DNA in 28 donors was negative, and the HBV-DNA in 31 donors was positive, 1 donor showed HBV-DNA was uncertain. The routine TMA technology combined with ELISA HBsAg can effectively shorten the window period for detection of HBV infection, effectively detect the occult HBV infection, and reduce the potential risk of hepatitis B spread due to blood transfusion.

Application of TMA Technology in Donors' HBV-DNA Detection

To understand the infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV) in blood donors, and to evaluate the effectiveness and necessity of TMA technology for HBV-DNA screening in blood donors. Using the ELISA/NAT model, routine serology test and NAT were performed in the 169 160 donors，including voluntary blood donors and some of donors returned to donor team. For some donors with test positive NAT, nucleic acid identification test was performed. And the HBsAg neutralized and confirmed assay would conduct in blood donors with unilateral HBsAg positive and HBV-DNA negative result. Among 169 160 donation cases-times, the donors of bilateral positive of HBsAg detection was 803, accounted for 0.476%; donors of unilateral positive was 243, accounted for 0.144%. For 40 specimens with HBV-DNA negative, unilateral HBsAg positive, the neutralization and confirmed assay was performed.In result, only 4 specimens were confirmed to be HBsAg positive, the confirmed positive rate was 10%. Among detected 1003 specimens with HBV-DNA positive specimens, both HBsAg and HBV-DNA positive were 739, the consistency rate between 2 kinds of detection was 73.7%. The comparision of positive rate detected by using 3 kinds of reagents showed that there were statistical differences (P＜0.05); moreover, there were statistical difference in positive rate detected by using Murex reagent and In Tec reagent (P＜0.0125). The comparison of detected rate of HBsAg+ and HBV-DNA+ during March 2016-February 2017 showed no statistical difference (P＞0.05). Among 60 blood donors with HBsAg- and HBV-DNA+ who has retured to the donor team, 1 donor presented the transformation of HBsAg from negative to positive, suggesting the HBV infection of window period, HBsAg of the other 59 was negative. The detection of HBV-DNA showed that the HBV-DNA in 28 donors was negative, and the HBV-DNA in 31 donors was positive, 1 donor showed HBV-DNA was uncertain. The routine TMA technology combined with ELISA HBsAg can effectively shorten the window period for detection of HBV infection, effectively detect the occult HBV infection, and reduce the potential risk of hepatitis B spread due to blood transfusion.

The in situ detection of smoking in public area by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

The cigarette smoke in public area could be harmful to the non-smokers. In this paper, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is applied to the in situ detection of the cigarette smoke in public area, and the single particles aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) is utilized to aid the elemental analysis as well as realize the isotope detection. According to the obtained emission spectra, the smoke consists of Mg, Ca, Sr, Na, K elements which are absent in air, and the concentrations of H2O and CO2 in smoke increase obviously. Moreover, the cigarette ash after burning is taken as the sample for off-line detection and several heavy metal elements are detected. The comparison between the spectra of cigarette smoke and ash shows that these two kinds of detection are greatly different in terms of constituent and plasma status. In addition, the molecular emission of Carbon-Nitrogen was observed in smoke spectrum, and the molecular vibrational and rotational temperature of CN molecule was calculated. Finally, the LIBS and SPAMS were applied to the semi-quantitative detection and isotope analysis of Pb in the smoke.

Analytic and simulative comparison of turbulent FSO system with different modulation techniques

In this paper, we characterize the performance of Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection (IM/DD) and coherent detection modulation techniques in free-space optical (FSO) communication system in terms of bit error rate (BER). The system of interest includes M-ary Pulse Position Modulation (M-PPM) in correspondence to IM/DD and M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) with respect to coherent detection. The system is subjected to weak turbulence regime of log-normal channel with scintillation index less than 0.75. Coherent techniques involve the amount of signal pulses transmitted in a particular time as the major component of their generation, except IM/DD which is a result of photon intensity, i.e. the number of photons forming a pulse. It is worth mentioning that in previous studies, the performance of IM/DD techniques had been evaluated in terms of photon-count fluctuation statistics and thus the impact of fading strength of channel on signal intensity was not discussed anywhere. In this work, an objective equivalence has been achieved between these two kinds of detection by deriving the BER expression of M-PPM in terms of probability density function of signal intensity, while considering fading strength, scintillation index, thermal noise and outage probability as system parameters for numerical analysis.

Elucidating Anion‐Dependent Formation and Conversion of Pd2L4 and Pd3L6 Metal–Organic Cages by Complementary Techniques

The fast development of the design, construction, and application of metal–organic materials including infinite metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and discrete metal–organic cages (MOCs) has not only propelled the advance of modern supramolecular syntheses to an unprecedented level, but also burgeoned various kinds of detection and characterization technologies. Herein, complementary techniques, including diversified NMR and ESI‐MS spectrometry, solid‐state crystallography, and theoretical simulation are exploited to elucidate the structural evolution of a dynamic supramolecular coordination system involving PdII–MOCs of different compositions. The combination of various kinds of modern techniques verifies the anion template effect, which leads to the preferred formation and further conversion of Pd2L4 or Pd3L6 cages.

A Study on Validity Detection for Shipping Decision in the Mail-order Industry

This paper presents investigating fraud transaction detection in the mail order industry. These kinds of detection have done intensively, but the outcome of the research has not shared among the mail-order industry. As the B2C market such as the Amazon type business expands their market volume exponentially, the fraud transactions increase in number. As a matter of course, this phenomenon is not only continuing but clever. One of the conclusive factor for this phenomenon is the payment method. That is, the deferred payment method. The conventional primary indicator for the fraud detection is the ordered time based information. They are shipping address, recipient name, and the payment method. This kind of information makes use of the prediction in common. Conventional detecting method for the fraud depends on the human working experiences so far. From such kind of information, the mail-order company predicts the potential fraud customer with their working experience parameters. As the number of order transaction becomes large, fraud detection becomes difficult. The mail order industry needs something clever detection method. From these backgrounds, we observe the transaction data with the customer attribute information gathered from a mail order company in Japan and characterized the customer with a machine learning method. From the results of the intensive research, potential fraudulent transactions are identified. Intensive research revealed that the classification of the deliberate customer and the careless customer with machine learning.

Effects of Sodium Citrate on the Ammonium Sulfate Recycled Leaching of Low-Grade Zinc Oxide Ores

AbstractThe effects of sodium citrate on ammonium sulfate recycled leaching of low-grade zinc oxide ores were studied. By applying various kinds of detection and analysis techniques such as chemical composition analysis, chemical phase method, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrum (SEM/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transforming infrared spectrum (FT-IR), zinc raw ore, its leaching slag and the functional mechanism of sodium citrate were investigated. Based on a comprehensive analysis, it can be concluded that in contrast to hemimorphite (Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O), amorphous smithsonite (ZnCO3) and zinc silicate (Zn2SiO4) prove to be refractory phases under ammonium sulfate leaching, while sodium citrate has a better chelating action with the refractory phases, resulting in a higher zinc leaching rate. Under conditions of [NH3]/[NH3]T molar ratio being 0.5, [NH3]T being 7.5 mol/L, [Na3C6H5O7] being 0.2 mol/L, S/L ratio being 1:5, temperature being 303 K, holding time being 1 h in each of the two stages, and stirring rate being 300 rpm, the leaching rate of zinc reached 93.4%. In this article, sulfate ammonium recycled technology also reveals its unique advantage in processing low-grade zinc oxide ores accompanied by high silicon and high alkaline gangue.

Recent Research Trends and Future Prospects in Nanozymes

Recently, nanomaterial‐based enzyme mimetics (nanozymes) have attracted enormous interest. They exhibit unique advantages such as excellent robustness, stability, and low‐cost production with easy scale‐up, which are critically needed as an alternative to natural enzymes. These nanozymes exhibit natural enzyme‐like activity and have been applied to various kinds of detection and treatment methods for biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, cells, and small molecules including glucose. To highlight progress in the field of nanozymes, this review discusses recent nanozyme‐based research results and their applications for the development of novel biosensor, immunoassay, cancer diagnostics, therapeutics, and environmental engineering technologies. Current challenges and future prospects of nanozymes for widespread use in biotechnology are also discussed.

Paired determination and analysis of 303 mercury samples of cord blood, fetal hair, placenta and maternal scalp hair

Objective To determine mercury contents in pair in cord blood, fetal hair, placenta and maternal scalp hair, and to analyze the correlation among them and the effect of mercury exposure risk factors in the mercury contents of samples. Methods Puerperants in the hospital, who lived in the local area without history of major diseases during the whole pregnancy, were investigated by questionnaire composed to several health factors.Cord blood, fetal hair, placenta and maternal scalp hair of these puerperal and their neonates (polyembryony and birth defects excluded) were collected to determine mercury content in pairs. Results The mean mercury contents of cord blood, fetal hair, placenta and maternal scalp hair in 303 samples were 1.65 μg/kg, 234.58 μg/kg, 3.85 μg/kg, 497.62 μg/kg, respectively.Fifty percentile of them were 1.72 μg/kg, 252.24 μg/kg, 3.98 μg/kg, 508.88 μg/kg, respectively.There were direct correlations between mercury in cord blood and that in fetal hair, mercury in cord blood and that in placenta, mercury in cord blood and that in maternal scalp hair, mercury in fetal hair and that in placenta, mercury in fetal hair and that in maternal scalp hair, mercury in maternal scalp hair and that in placenta(all P<0.05). The mercury contents in cord blood, fetal hair and maternal scalp hair of those living nearby factories involved in mercury, higher intake fish during the pregnancy, firing coal and consumption of whiting cosmetics and smoking were determined as (2.24±0.20) μg/kg, (315.65±35.31) μg/kg and (663.53±71.83) μg/kg.The mercury in those without the high risk factors mentioned above were(1.62±0.16) μg/kg, (245.79±28.21) μg/kg and (499.39±47.72) μg/kg.There was a significant difference between 2 groups(all P<0.01). Conclusions In addition to control industrial pollution, pregnant women should avoid the above-mentioned high risk factors and pay more attention to health care during pregnancy.The mercury content in cord blood is highly correlated with the mercury in fetal hair, and that in placenta and in maternal scalp hair.The 2 kinds of detection both can achieve the purpose of monitoring mercury intrauterine exposure conditions. Key words: Cord blood; Foetal hair; Maternal scalp hair; Placenta; Mercury; Pregnancy; High risk factor

Quantitative Evaluation of Auraptene and Umbelliferone, Chemopreventive Coumarins in Citrus Fruits, by HPLC-UV-FL-MS

An analytical strategy, based on the development of two HPLC methods with spectrophotometric (UV), spectrofluorometric (FL), and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, has been developed to investigate the presence of and to quantitate two important chemopreventive coumarins, auraptene and umbelliferone, in foodstuffs. The analytes were determined in fruits, and fruit parts, of plants belonging to the Citrus , Poncirus , and Fortunella genera, to test their nutraceutical potential. The method validation has been carried out according to international guidelines, with good results in terms of precision (RSD < 6.9%) and extraction yields (>91%). Application to the quantitative analysis of auraptene and umbelliferone in several kinds of citrus fruits was successful, providing reliable and consistent data. Exploiting three different kinds of detection, the analytical methodology proposed herein has been demonstrated to be sound but versatile, as well as reliable. Performances and results were compared and always found in good agreement among themselves. Thus, this approach is suitable for the identification and simultaneous quantitation of auraptene and umbelliferone in citrus fruits, with the aim of evaluating their nutraceutical potential.

Robust vehicle detection even in poor visibility conditions using infrared thermal images and its application to road traffic flow monitoring

We propose an algorithm for detecting vehicle positions and their movements by using thermal images obtained through an infrared thermography camera. The infrared thermography camera offers high contrast images even in poor visibility conditions like snow and thick fog. The proposed algorithm specifies the area of moving vehicles based on the standard deviations of pixel values along the time direction of spatio-temporal images. It also specifies vehicle positions by applying the pattern recognition algorithm which uses Haar-like features per frame of the images. Moreover, to increase the accuracy of vehicle detection, correction procedures for misrecognition of vehicles are employed. The results of our experiments at three different temperatures show that the information about both vehicle positions and their movements can be obtained by combining those two kinds of detection, and the vehicle detection accuracy is 96.2%. Moreover, the proposed algorithm detects the vehicles robustly in the 222 continuous frames taken in poor visibility conditions like snow and thick fog. As an application of the algorithm, we also propose a method for estimating traffic flow conditions based on the results obtained by the algorithm. By using the method for estimating traffic flow conditions, automatic traffic flow monitoring can be achieved.

Performance measures for dynamic signal detection

For more than half a century, experimental studies of various kinds of detection and discrimination behavior have tended to rely on the simple, two-stage statistical decision model known as signal detection theory. An apparent weakness of this classical framework is its assumption that making a decision is equivalent to choosing a decision criterion or boundary to map perceptual or evidence states to a binary classification response. This static representation leads to several fundamental mispredictions about qualitative properties of discrimination, each of which is characteristic of a dynamic detection process. In this article, we show that there is a robust solution to a second class of problems introduced originally by detection theorists, but later mostly abandoned — the problem of estimating the detectability of the signal when the decision process is sequential. In an empirical application, a detectability statistic defined on a crude description of the temporal dynamics of the detection process is shown to be roughly constant under manipulations of both response preference and response speed. The estimated stringency of the stopping condition decreased in conjunction with a decrease in signal strength in time, consistent with the hypothesis that sensory information is retrieved from a decaying memory store. The analysis also makes it possible to estimate the bivariate distribution of the sensory and non-sensory components of the response time.

Non-Gaussian states by conditional measurements

We address realistic schemes for the generation of non-Gaussian states of light based on conditional intensity measurements performed on correlated bipartite states. We consider both quantum and classically correlated states and different kinds of detection, comparing the resulting non-Gaussianity parameters upon varying the input energy and the detection efficiency. We found that quantum correlations generally lead to higher non-Gaussianity, at least in the low-energy regime. An experimental implementation feasible with current technology is also suggested.

The Drum Height Detection Model of the Shearer Cutting Memory Program Control

The drum height was detected reliably, one of the main parameters for requirements of the shearer cutting memory program control was obtained. According to the principle of the drum lifting mechanism, two kinds of sensor detection conversion mathematical model based on the rocker angular displacement and the lifting cylinder linear displacement were established, the mathematical relation between the drum height and the sensor detection quantity and precision was derived, and the error of two kinds of detection was comparatively analyzed, therefore the theory basis to choose the sensor tape and precision to shearer cutting memory program control is provided.

Graham Greene and the Hounds of Brighton Rock

Graham Greene and the Hounds of Brighton Rock Elliott Malamet (bio) The Narrative of Graham Greene'S Brighton Rock gains force through the presentation of two conflicting impulses continually at war with one another. The text describes not only the literal pursuit of Hale, and then the hunt for Pinkie, but also abounds with the metaphoric terminology of detection, containment, and capture, from Rose's yearning to seal Pinkie's words on a recording to the snapshot of an unaware Spicer that hangs outside a photographer's kiosk for all the world to peruse. Yet concurrent with these attempts by characters to "pin down" one another, are the dark pockets of incomprehensibility that stubbornly thwart and even mock human perception. Pinkie best exemplifies this enigma: "You couldn't tell if he was scared; his young ancient poker-face told nothing."1 Determined to foil any surveillance of his inner being, he has "an air of removing his thoughts, like heavy bales and stacking them inside, turning the key on all the world" (270). He utterly rejects any attempt to categorize or define him; when he is criticized by a former member of his gang, he aligns himself with Christ as the paradigm of the misunderstood figure prone to the subjective fancies of others: "The picture Cubitt drew had got nothing to do with him: it was like the pictures men drew of Christ, the image of their own sentimentality. Cubitt couldn't [End Page 689] know" (230). Although the limited accessibility of Pinkie's inner self to outsiders may be attributable to the notion formulated by Terry Eagleton that he and Rose "belong to a metaphysical elite" (132), it is also true that Ida Arnold, whom no one might accuse of an alienating religious philosophy, is as hard to pierce as the darkest Jansenist: "Her large clear eyes . . . told nothing, gave away no secrets. Camaraderie, good nature, cheeriness fell like shutters before a plate-glass window. You could only guess at the goods behind . . ." (92). The tension in the novel between detection and evasion, the vast emotional spaces separating the characters and the fiercely dogged pursuit intended to annihilate that gap, centers around Pinkie. Perhaps because of his very reticence, he does not lack for pursuers; he is the magnet for various kinds of detection, and nearly everyone and everything in the novel eventually comes to hunt him. Critical studies of the novel have long focused on the philosophical opposition between Ida and Pinkie, but in the following I argue that Ida is but one in a series of "hounds"—Colleoni, the police, his childhood, Rose, God—each representing a different threat to Pinkie.2 Yet for all of his pursuers, and despite the novel's constant emphasis on the use of messages, photographs, recordings, signs, witnesses—all forms of tracing an individual—Pinkie emerges as profoundly indecipherable. One of the central ironies in Brighton Rock is that although Pinkie is constantly watched or hunted by these antagonists, Greene seldom places him in a position of physical danger or of needing to escape an actual threat. Despite a few instances of actual pursuit—Colleoni's men tracking Pinkie after the racetrack incident or the race at the end of the novel to stop the killing of Rose—much of the action, from a strictly conventional point of view, is rather static. The characters all know where they can find one another; in fact, Pinkie is adamant that he will never leave Brighton: He stared straight out towards France, an unknown land. At his back beyond the Cosmopolitan, Old Steyne, the Lewes Road, stood the downs, villages, cattle round the dewponds, another unknown land. This was his territory, the populous foreshore, a few thousand acres of houses. . . . It had been Kite's territory, it had been good enough for Kite, and when Kite had died in the waiting-room at St Pancras, it had been as if a father had died, leaving him an inheritance it was his duty never to leave for strange acres. (160-161) The repeated mention of such locales as The Cosmopolitan, Snow's, and Frank's Place enhances the presence of gang rivalry in Brighton Rock...