Kind Of Deformation Research Articles

Deformation‐induced stress/strain mapping and performance evaluation of a‐IGZO thin‐film transistors for flexible electronic applications

AbstractIn the flexible electronics sector, there is an urgent need for higher performance, and hence, many new technologies are emerging in recent years. The field of organic and printed electronics allows low production costs and large areas. The silicon technology allows nanometric resolutions and better performance. A new technology CAD (TCAD)‐based design methodology is needed to combine both mechanical flexibility and high performance. This work presents a predictive TCAD calibration methodology for indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs), employing physics‐based modeling to support and enhance simulation‐based device development. In this work, based on the nonlinear finite element technique, a TCAD framework has been developed to introduce different types of large deformations and obtain the local stress/strain profiles (mapping) inside the devices. The impacts of various kinds of deformations on the electrical characteristics of the strained TFTs are studied. The feasibility (via predictions) for amorphous‐indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) TFTs, combining considerable mechanical flexibility, high electrical performance, and finally, excellent stability under deformation, may be useful for mechanical deformation‐aware design and modeling for highly flexible electronics. To the best of our knowledge, the highest cutoff frequency (fT > 690 MHz) possible for strain‐engineered a‐IGZO TFTs is predicted in entirely flexible technologies that can be used to realize active transceivers operating in the MHz regime.

Research on deformation control and prevention measures of pile anchor support system in foundation pit

With the rapid development of urban modernization, the pile anchor support system has been widely used in the deep foundation pit project. Because the deformation of the pile anchor support system directly affects the overall stability of the foundation pit and brings serious potential safety accidents to the construction of the deep foundation pit, avoiding the deformation of the pile anchor support system can effectively prevent the occurrence of the construction safety accidents of the deep foundation pit. Based on many years of construction experience, the deformation rule of pile anchor support system of deep foundation pit is taken as the research object. This paper starts from the scheme design of pile anchor support system and the monitoring data of the foundation pit, and combines with the actual deformation of the pile anchor support system in the construction site, summarizes the causes and prevention measures of the deformation of the pile anchor support system in the construction stage. The research results show that in the initial stage of construction, the top of the pile anchor support system inclines forward to the pit and gradually changes into a bow shape. This kind of deformation is related to the increase of excavation depth and the erosion of active soil pressure area by surface water. In the later stage of construction, the deformation of the top of the foundation pit converges and the bottom of the pile anchor support system protrudes into the pit, which is related to the erosion of the passive soil pressure area by rainwater and the embedded depth of the pile foundation.

Researches on the curvature adjustment of metal sheet induced by laser shock forming through experiments and simulations

Laser shock forming (LSF) is an emerging method for metal sheet forming, and it can also be used to adjust the curvature of the curved metal. A series of laser shock adjustment experiments were conducted on 1-mm-thick curved aluminum 6061-T6 sheets using pulsed Nd3+:YAG laser operating at 1064-nm wavelength. The effects of various factors on the curvature adjustment were studied, including laser energy, impacted area, coverage rate of laser spots, and initial sheet shape. The mechanisms of curvature adjustment by LSF were studied by FEM simulation. The results have shown that the stress gradient mechanism and the shock bending mechanism were responsible for the two different kinds of deformation. The characteristic difference between the two mechanisms lies in whether the plastic deformation is directly induced on the bottom surface when the laser-induced shock wave is transmitted to the bottom surface. The curvature of the metal sheet can be adjusted conveniently within a certain range by changing the laser processing parameters, which is very useful for the engineering application.

BEBERAPA MACAM CACAT TUBUH YANG TERJADI PADA BENIH IKAN KERAPU CANTANG HASIL HATCHERY

Cantang grouper is a hybrid between female tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and male giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) cantang grouper is currently in big demand for aquaculture because it has fast growth. Seed requirement of this fish can be supplied from hatcheries production, one of the constraints of the hatchery production it is deformities. The purpose of this study is to know the kinds of deformities that occur in fish seeds produced from the hatchery. The study was conducted in Gerokgak District , Buleleng Regency, Bali. Data obtained by survey and direct observation in several hatcheries and collected was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that highest deformity were open gills reached 90.1%, followed by deformity of tail 72.6%, head and mouth reached 23.8% and backbone (kiposis, lordosis skiolosis) reached 20.8% . High deformities in the resulting seed will result in losses to the hatchery because the seed can't sell.

Evaluating the Anatomical Traits of Lip on Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Images

Lips and mouth are the most recognizable parts of the lower face. The morphometry of the facial organs is important for the balance of the face. Besides congenital anomalies occur on the lips, some kinds of deformities might be seen because of trauma or carcinoma. In this respect, lips are in the study of plastic surgery, maxillofacial surgery and orthodontics. Lip morphology also takes an important role in forensic facial reconstruction (facial approximation). Twenty parameters on the soft tissue and 12 parameters on the hard tissue were measured on three dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images belonging 50 individuals (25 female, mean age 35.40 ± 9.97; 25 male, mean age 34.32 ± 11.06). Statistical significance was observed on 4 parameters measured at soft tissue and 6 parameters measured in hard tissue. Statistical significance was not seen between the measurements taken bilaterally. Fourteen equations were developed in order to estimate the lip morphometry using the morphometric traits of hard tissue. We hope that the results of current study will be useful at surgery and forensic sciences.

Characterizing the bending deformation of polymer utilizing the diffraction spectrum of a holographic grating on a flexible substrate

A volume grating based holographic sensor on a flexible substrate for real-time characterization of the bending deformation of polymer has been studied. Two kinds of deformations, i.e., unilateral and bilateral bending, are analyzed by using the diffraction spectrum of a transmission grating. The dependence of the peak wavelength on the angle displacement in unilateral bending presents a linear relationship. The relation between the peak wavelength and the curvature radius in bilateral bending is also a linear relationship. The maximum bending angle is 18 deg in unilateral bending, and the curvature radius reduces to 44 mm in bilateral bending. The diffraction spectrum coverage is up to 200 nm. In straightening a curved grating, the spatial width of the rainbow spectrum presents a linear relation to the curvature radius. The sensing feedback of bending deformation provides an effective method for characterizing the bending movement of polymer. It can even qualitatively present the deformation by observing the center color and its width with the naked eye. The optical measurement of bending deformation further validates the practical applicability of the holographic sensor.

Adaptive Positioning Repair Method for Aero-Engine Blades by Using Speckle Vision Measurement

The repair of damaged aero-engine blades has an extremely high economic value. Due to the complexity of the blade surface and various kinds of deformation during the lifetime, blade positioning in the repair process has always been one of the key problems in the aviation industry. In this study, a method of blade self-adaptive positioning repair method based on speckle vision measurement is proposed. Firstly, a speckle vision measurement system is established to measure the speckles coated on the damaged blade surface to obtain its surface point cloud. Meanwhile, the coordinates of the reference points on the fixture are obtained to build the relative pose model between the blade and the fixture. Secondly, through the solution of posture relations among the mark point coordinate system, measuring camera coordinate system, probe coordinate system, and machine coordinate system, the self-adaptive positioning of the under-positioning clamping blade in the machine coordinate system is achieved. Then based on the positioning model, the machining repair parameters are selected reasonably to complete the CNC (Computer numerical control) path planning of tool repair. Finally, the DMU five-axis numerical control center was used to carry out adaptive positioning repair experiments on the damaged blades. The experimental results showed that this method could achieve satisfying repair effect in under positioning clamping, and provide a new method for repairing damaged aero-engine blades.

Effect of Kind of Deformation on Young's Modulus, Damage Parameter, Texture and Structure of Alloy Mg – 5% Li (wt)

Effect of deformation by extrusion, rolling after extrusion (in combination with annealing and changing the rolling direction), and subsequent alternating bending (AB) with the number of cycles 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 on the elastic modulus (E), damage accumulation parameter (damage parameter ω), crystallographic texture, and substructure parameters of the binary Mg-5%Li alloy have been studied. The damage parameter (0 ≤ ω ≤ 1), which is interpreted as the relative reduction in the effective load-bearing cross-sectional area due to damage accumulation, was found by the change in the elastic modulus after various above types of deformation. At this, we used to compare equivalent deformation and equivalent elastic energy models. The substructure parameters (crystalline domains sizes D, lattice distortion ε, dislocation density ρ) were estimated by analyzing the physical broadening of the lines diffraction on the crystal lattice of studied alloy of the penetrating hard X-ray synchrotron radiation. It was found that in the studied alloy, sheet forms a texture, at which the hexagonal prism axis is 90° deviated from the normal direction (ND) to the sheet up to transverse direction (TD) after extrusion of the ingot at 350°C in combination with its further rolling in the direction of extrusion axis (rolling direction RD) to a thickness of 4.5 mm and annealing at 350°C after each pass. At this the crystallographic directions and coincide with RD. The texture, at which the hexagonal prism axis is deviated from ND to TD by angles ranging from 15 to 70° (unlike from texture of basal type of the pure magnesium) is formed after further rolling of studied alloy to a thickness of 1 mm with the changing of the RD on 90° in combination with annealing at 350°C after each pass. The crystallographic direction coincides with RD. The anisotropy of above mentioned characteristics was found. Correlation and regression analysis showed that the anisotropy and the values of E, D, ε, and ρ, are decreased, and the values of ω are increased with an increase of alternating bend cycles’ number. It is shown that changes in the above characteristics are mainly due to the crystallographic texture formed during thermomechanical processing and subsequent alternating bending of Mg-5%Li alloy sheets, which is confirmed by data of correlation and regression analysis.

EVALUATION OF MONITORING THE PROCESS OF DEFORMATION AND SEDIMATION OF A RIGHT LINE VERTICAL ROD

Elements of building structures (EBS) undergo various kinds of deformation as a result of force and temperature effects. As long as the deformations are within the design values, they are not terrible for the structures of the structure, however, if they exceed the permissible values, then there may be a danger of their operation. Therefore, many large, complex, critical structures are constantly monitored by engineering geodesy methods and using sensors of deformations, displacements, tilts, etc.On the example of a vertical rod made of low-carbon steel, which is rigidly fixed and deformed as a result of subsidence of the lower base, the calculation of the accuracy of measuring the tensile strain is calculated, provided that it allows you to track the elastic limits. The calculation shows that the accuracy of measuring the tensile deformation of low-carbon steel is very high and can increase even more for metals of increased strength and with a different (less pronounced) tensile diagram. But modern devices can measure deformations with such precision. Such devices in the form of strain gauge networks are included in the general geodetic monitoring system.

Differences in the Cortical Structure of the Whole Fibula and Tibia Between Long-Distance Runners and Untrained Controls. Toward a Wider Conception of the Biomechanical Regulation of Cortical Bone Structure.

The cortical structure of human fibula varies widely throughout the bone suggesting a more selective adaptation to different mechanical environments with respect to the adjacent tibia. To test this hypothesis, serial-pQCT scans of the dominant fibulae and tibiae of 15/15 men/women chronically trained in long-distance running were compared with those of 15/15 untrained controls. When compared to controls, the fibulae of trained individuals had similar (distally) or lower (proximally) cortical area, similar moments of inertia (MI) for anterior-posterior bending (xMI) and lower for lateral bending (yMI) with a lower “shape-index” (yMI/xMI ratio) throughout, and higher resistance to buckling distally. These group differences were more evident in men and independent of group differences in bone mass. These results contrast with those observed in the tibia, where, as expected, structural indicators of bone strength were greater in trained than untrained individuals. Proximally, the larger lateral flexibility of runners' fibulae could improve the ability to store energy, and thereby contribute to fast-running optimization. Distally, the greater lateral fibular flexibility could reduce bending strength. The latter appears to have been compensated by a higher buckling strength. Assuming that these differences could be ascribed to training effects, this suggests that usage-derived strains in some bones may modify their relative structural resistance to different kinds of deformation in different regions, not only regarding strength, but also concerning other physiological roles of the skeleton.

Microstructure evolution of a Re-containing nickel-based superalloy by hot deformation and cold severe plastic deformation

The microstructure evolutions of the cast rhenium containing nickel-based superalloy subjected to thermomechanical treatment and severe plastic deformation by high pressure torsion were investigated. Thermomechanical treatment led to the formation a fine-grained structure with γ grain size of about 7 μm and both large precipitates of the γ’ phase with a size of 1-5 μm and dispersed precipitates with a size of about 0.2 μm. Microstructure of the superalloy subjected to high pressure torsion up to 5 revolutions was nanocrystalline with partly dissolved of the dispersed γ′ precipitates. The effect of different kinds of deformation and subsequent annealing on the microstructure, grain boundaries and microhardness changes are also discussed.

Preliminary seismic hazard assessment for the proposed Bohai Strait subsea tunnel based on scenario earthquake studies

In this paper we present a preliminary seismic hazard assessment for the proposed Bohai Strait subsea tunnel (BSST) based on scenario earthquakes in a strike-slip stress regime. We studied two scenarios: 1) a right-lateral, strike-slip faulting earthquake event with surface wave magnitude (Ms) 7.4 occurred on the north to northeast (NNE) oriented Tan-Lu fault zone (TLFZ) with a location about 100 km away from BSST (the far field); and 2) a left-lateral strike-slip event with magnitude Ms4.1 occurred in the direct vicinity to BSST (the near field) on the northwest to west (NWW) Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault zone (Zhang-Peng Fault Zone, or ZPFZ). Selections of these two scenario events are based on the characterization of the actual seismo-tectonic settings and representation of earthquake history in the Bohai region. We studied the impacts of these two scenario events on BSST in terms of longitudinal compression, bending, and tunnel cross-section's ovaling deformation. As a preliminary study, we excluded the analysis of formation-structure interaction and focused on the ground motion parameters expressed as the maximum displacement, the peak ground velocity (PGV) and peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the free seismic wave field surrounding the tunnel walls. This simplification is acceptable for the fact that BSST is planned to be constructed in the granite bedrock formation in which the inertial contrast between the formation and the structure is minimal. Seismic hazard assessment for tunnels is completely different from the assessment for above-ground buildings. It is also substantially different from assessment for tunnels built in soil formations, for which the formation (soil)-structure interaction evaluation is critical. We use semi-analytical approach for assessing the seismic impact of the far field, large event to BSST; whereas use the two-dimensional (2D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) numerical simulation technique for assessing the response of BSST to the seismic load of the near field, smaller event. The preliminary results suggest that 1) the impact of the low frequency, far field event has very subtle impact to BSST in terms of longitudinal compression, bending, and cross-section ovaling; and 2) the impact of the high-frequency, near field event has little impact to BSST in terms of longitudinal compression and bending; while has a measurable impact to cross-section ovaling. However, this kind of deformation is within the limit of tolerance under earthquake-resistant design. Over all, the seismic risk posed by regional large earthquakes and local small events to BSST is within allowable risk threshold and manageable with the enforcement of earthquake resistant code.

Smart material based mechanical switch concepts for the variation of connectivity in the core of shape-adaptable sandwich panels

Smart material based variable internal connectivity has the potential to overcome the inherent conflicting requirements of lightweight shape adaptable structures by reducing the actuation force required for shape adaptation, and, consequently, volume and mass of the actuation system, by increasing the compliance of the structure temporarily. In this paper, we consider shape adaptable sandwich panels with a truss core and implement smart material based variable connections, called mechanical switches, in the trusses of the core. We present three concepts of mechanical switches based on electro-bonded laminates, dielectric elastomer actuators and shape memory alloys, and evaluate their performance in terms of variation in stiffness and in maximum transferable force. Based on these results, we show how the implementation of variable connections in the core trusses can be used to reduce the actuation force by different orders of magnitude for three simple types of deformation of the panel: change in thickness, in transverse shear angle and bending. Further, considering the influence of the mechanical switches on the out-of-plane stiffness of the core, we demonstrate that this approach can be used to obtain changes in thickness of the panel, a kind of deformation that is not possible to obtain with other approaches found in literature. Moreover, we show that mechanical switches can be used to selectively vary the shear stiffness of the panel in the desired direction. Finally, we analyze the limitations of this technology in terms of mechanical properties in order to identify possible applications.

Effect of {10−12} twinning on the deformation behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Twinning process and dislocation characteristics were determined by means of quasi in-situ electron backscatter diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques in a rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy under different strain paths (compression along rolling direction and tension along normal direction). It is demonstrated that the activation of different twin variants depends on the strain path, and thus these twin variants can further induce different texture characteristics. In addition, two independent slip systems were activated during deformation of both strain paths. However, the dislocation slip modes of the two kinds of deformation are different, resulting in different stress-strain response.

Digital survey in studying open pit wall deformations

The article highlights the topical problem of increasing efficiency of survey during monitoring of rock and earth surface displacement when studying various kinds of deformations caused by mining. To settle the problem, new methods based on use of new devices, programmes and technologies are applied along with traditional ones. The object of the study is an open-pit slide. As it is dangerous to stay on, remote monitoring methods become the most efficient ones, digital photogrammetric survey being one of them. Digital survey methods are being improved along with development of more sophisticated devices and software. The article deals with the method of open-pit slide monitoring involving digital ground survey with the Canon EOS1200D camera. Camera station reference was performed on the basis of GPS data and marker reference – by intersections.

Study on mechanical behaviour and parameter optimisation of straw returning mechanism based on tracer method

ABSTRACTTwo kinds of deformations occurred in the interaction between rice and wheat straw and cutter during the actual operation: bending deformation of extruded straw and shear deformation of sheared straw. The indoor and outdoor bending and shear tests were set according to the two types of deformation. The indoor experimental results showed that rice and wheat straw had a decreasing bending strength as the loading rate increases. The shear strength of wheat straw increased first and then decreased with the growing loading rate; while the shear strength of rice straw increased with the increasing loading rate. The outdoor experimental results showed that: rice straw had a displacement greater than that of wheat straw, the marker pip displacement of rice straw was more uniform than that of wheat straw.

Sasaki–Ricci flow on Sasaki–Einstein space T1,1 and deformations

We study the transverse Kähler structure of the Sasaki–Einstein space [Formula: see text]. A set of local holomorphic coordinates is introduced and a Sasakian analogue of the Kähler potential is given. We investigate deformations of the Sasaki–Einstein structure preserving the Reeb vector field, but modifying the contact form. For this kind of deformations, we consider the Sasaki–Ricci flow which converges in a suitable sense to a Sasaki–Ricci soliton. Finally, it is described the constructions of Hamiltonian holomorphic vector fields and Hamiltonian function on the [Formula: see text] manifold.

ANATOMICAL VARIANTS OF PYRIFORM APERTURES AND NASAL BONES IN PATIENTS WITH NORMAL CONFIGURATION AND DIFFERENT AESTHETIC DEFORMITIES OF EXTERNAL NOSE USING MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Objective. To identify the anatomical variants of nasal bones and pyriform apertures in view of normal configuration of external nose and different types of aesthetic nasal deformities, to estimate its possible relations.Material and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) data of 2737 patients with the image processing (multiplanar and 3D-volume rendering). The sample comprised 121 patients with aesthetic nasal deformities (rhinokyphosis – nasal hump, long nose, combined deformity like a hidden hump, short nose, wide nose) and 37 individuals with normal European nasal configuration.Results. The most frequent variants of pyriform apertures are drop, heart and pear types. The most common variants of nasal bones in all groups were II, V, VI types according to Lang and Baumeister. Every kind of deformities was described with their characteristic features of pyriform apertures and nasal bones.Conclusion. Statistically proved correlation between the facts of deformities and variants of pyriform apertures and nasal bones was obtained. The preoperative study of variable anatomy must be always performed for improving functional and aesthetic results of rhinoplasty.

إسقاط الجنين المشوه وموقف الفقهاء منه

الملخص العربى الحمد لله رب العالمين وصلى الله وسلم وبارک على أشرف الأنبياء والمرسلين نبينا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه وبعد: إن من أشرف العلوم وأجلها (علم الفقه بالدين) لما لهذا العلم من ارتباط قوي بحياة المسلم، ودينه، من عبادات، ومعاملات وغيرها، ولابد للأمة من فقهاء يرشدونهم ويدلونهم إلى ما فيه صلاح دينهم، ودنياهم. وإن من نعم الله عز وجل وآياته، ما شرعه الله لعباده من النکاح، والذي يحوي حکما عظيمة، ومن تلک الحکم بقاء النسل البشري. وبناء عليه تم اختيار بحثي هذا وهو بعنوان الجنين المشوه وموقف الفقهاء منه وقد حاولت في هذا البحث أن أعطي المساحة عن جهود فقهية علمية بذلها علماؤنا الأجلاء مبينا أصل النازلة، وما لحقها من تطورات، وترتب عليها من أحکام، وعلى ماذا بنيت هذه الأحکام، ورصد جهود العلماء عبر البحوث، والفتاوى، والمؤتمرات العلمية، والقرارات الصادرة بشأنها، وکيف کان اختلاف تناولهم لهذه النازلة. وقد تناولت فى هذا البحث عدة محاور وهى: المحور الأول: تعريف الإسقاط ، والجنين ، والجنين المشوه. ثم المحور الثاني: أنواع التشوهات ، وأسبابها ، وطرق معرفتها ، ونسبتها. وأيضا المحور الثالث: تاريخ النازلة. ثم بعد ذلک المحور الرابع: الموقف الفقهي من إسقاط الجنين المشوه. وبعده المحور الخامس: الموقف الفقهي من إسقاط الجنين المشوه بعد نفخ الروح إذا شکل خطرا على حياة الأم. والمحور السادس: طرق الوقاية من التشوهات. ثم المحور السابع: البحوث والقرارات والفتاوى والمقالات والمؤتمرات بشأن هذه النازلة، ثم الخاتمة. هذا، وأسأل الله تعالى أن يجعل هذا البحث خالصا لوجهه الکريم. والحمد لله الذي بنعمته تتم الصالحات. Summary of the Research Praise be to Allah, peace be upon his prophet mohammed, his family, and companions. Jurisprudence is one of the most honored sciences, as it is related to the Muslim's life and religion; services and dealings … etc. The nation should have jurisprudents to guide them to the best for their religion and life. From the grace of Allah, he permits marriage for his servants. It has many advantages ad keeping the human seed. So I have chosen my research by title of the deformed embryo and the jurisprudents' opinion. I have dealt with the efforts of the jurisprudents in this matter and its sequences and decisions across the researches, Fatawa, and scientific conferences. And how they have dealt this case this differently. I have put this research in some main chapters: First, Definition of the Abortion, the Embryo, and the Deformed Embryo. Second: Kinds of Deformities, their causes, ways of recognizing them, their percentage. Third: Date of the problem. Fourth: the jurisprudents' situation from the Abortion of the Deformed embryo. Fifth: the jurisprudents' situation from the Abortion of the Deformed Embryo after having the spirit if it causes a danger on the mother's life. Sixth: Methods of protection from Deformities. Seventh: Researches, Decisions, Fatawa, Articles, and conferences related to this case. Then be the conclusion. May Allah accept this little Effort! Praise be to the Goodness Allah.

Childhood Bullying and Labor Market Outcomes in The United States

This paper contributes to a nascent economic literature on bullying. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 data, I explored the relationship between childhood bullying and later earnings. Since males and females are usually subject to different kinds of bullying and coping strategies vary with age, I distinguished between pre-teen and teenage bullying by gender. After delineating the pathways by which being bullied could potentially lead to lower earnings, the analysis first considered the probability of being bullied either as a teenager or before the age of 12. Next, after a simple ordinary least squares analysis of a human capital earnings function, a detailed propensity score analysis with multiple matching schemes was undertaken separately for males and females, further subdivided by when bullying had occurred. Results indicated males bullied as teenagers had earnings 23% lower than their non-bullied counterparts. Females did not suffer this penalty, nor did children who were bullied only below the age of 12. However, being bullied in childhood increased significantly the probability of being bullied later. In terms of human capital formation and possible impact on later productivity, teen bullying may be affecting men the most. Current findings may also be useful in encouraging a targeted focus on those who may be in greater danger of being bullied. Children who have changed schools several times, males with a learning disability, or a vision, speech or hearing problem, and females with some kind of deformity would be targeted significantly more.