Kind Of Authority Research Articles

Cerise: Program Verification on a Capability Machine in the Presence of Untrusted Code

A capability machine is a type of CPU allowing fine-grained privilege separation using capabilities , machine words that represent certain kinds of authority. We present a mathematical model and accompanying proof methods that can be used for formal verification of functional correctness of programs running on a capability machine, even when they invoke and are invoked by unknown (and possibly malicious) code. We use a program logic called Cerise for reasoning about known code, and an associated logical relation, for reasoning about unknown code. The logical relation formally captures the capability safety guarantees provided by the capability machine. The Cerise program logic, logical relation, and all the examples considered in the paper have been mechanized using the Iris program logic framework in the Coq proof assistant. The methodology we present underlies recent work of the authors on formal reasoning about capability machines [Georges et al. 2021 ; Skorstengaard et al. 2019a ; Van Strydonck et al. 2022 ], but was left somewhat implicit in those publications. In this paper we present a pedagogical introduction to the methodology, in a simpler setting (no exotic capabilities), and starting from minimal examples. We work our way up to new results about a heap-based calling convention and implementations of sophisticated object-capability patterns of the kind previously studied for high-level languages with object-capabilities, demonstrating that the methodology scales to such reasoning.

The Authority Of The DPR On The Appointment and Dismissal of Constitutional Judges

Based on the 1945 Constitution, 3 institutions are authorized to appoint constitutional judges, including the Representative Council, Supreme Court, and the President. In the event that the dismissal of constitutional judges can be carried out if they have fulfilled the criteria contained in article 23 of Law No.7/2020. Paragraph (4) of the same article confirms that those with authority to dismiss a constitutional judge are the Chief Justices of the Constitutional Court and the President. However, in 2022 there is a polemic, namely the form of intervention against the dismissal of constitutional judges carried out by one of the legislative bodies, namely the Representative Council of Indonesia, which is a big question mark. What kind of authority does the Representative Council have as a legislature over the CC? Is this action justifiable and in accordance with applicable law? This legal research with a normative juridical approach examines secondary data in books, journals, and legislation as a reference. The result of this study indicates that the Representative Council’s over CC as contained in the 1945 Constitutions is very limited in proposing 3 candidates for constitutional judges and has no authority at all to dismiss them. The Representative Counsil’'s decision to dismiss constitutional judges is an act of offending the principle of the independence of the Constitutional Court and has no legal basis.

Form, genre, voice, and authority in human geography: A speculative genealogy

This speculative genealogy of trends in the written forms of geographical scholarship, 2020–2043, explores the dramatic transformations in the discipline that came with a ‘neo-formalist’ turn towards critical reflection on and experiment with the formal aspects of geographical writing, including structure, genre, voice, and style. At the start of the 2020s, the forms, genres, and styles of academic geographical writing in Anglophone research journals were still rather homogeneous in form. Experiments with form were mostly restricted to sub-disciplinary silos. Following a series of important scholarly interventions, the discipline started to reflect more earnestly on the different kinds of authority that are claimed through the use of particular written forms and authorial personas. Whereas in the early decades of the 21st century, authorial personas were mostly confident, self-assured, decisive, and expressing a ‘mastery’ of concepts, the turn towards greater critical analysis of geography's written forms led to a proliferation of authorial personas, often rejecting personas associated with ‘mastery’ and instead exploring hesitation, anxiety, indecision, passivity, improvisation, unreliability, plurality, failure, humour, and self-deprecation, as ways of claiming different, more egalitarian forms of epistemic authority. This genealogy concludes that despite the problem of eclecticism, this turn towards greater methodological reflection on geography's written forms has greatly enriched the discipline from the mid-2020s until today.

Exemplary Reading?

‘Ars’, a poem from Geoffrey Hill’sWithout Title (2006), begins with a playful reflection on its own versification. ‘Enjambment | drags’ as if slowed down – or bored – by the indurations of poetic form, as the reader’s eye or writer’s pen turns slowly over the ‘hinge’ of the line-break. ‘Comparisons build tautologies’, and do so ‘yet again’: tautology here might be a kind of self-repetition, as the verse of Hill’s poem performs, line by line, again and again, the pressing on which appears to be its subject. ‘Are we | making a list?’ is the kind of question a child might ask of a parent, peeping over their shoulder as they compose a poem. In the context of ‘Ars’, however, it suggests acute self-consciousness about what poetry really is as we write it. On the one hand, poetry is nothing but ‘a list’, plain words divided into lines, each with tautologous comparisons and metaphors for something it struggles to represent. But at the same time, its self-instantiating structure – enacting what it seeks to describe – can be taken to carry a certain kind of authority: an example, if you like, of what it means to ‘press on’.2

An Original Way of Looking into Obedience and Disobedience: Different Genders Facing Different Kinds of Authorities

Various experiments about obedience and disobedience to authority have been taken place in the past decades. However, it is a brand new task for academics where genders and types of authorities are on cross analysis. Are female more likely to obey to educated professionals or severe dominators? Will genders affect people’s attitudes to the governors? In this work, an experiment is designed based on Milgram’s original experiment of obedience, in order to answer the answers previously mentioned. Different reactions from different genders will be tested when they are facing prestige or dominance authorities separately. The method of testing level of obedience is altered from the original electric shock experiment taken by Milgram to a new method of using hot sauce to measure participants’ obedience to authorities. The hypothesis in existence suggested that females will show a higher level of obedience to dominance authorities rather than prestige authorities, and their obedience to dominant authorities will be relatively high comparing to males, while males will show a higher level of obedience to prestige authorities than dominant authorities, and showing relatively high obedience to prestigious authorities. This work aims to show a new way to understand gender difference in behaviors, and wish to open a gate of behaviour study and gender cognition study.

Lernen aus dem Völkerbund. Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer und seine Studie „The International Secretariat. A Great Experiment in International Administration“ (1945)

Abstract The establishment of a permanent international secretariat is one of the great innovations of the League of Nations. The administrative apparatus of Geneva was not simply an international office with national representatives but gradually evolved into a new kind of authority beyond the individual member states. This development, however, was much less planned than it might have seemed. Since Article 6 of the League Covenant of 1919 avoided any details on the administrative machinery of the Secretariat, its institutional structure and functioning were essentially shaped by the first Secretary General, Sir Eric Drummond, and its staff. Among them was the Austrian Egon Ferdinand Ranshofen-Wertheimer (1894–1957), who, after 1945, wrote one of the first studies on this “great experiment” in international administration. This article revisits this publication and places it in its historical context.

Receding resilience: On the planetary moods of disruption

AbstractThe term disruption has been offered as both an ethos and set of practices framed as a broad response to all manner of social and political ills. This article offers a speculative reflection on disruption as a planetary mood, and the sensory qualities of a change in politics no longer defined by governance and what is governable, but by a series of continuous experiments hedged upon the creation of new geopolitical frontiers and life forms that position all matter and contingency towards a specific kind of value tied to chaos. In thinking about the kinds of authority and legitimacy being fashioned around visions of so-called disruptive futures, I draw on materially-grounded illustrations of disruptive dispositions to examine three different arrangements of affect, feeling, and intensity being animated to give disruption its power of transmissibility and adaptability, as well as its unintuitive emphasis on disorder and ‘breaking things’ as both a moral good and unconditional response to questions concerning global conflict, crises, and instability. Ultimately, disruption as a planetary mood draws on a libidinal economy that does not bend towards justice or equity, thus warning against misanthropic commitments to collapse and the consequences of investing in a world premised on an ethos of erasure.

Artificial Intelligence and the Political Legitimacy of Global Governance

Although the concept of “AI governance” is frequently used in the debate, it is still rather undertheorized. Often it seems to refer to the mechanisms and structures needed to avoid “bad” outcomes and achieve “good” outcomes with regard to the ethical problems artificial intelligence is thought to actualize. In this article we argue that, although this outcome-focused view captures one important aspect of “good governance,” its emphasis on effects runs the risk of overlooking important procedural aspects of good AI governance. One of the most important properties of good AI governance is political legitimacy. Starting out from the assumptions that AI governance should be seen as global in scope and that political legitimacy requires at least a democratic minimum, this article has a twofold aim: to develop a theoretical framework for theorizing the political legitimacy of global AI governance, and to demonstrate how it can be used as a compass for critially assessing the legitimacy of actual instances of global AI governance. Elaborating on a distinction between “governance by AI” and “governance of AI” in relation to different kinds of authority and different kinds of decision-making leads us to the conclusions that much of the existing global AI governance lacks important properties necessary for political legitimacy, and that political legitimacy would be negatively impacted if we handed over certain forms of decision-making to artificial intelligence systems.

Named Entity Recognition in Social Media Data

Abstract: In recent years, a lot of research is being carried out in the field of Named Entity Recognition of Social Media data. It is now easier for anyone to convey their opinions and information without any kind of authentication, rumours have multiplied as social media is now one of the commonly used media in the entire world. The fields in which Named Entity Recognition is used for analysis of data provided from various social media sites, include rumour detection, controversy detection, sentiment analysis, medical field (such as visualisation of the spread of COVID-19 or for various kinds of dietary concerns), topic detection and event detection. The purpose here is to present a summary of the present state of social media research and the impact created by information extracted from it. Through this paper, different methods proposed for the purpose of social media data extraction using Named Entity Recognition, have been studied in detail and a comparison has been provided for the same. Most of these papers use the most common metrics for evaluation of their performance, which includes precision, recall and accuracy. The proposed models have been tested on certain datasets extracted from social media networking sites such as twitter, facebook, etc. and their evaluated performance has been compared to the models proposed by several other similar approaches.

Public Confessions: The Religious Conversions That Changed American Politics by Rebecca L. Davis

Reviewed by: Public Confessions: The Religious Conversions That Changed American Politics by Rebecca L. Davis Benjamin Baker (bio) Public Confessions: The Religious Conversions That Changed American Politics. By Rebecca L. Davis. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2021. 248 pp. Public Confessions appeared as the United States was experiencing Covid-19 quarantines and pitched battles over national identity. Among Americans, the pandemic raised—or revealed, depending on how one looks at it—fierce disputes about the nature of freedom, democracy, and partisanship, while on other fronts Americans just as vigorously debated race, gender, sexuality, and cancel culture. Appropriately, then, Rebecca Davis's volume explores these very issues from the lens of high profile religious conversions of last century. What do Clare Boothe Luce, Whittaker Chambers, Sammy Davis, Jr., Muhammad Ali, Marilyn Monroe, Eldridge Cleaver, and Chuck Colson have in common? According to Davis, all experienced religious conversions ("confessions") in Cold War America that "moved claims of religious authenticity to the center of American political debates" and raised "questions of whether and how different kinds of faith variously anchored or undermined American freedoms" (4). Davis does not provide a working definition of the contested term "conversion," although there is rich material throughout the work to grapple with its meaning(s). Instead, in the prologue, Davis suggests that religious conversions discussed in the volume may be seen as "self-discovery," "self-invention," "self-transformation," or a kind of authenticity (1–11). [End Page 309] These notions of conversion are evident in Davis's treatment of religious conversion as not a single event, but rather a whole life lived up to the conversion event. This is in keeping with the long tradition of conversion narratives, with the requisite mention of St. Augustine, exemplar of the genre. However, discrete developments always seem to precipitate conversion, at least in retrospect. Consider Davis's subjects. Luce's daughter tragically died in a car accident in 1944, and Luce was nearing a mental collapse and attempted suicide twice. Chambers felt tremendous pressure from his double life as a Soviet spy and gay man. Davis, Jr. was nearly killed in a car accident in Los Angeles in 1954. Ali grappled with identity issues around being black in America. Colson was mired in the Watergate scandal and awaiting a legal verdict. Davis shows how these celebrities adroitly curated their personal religious conversions for the American public to further political ends. Luce presented Roman Catholicism as a democratic check to the peril of communism, with "Catholic converts [holding] the future for American power and democracy" (13). Likewise, Chambers claimed his conversion to Christianity caused him to inform on his Communist conspirators and champion conservatism. Davis, Jr. practiced and literally performed Judaism to achieve civil rights for African Americans. Ali used his conversion to the Nation of Islam to promote black power and freedom and critique American involvement in the Vietnam War. Colson parlayed his conversion to evangelical Christianity to promote white neoliberal masculinity. In an era when Americans questioned the compatibility of some faiths with democracy, namely, any faiths other than mainline Protestantism, these figures argued that their new faiths were quintessentially democratic. Public Confessions excels in demonstrating how these celebrity conversions, though from diverse backgrounds and varied faiths, all revealed essential aspects of American politics and ultimately shaped American identity. Luce shows how an America that was largely male chauvinist and anti-Catholic was moved, if only incrementally, to view women as serious religious figures and more than sexual objects, and to a consideration that Catholics could be genuinely American. Ali and Davis, Jr. defy the narrow possibilities that racism imposed on blacks and widened religious heterodoxy and political expression for African Americans. Colson demonstrates how white Christian men had the privilege to reinvent themselves despite epic wrongdoing and contributed to the rise and dominance of the Religious Right in the Reagan era and beyond. Public Confessions's strength is that it takes a complex era, group of individuals, and subject matter, and produces an intriguing volume for scholarly and non-scholarly audiences. It is the latest offering in a [End Page 310] growing literature that treats religious conversions as more than religious, per se, demonstrating their...

Reconciling the Conservation of Cultural Heritage with Rural Development

Reconciling the Conservation of Cultural Heritage with Rural Development

The Unspoken in the Speech of Symbolism School

It required the literary man to base his artistic output on a basic basis from which to achieve literary creativity, and literary trends and currents have varied, specifically in the postmodern period, which directed its attention to margins and the casual things. Accordingly, we will try to discover and search for what was rejected and excluded by the literary schools, while symbolism school was interested in and considered it as an original and a reference for them. There are some technical procedures that symbolism adopted and applied that were excluded and marginalized before, as it constitutes for them aesthetic values, literary pleasure and a special emotional pleasure. Therefore, we find that they relied on music and the mysterious feelings it evokes in the mind that are difficult to express in ordinary language. They (Symbolism school) found a new kind of authority to write the poetry, specifically after feeling freedom and openness to unlimited horizons.

Women and their Participation in Urban Local Governance

The concept of justice in all spheres of life has become a reality. The people want justice." They will understand and try out what it is. At the stage of India's democracy, the new classes, it's worth it to find your own voice. They require their share on the basis of the immortals. The other backward castes, castes, fictitious, made the tribes and women, to be more turbulent, and international conferences, and is emancipated through the creation and revision of the provisions of the Constitution of India. The answer to the woman question. That is, a state in India, stating that its people have chosen women in positions such as President, Prime minister, and the dynamic, the Lok Sabha, and state ministers, one state to another. The women, as well as any kind of authority. The 17th Lok Sabha of 78 women leaders have gone out of the house. This is the highest number of seats in the house of commons, Lok Sabha made by women of 14.38% of the total 543 seats in the Parliament.In the end, it's a story about political freedom, an important asset, which is not visible to the groups. India's democratic system has solved this problem by decentralizing power, which is a giant step, and then the great idea to be a part of the power of the state. The text of the Constitution of India, of Amir and of itself, the dreams and ambitions of its stakeholders. As Granville Austin said, the criteria of the Constitution, if it is unable to do so, in order to provide a solid foundation of the government, in the face of major economic and social transformation. In keeping with the changing socio-economic circumstances and the wishes of the people of india, can be found, as well as a tribute to her that the promise of social, economic, and political justice, equality of status and of opportunity for all its citizens. The Constitution of india guarantees the right to elect the people's Representatives, and even give each and every citizen has the right to vote and to be elected. However, in this process, which is a part of citizens to have a more centralised powers, i.e. the members of the board, the members of the legislative assemblies and councils of the state.

GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AS A SCIENCE

The article considers the global political economy as science that emerged at the junction of economic, political and social disciplines. Based on the analysis of the concept of the global political economy, its main elements and levels of the study are revealed. Kinds of authority and global structures that form an international system, where the relationships between individuals and states take place, are revealed. Main scientific schools differing in the assessments of key actors, dynamics and opportunities for conflict and cooperation in the global political economy are defined.

MONETIZING RELATIONSHIPS: STREAMING ALONE WITH ALL OF YOUR FRIENDS

This paper is derived from a larger project that examines the experiences of women who live-stream video games on the Twitch.tv platform. To date, much of the research that has been done in the area of streaming is concerned with streamers who have a large following and/or derive their main source of income from streaming. Rather than directing more attention to those streamers who have attained ‘success’ as Twitch would frame it, this study is centered around a group of streamers unique from those who are typically the focus. First, I discuss the ways monetization influences community building. Second, I discuss some of the implications of paying for attention. Third, I discuss the pressure streamers feel to perform a particular kind of authenticity around monetization. Finally, I will discuss how monetization creates friction and competition between streamers. This work contributes the perspectives of 5 women whose experiences have been largely overlooked by existing research about streaming, as well as the analysis of another 50 Twitch channels run by women from diverse backgrounds and streaming interests. These findings demonstrate that the monetization features available to streamers and the everyday practices that have emerged through Twitch centered around monetization have a lot of influence over how people relate to each other, even for those streamers who are not trying to monetize their channels.

How linguistic features and patterns of discourse moves influence authority structures in the mathematics classroom

This study examines how teachers’ discourse moves influence patterns of authority in the mathematics classroom. We identify changes in authority structure in one classroom taught by a primary mathematics teacher in Hong Kong. This teacher participant was one of 32 who participated in a larger teacher-intervention study that aimed to help teachers orchestrate dialogic classroom discourse for rich learning opportunities in mathematics. Previous research has investigated teachers’ discourse behaviors and authority structures in mathematics classrooms, but the connection between the two has yet to be addressed in extant studies. Our analysis shows that certain features and patterns embedded in classroom discourse can constrain or enable certain kinds of authority in the classroom. This study contributes to understanding the ways in which dialogic discourse may influence how authority is structured, including how mathematics teaching and learning are enacted through authority styles, and how the discipline of mathematics is positioned from an authority perspective.

Mining machinery and environmental regulations of countries worldwide

The purpose of the work is to analyze the problems of using mining machines with diesel engines, the exhaust gases of which have a harmful effect on human health and the environment. Research methodology. The environmental problems arising from the use of mining machines, and environmental standards governing the use of diesel engines in different countries of the world are analyzed. Results. Environmental protection is one of the most important problems of humanity, since people’s lives, their health and well-being depend on its solution. The mining industry operates a huge amount of equipment with diesel engines: mining trucks, excavators, drilling rigs and other mining machines. Engine exhaust fumes contain toxic elements that have a significant impact on human health and the environment. The gas pollution of the working atmosphere entails the need to stop the quarry, and the deterioration of visibility on the highway also causes a partial or complete shutdown of the equipment until the content of harmful substances in the air drops to normal. Today, environmental requirements for a car engine are priority, so the global engine industry is aimed not only at increasing their performance, but also at significantly improving their environmental performance. The problem of air pollution by harmful substances contained in the exhaust of diesel engines is becoming global. To solve it requires the joint efforts of many countries. International conventions and the adoption of relevant standards serve as a tool for rapprochement in this area. Conclusions. Most countries in Europe, Asia and America are guided by similar standards for the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases. The EU in this regard is a kind of authority: it most often updates these indicators and implements strict legal regulation. Other countries are following this trend and are also updating emission standards.

Electoral manipulation and impunity: ethnographic notes from Uttar Pradesh

ABSTRACTThis article explores how electoral manipulation intersects with issues of impunity in a constituency in Western Uttar Pradesh, North India. By casting electoral manipulation as a tool to obtain, maintain and enhance impunity this article argues that there is often more at stake in manipulating elections than simply winning. More specifically it shows how an holistic ethnography of ‘electoral seasons’ sheds light on the kinds of authority and legitimacy produced by the visible non-punishment of electoral manipulations and in so doing offers new insights into ongoing debates in the anthropology of power, leadership and the law.

"A Lady Couldn't Expect to Travel without a Hat": Cultural Capital, Gender, and Sexuality in Welty's Short Fiction

"A Lady Couldn't Expect to Travel without a Hat":Cultural Capital, Gender, and Sexuality in Welty's Short Fiction Laura Sloan Patterson In the opening of "Learning to See," the second section of One Writer's Beginnings, Welty devotes an entire paragraph to the art of traveling with her mother's hat: My mother's hat rode in the back with the children, suspended over our heads in a pillowcase. It rose and fell with us when we hit the bumps, thumped our heads and batted our ears in an authoritative manner when sometimes we bounced as high as the ceiling. This was 1917 or 1918; a lady couldn't expect to travel without a hat. (884) In this brief glimpse of Welty's childhood, a hat, coddled yet "authoritative," serves not only as a required accessory for ladyhood but also polices the children as they bounce in the back seat, sending them back down when they bounce too high from the bumps in the road. On the surface, hats can be dismissed as nothing but accessories, both to the characters' outfits and to Welty's stories. Doesn't an examination of something so seemingly trivial risk turning into the kind of symbolhunting or myopic close reading that we ask our undergraduate students to avoid? Are hats significant enough in Welty's work to merit a closer look? In the field of media ecology, Marshall McLuhan argues that "any extension, whether of skin, hand, or foot, affects the whole psychic and social complex" (4). He singles out clothing as a key extension of the body, claiming that "as an extension of the skin, [clothing] can be seen both as a heat-control mechanism and a means of defining the self socially" (5). In McLuhan's formulation, clothing (including accessories such as hats) has the ability to do work, to affect change, and to make a difference within the social systems where it appears. The way that Welty uses hats throughout her work shows she understood that they are more than accessories to the character or the plot; hats function as extensions of the body and are capable not only of holding meaning but also of acting and causing meaningful change. Hats may signal a bid for respectability, transform characters' [End Page 19] sexuality and others' perceptions of it, destabilize social norms, or act as transitional objects as characters cross social divides. What Welty "learns to see" is that the artifacts of cultural capital have a kind of authority as disembodied enforcers of cultural norms. A hat does not necessarily have to be worn to have significance. An object within a material culture can become a locus of control for standards of behavior, especially those related to sexuality and gender. Hats release Welty from directly inscribing details of sexuality and gender onto the bodies of her characters, which might sound like an act of authorial avoidance but has an emancipatory function for her characters. If standards of gender and sexual behavior are inscribed on the hats, these identities can be removed and even exchanged. In Welty's work, a hat becomes a stand-in for the body, a kind of body beyond the body, providing a distancing function, but still allowing Welty to delve deeply into issues of sexuality and gender free from the constraints of "polite" white womanhood. I hope to extend scholarship that contextualizes intersections of gender, class, race, and sexuality in Welty's work.1 Using a cultural materialist framework inspired by the work of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, and building on my earlier work,2 I will examine Lily Daw's hat in "Lily Daw and the Three Ladies," the infamous "great and ancient and bedraggled purple hat" of "The Purple Hat," the irritating and flyaway hat of "No Place for You, My Love," and numerous hats in Delta Wedding ("Purple" 269; "No Place" 563). Welty's hats threaten local systems of cultural capital: the habits of mind, objects, and certifications that create group identity. Her hat-wearing characters emancipate themselves from fixed social expectations through hats that signal and create new ways of being in the world and new social positions. Characters, typically within systems...

Evidence-based cervical screening: experts’ normative views of evidence and the role of the ‘evidence-based brand’

Background:Organised cervical screening programmes are a combination of arrangements designed to maximise benefit and minimise harm associated with cervical cancer at the population level. Many organised programmes are described as ‘evidence-based’, reflecting an expectation that healthcare should be based on the tenets of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). EBM is both normalised and contested. Aims and objectives:As part of a larger study of how cervical screening came to be the way it is, we conducted a grounded theory study of cervical screening experts’ perspectives on evidence and its use in guideline development processes. Methods:We sampled from several countries and across a range of professional backgrounds. Analysis was developed through transcript coding and memo writing, using constant comparison to develop insight and connections between concepts. Findings:We found that the ‘evidence-based’ descriptor was used rhetorically to indicate scientific trustworthiness; in short ‘evidence-based’ indicated ‘good’. Experts held ideal conceptions of evidence and its use as objective and value-free, yet reported experiences that suggested those ideals were unattainable in practice. The ‘evidence-based’ ideal included restricting what counts as evidence to matters of science and epidemiology. This produced pronounced attention to matters of efficacy and effectiveness of cervical screening tests, and neglected decisions relating to the other arrangements that combine to produce an organised screening programme. Discussion and conclusions:Rhetorical use of the ‘evidence-based brand’ appeals to a particular kind of authority: one which is difficult to achieve in practice, and belies the variety of information that is required and the socially negotiated nature of policy and programme decisions.