Kind Of Ideology Research Articles

Criminological policy as a basis for developing theory and practice of crime prevention in Ukraine

The author considers criminological policy to be a specific kind of ideology that represents concentrated political will and is being incorporated in state power. The latter impacts directly the concept of crime prevention, its shapes, goals, content and methods, the choice of the most suitable model for crime prevention and the institutional framework for its application. The author argues that despite a wide range of research results, presented by M. Babayev, O. Bandurka, A. Blaha, S. Boskholov, V. Vasylevych, V. Holina, A. Zelinsky, M. Kleymyonov, V. Somyn, O. Lytvak, O. Litvynova, P. Frys et al., Ukraine still lacks integrative efficient criminological policy. From author’s point of view, the independence of criminological policy is not absolute (separate from other branches of state policy in the scope of crime prevention). It has been stated that granting criminology with hyper function had resulted in devaluation for both criminological policy and criminology itself. Crime prevention has to evolve into an obligation for all the branches of executive power, fixed by the supreme public authority – Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. It has been supposed that the criminological policy shall be based on common crime prevention and fundamental criminological knowledge. Considering the numerous complexities of modern Ukrainian society, it has been concluded that criminological policy has to shape up-to-date approaches to crime prevention, contribute to improving the professionalism of public judiciary officials and optimization of national legislative structure in this scope. The substantial involvement of the public constitutes a significant asset to the national system of crime prevention. The importance of carrying out criminological expertise for legal drafting has been underlined.

Is Hamlet Scandinavian Crime Fiction?

This paper combines two of the suggested topics: “law as an instrument of ideology” and “ideological interpellation through law” as it explores whether or not it is possible to use literary fiction as part of an argument in legal argumentation. The use of such an argument is strongly connected with an attitude of state to art, culture and values included both in art and law. Art as a part of a socio-cultural system is one of the material sources of law so it would be natural to admit it in just judicial decision. Unfortunately it is not typical for law to use such relationships between art and law to make judicial decisions better or at least more persuasive. It may be caused by the fact that the choice of what literary fiction is suitable for legal argumentation and which is not can be seen as a kind of ideology. Therefore the state determines which art is “good enough” to be a part of legal reasoning. Usually it differs between “high art” and “mass culture.” It results in a form of “labelling” of art. Unfortunately, by evaluating art in such a manner each state manifests itself as almost a totalitarian one. Socialist realism was a very expressive example. So it is not a matter for the democratic state to decide which piece of art is capable to influence law, is it? In this contribution I will emphasize Žižek’s critique of ideology in order to deal with ideology in argumentation by literary fiction in law. Besides that I will draw inspiration from Law and Literature movements. The aim of my paper is to explain how literary fiction can be used as a legal argument in a proper way as a necessary social appeal through law.

Embodying Progress: Aesthetic Surgery and Socioeconomic Change in South Korea

Since the early 1960s South Korea has had one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. These developments have had a deep impact on the structure of society, but what impact have they had on the body? This article examines the relationship between such rapid socioeconomic transformations and the changes in uses and perceptions of the physical body among Koreans. This article uses a phenomenological theoretical framework to look at the narratives of embodiment of young Koreans that have had experiences with aesthetic surgery. The research examines the hypotheses that (1) the rapid transformations occurring in the South Korean economy are partly enabled by a specific ideology—a kind of ideology of progress in which economic productivity is valued above other aspects of everyday life, and (2) this ideology is articulated in the way individuals view and manage their bodies. In particular, it is evident in the embodied practices of Korean youths, such as the relatively recent popularization of aesthetic surgery. Thus, through surgical technologies the body is made to be more economically “productive” and may better contribute to the progress of the country as a whole.

Taiwan teacher preparation program evaluation: Some critical perspectives

This paper focuses on the influences and changes of recent Taiwan teacher preparation program evaluation (TTPPE) as one of the national evaluation projects conducted by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan. The main concerns are what kind of ideology is transformed through the policy by means of evaluation, and what influence TTPPE has as well as its usage. The first section provides a brief introduction of the development of TTPPE. The second section illustrates how market ideology (mainly neo-liberalism) influences and transforms into policy agenda. The third section critiques original usage of TTPPE outcomes. The last section shows the visions and challenges for TTPPE. The research methods include policy analysis of official documents and interviewing four stakeholders and faculty members to understand their experience and reflection. The paper is expected to provide critical insights for future teacher preparation program evaluation projects as well as for other teacher programs evaluation.

Early Years: young children deserve the best possible start in life

That all young children should have the best possible start in life is a statement that tends to be met with universal agreement. This article, however, argues there are very many different kinds of ideologies that shape the kinds of ‘best starts’ early years teachers should strive for at a time when childhood poverty in rising and when early years settings are expected to promote a particular current type of ‘school readiness’. Another national challenge is the fragmentation of workforce that directly impacts on the quality of the early years settings. This article calls for more efforts to sustain good-quality practices, such as integrated early years centres, and regardless of cost to develop long-term solutions for all young children.

“Like Olive Shoots”: Insight into the Secret of a Happy Family in Psalm 128

Beset by all kinds of ideologies that divest it of its divinely endowed values, family in our contemporary society suffers greatly from those who purport to have a better way of fulfilling its divine mandate. All who understand the importance of family are greatly concerned at the overt derailment that has proved detrimental to human society. The Sacred Scripture offers us varied insights into solving the problem in which we find ourselves. Psalm 128 chosen for this paper is one of those texts in the Bible that reflects on family and its value in human society. As a Wisdom Psalm and didactic in nature, the poem presents to its readers what family is in dire need of at this time. The meaning of this Psalm is coded in its rich poetic techniques and similes that the paper endeavours to explain in its immediate context as a Song of Ascents and in the contexts of other Wisdom texts of the Old Testament. Its theological thrust, the fear of God, which is introduced at the beginning and iterated in various phrases within the Psalm comes out clearly as messages the Psalm offers to worrisomely deformed image of family in our time.

Godly What? Two Recent Interpretations of the Form of Government in New England

The Reformation was a transatlantic phenomenon. In sixteenth-century and early seventeenth-century England, Protestants in general and non-conformists in particular sought to eradicate the pernicious influences of Catholicism; during the process, they attacked the Church in Rome vehemently—the Pope was denounced as the Antichrist, and the Christian clergy was deemed as incapable or, worse still, corrupt. On the other side of the Atlantic, puritan settlers in New England struggled to carry the religious movement to fruition by establishing their own churches and governments—based on their interpretation of God’s message. The two books reviewed here, David D. Hall’s A Reforming People: Puritanism and the Transformation of Public Life in New England (Knopf, 2011) and Michael P. Winship’s Godly Republicanism: Puritanism, Pilgrims, and a City on a Hill (Harvard, 2012) are two recent studies that attempt to understand what really happened in these nascent settler societies. Hall’s and Winship’s task is a challenging one because these reformist endeavors were launched against the backdrop of early modern nationalism. In other words, the Reformation was never simply a religious movement; issues such as sovereignty also had a role to play. The period had witnessed many controversies that were theological as well as political. Henry VIII divorced from Roman Catholicism not only because he wanted a divorce, which the Pope under pressure from Charles V (Catherine’s nephew) refused to grant, but also because he desired fuller control over domestic matters; Foxe’s Book of Martyrs was widely distributed and officially endorsed by the Church of England because it promoted the right kind of doctrine and the right kind of ideology. Such an intertwined relationship between reformation, Vol. 19 No. 1, May, 2014, 124–133

Mathematical Typical and Problem Tasks as an Educational Cognitive Context

School education is always rooted in culture, which makes it involved in some kind of ideology. The ideology can manifest itself, for example, in the cognitive context created for school learners. In turn, mathematical problem tasks can be a manifestation of the cognitive context. Dealing mainly with typical problems may have a limiting effect on mathematical notions. This is characteristic of the cultural transmission ideology. The knowledge constructed in such a context is schematic, rigid and useless in situations outside school. Solving problem tasks creates a chance to attain a different cognitive context – based on constructivism. Creating situations which develop learners’ concepts versus the context which limits them, activates a different cultural interpretation approach to what mathematical knowledge is and how it is used.

Paradigmenwechsel in der deutschen Medizin durch die Substitution ärztlicher Leistungen

Germany wants to introduce some models to allow nurses to work in medical roles. Although hospital nurses worked hard during the last couple of years to concentrate on pure patient care and to detach themselves from medicine, a short additional training of 6-12 months duration is planned to allow them to work independently in well defined areas of medicine (high blood pressure, wound care, dementia, diabetes). However, success of such models has only been tested in a few studies. Study results and experience with such models in the UK - where these developments are much more advanced - are not only positive. Generally, work of nurses in medical roles does not make patient care less expensive and doctor´s work less onerous. The benefit lies more in an add-on effect to doctor´s care. Therefore, a close scientific surveillance of such models must be guaranteed and results must be considered without any kind of ideology.

Die Morphologie des Populismus

Populism has been considered as a complex phenomenon, a syndrome, and more recently as an ideology. This contribution gives some methodological indications in order to analyze populism as a particular kind of ideology. It is based on the morphological approach. This approach permits to find the core of populism and a cluster of central and peripheral concepts. The most important principle of the morphological approach is the de-contestation. As Michael Freeden showed, the de-contestation concerns the competition of the meaning given to the conceptual combination of the terms of the political sphere. This article assumes populism as a weak ideology with a strong core : the concept of popular sovereignty; an ideology very close to democracy, and to other non democratic ideologies.

A Study on Culture Studies for the Circuit of Culture of Policy Discourse: Focus on Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices

본 연구는 3개 특정공동체에 대하여 미디어에서 정책적으로 의제설정(agenda setting)되었던 텍스트담론을 중심으로 의미작용(signification)의 기호학적(semiotics)분석이다. 연구대상의 자료는 잡지와 전문지, 신문 33개 매체에 게재된 칼럼 (column), 특별기고, 시사평론 등 71개의 텍스트담론이다. 연구는 부가의미로 볼 수 있는 은유(metaphor)와 환유(metonymy), 그리고 이분적(binary oppositions)사고 전환(transposition)에 보다 관심을 둔다. 이런 함축적 부가의미는 여러 미디어를 통하여 대중 속으로 내파(imploded)되어 현실보다 더 실재적인 과실재성(hyperreality)으로 신화(myth)를 창출한다. 따라서 본 연구는 미디어가 정책적으로 만들어낸 텍스트담론을 기호학적 시각에서 해체와 분석할 수 있는 이론적 논리를 개발하고자 한다. 또한 기호학의 경계점에서 문화흐름이 정치, 사회, 그리고 경제 등 정책에 어떤 영향을 주는가를 연구할 수 있는 범위를 확장하는 데 있다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서 대상체(referent)인 T'PALACE, I'PARK, STARCITY가 지시하는 객관적 외시적의미(denotation)는 기존 타 커뮤니티보다 '규모가 크고', '높은 고층이고'. '주로 학력 높은 부자들이나 재별들', 그리고 '연예인들이나 성공한 CEO들'이 거주한 것으로 알려진 외시적의미를 갖는다. 그리고 공동체의 대상체가 지시하는 주관적인 다의적 함축의미(connoation)'귀족커뮤니티', '초호판극치 공간', '양재천의 꽃', '그들만의 공간' 등 은유적 표현은 '대한민국 부 1번지', '벤치마킹대상', '고급주거형태 견본', '국내최고급아파트' , '대한민국강남특별시', '1%의 욕망', 등과 같은 환유적 전환의 함축의미로 신화와 이데올로기를 창조하고 있다. 이런 이데올로기와 신화는 미디어를 통해 대중속으로 내파되어(imploded)어 타 지역에서 동일의 이름을 가진 공동체 커뮤니티로 재생산되어 소비(분양)되고 있다. 또한 경제, 문화가 정책이나 정치적으로 활용되어 '종부세', '부자감세', '1%의 부자감세' 등과 같은 정부규정이나 슬로건을 창조하고 있다.

Right Star Rising: A New Politics, 1974-1980

Laura Kalman's book is a consistently intelligent, briskly written narrative about American national politics and policies during the six turbulent years that merit the oft-used label of “transitional period.” As such, it is a worthy achievement, albeit a limited one. Kalman is the first historian to write so full a treatment of the rapid ascendancy of conservatives from the doldrums of Richard M. Nixon's resignation to the glorious day when Ronald Reagan drubbed Jimmy Carter. Along the way, Kalman provides deft summaries of the humiliating end of the Vietnam War, the long and frustrating energy crisis, the demise of détente, and furious ideological battles inside both major political parties. A distinguished legal historian, she handles pivotal Supreme Court decisions on affirmative action and school busing with the subtlety they deserve. The political history of the 1970s has become quite a fashionable subject, as numerous scholars examine the rise of conservatism, both in local and national contexts, with the depth and variety that historians have long bestowed on other kinds of ideologies and movements. What Kalman contributes is more a synthesis of these recent works than a fresh way to understand or explain what happened. At least one other inclusive study has appeared since hers was published: Dominic Sandbrook's Mad as Hell: The Crisis of the 1970s and the Rise of the Populist Right (2011). Sandbrook's work covers much of the same ground but gives more attention to cultural developments and is crafted with considerable literary flair.

Neuroscience and Society

Neuroscience is now very popular and many research projects are going. The purpose of this paper is to examine what kind of ideology is required to promote neuroscientific research. Aim of applied science is easily understood by society. In the case of pure science or basic science, the aim is “to reveal the truth”. But such abstract idea is not sufficient to get financial support from society. Genetics has an ideology of “gene reductionism”. Dawkins coined the term “selfish gene” and it had a strong influence in society. Neuroscience needs such kind of ideology and term to appeal to society.

Pesquisa e cotidiano escolar: preconceito e desempenho nas classes escolares omogêneas

A separação, na escola, dos alunos com maior e menor rendimento ainda ocorre nos diversos níveis de nosso sistema educacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre o tipo de pensamento que subjaza essa separação e algumas de suas conseqüências. São apresentados diversos estudos que nos levam a inferir que a segregação escolar é criada e mantida por um tipo de ideologia – a da racionalidade tecnológica – que representa a atual sociedade e oculta suas contradições, e que uma de suas conseqüências é o preconceito.

Oliver Goldsmith's The Traveller and The Deserted Village: Moral economy of landscape representation

“I see the rural virtues leave the land” (line 398). 1 With this statement, Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village (1770) joins landscape representation and a particular kind of ideology. Goldsmit...

Juan Bautista Villalpando and Sacred Architecture in the Seventeenth Century

The treatise by Juan Bautista Villalpando and Hieronimo Prado presenting a graphic reconstruction of the Temple of Jerusalem enjoyed great popularity in the Protestant and Catholic countries in the seventeenth century. Recognizable elements from the reconstruction such as the Solomonic order, curved buttresses, and nine-bay planning were quoted in Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish sacred buildings. The nine-bay design of a sanctuary as a substitution for the Villalpandian nine-bay composition of the Temple compound was invented independently by Giacomo Medleni in Poland, Jacob van Campen in Holland, and apparently by Christopher Wren in England. The nine-bay four-pier synagogue design originated in Poland in the 1620s and was exported to the Low Countries. It was eagerly adopted by the Portuguese Jewish elite as a recognizable icon of the Temple. The common base for the interest in the Solomonic elements in the synagogue architecture of the seventeenth century in Poland and Holland was apparently messianic mysticism. This kind of ideology had little impact upon the Protestant architecture related to the reconstruction of the Temple, since it was overshadowed there by other typological concepts, including that of the New Children of Israel.

Establishment of a Metallurgical Complex and the Formation of A City under the Communist Regime in Pland

After World War lithe Polish government planned to reconstruct the infrastructure and accelerate industrialization and urbanization. In 1949, the Communist Party declared that they built a metallurgical complex “Nowa Huta” on the outskirts of Krakow as the main project of a 6-year plan. It was not only a symbol of industrialization and modernization, but also of a drastic transformation of Poland in every field of social life in accordance with Socialist ideology. The Communist Party thought of it as the first socialist city in Poland and propagated it like as a utopia of labours. It organized a lot of young peasants, who had neither land to plow nor work in their hometowns, to migrate to Nowa Huta. They surged into this “modern”city.The peasants, however, were mainly motivated by money-making rather than by the ideology: “struggle against the class enemy” and so on. In the early years of Nowa Huta, most young people regularly went to church with pleasure, and many of them participated in the organization of “Sluzba Polsce” (Service to Poland) . There was no ideological consistency. People sometimes behaved as young labourers or stylish town dwellers, and at other times lived as traditional peasants or devout Christians. In addition to pursuing pleasure and their own interests, they embodied different kinds of ideologies and ideals at the same time.Life in Nowa Huta was not easy because of a lack of houses and a disordered social environment. A priest described the situation as chaotic, confused, and lawless. The party started to attack the church and banned the construction of a parish and any new parish churches. Inhabitants could not have their own parish church. Why would they keep religious practices and faith under these conditions? And how?One of influential factor was catechism. Even parents who had not been to church regularly made their children prepare for their first Communion. Few people refused it. In Poland, the customs, the manner of behaviours, and the calendar are closely related to Catholicism. The church, families, and the local society consisted in religious ceremonies and annual events. These practices depending on the family and the small community strongly connected the religion with their daily lives.

Israeli snipers in the Al-Aqsa intifada: killing, humanity and lived experience

This article is an analysis of Israeli military snipers who served during the Al-Aqsa intifada. It takes issue with the scholarly consensus that, for such acts to take place, perpetrators have to somehow dehumanise their enemies. Based on interviews with 30 individuals, it shows that snipers do not always need to dehumanise their targets and that they experience killing in conflicting ways, both as pleasurable and as disturbing. The snipers simultaneously deploy distancing mechanisms aimed at dehumanising enemies and constantly recognise their basic humanity. The article ends on a cautionary note: violence should not be seen as only belonging to the realm of the pathological. Rather we must be aware of rules of legitimate violence, the culturally specific ideology of violence at work in specific cases. This kind of ideology may ‘humanse’ enemies but still classify them as opponents against which violence may be legitimately used.

The failure of the radical democratic imaginary

Starting from the author’s critique of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, this essay offers a comprehensive interpretation of Slavoj Žižek’s political theory. ŽiŽek’s position drives a wedge between two concepts foundational to Laclau and Mouffe’s ‘radical democratic theory’, namely ‘antagonism’ and ‘anti-essentialism’. Anti-essentialism, it is argued, carries with it a residual utopianism - i.e. a view of political theory as offering a vision of a desirable radicalized society or a ‘radical democratic imaginary’ - that the more radical concept of antagonism forbids. Effectively, anti-essentialism is shown to produce a new kind of ideology, an ideology that Žižek, deeply critical, associates with the shortcomings of multi-culturalism and political correctness. The essay ends with a critical consideration of Žižek’s claim that he himself produced a systematic political theory based upon the insight of antagonism. Having constructed (by way of return to Marx and Engels) a version of Žižek’s project that makes sense of his derision for anti-utopianism by positing a utopian theory without any ‘imaginary’ support, the article closes with critical comments about the effectiveness of such a position. Žižek is seen to offer us a powerful political theory, one that unmasks the hypocrisy in much contemporary work, but also a theory whose limits must give us pause.

The Dynamic Construction of Culture, Self and Social Relations

Selves emerge in development through intersystemic co-action. To illustrate this position the case of pride, a self-evaluative emotion, is used. It is argued that language and other semi otic vehicles of culture are instrumental in the social mediation of the shared meaning systems that frame the development of self-evaluative emotions. Illustrations from interviews with participants from India and the US suggest similarities as well as differences in the kinds of ideologies, values and myths that are employed to talk about and structure pride experiences. The American individual endorses a system of pride relevant cultural values that is organised around low interdependent themes, which are prominent among Indians. However there are commonalities between the American and the Indian participants too. The themes such as "helping others", "taking care of one's children and family'; "helping those who are in need" and "working hard" were common to both. It is suggested that it might be useful to think of the cultural differences as embedded within similarities.