Kind Of Economic Activity Research Articles

Prospects of using new non-standard employment forms at Russian enterprises

The article presents the theoretical analysis of non-standard employment new forms, the reasons of their origin, the advantages and disadvantages for the employee. The authors identified the most promising forms of non-standard employment, which give advantages to wage workers and improve their position in the labor sphere. Based on the results of the study of new non-standard employment forms at Russian enterprises the dependence between a particular form employment and the kind of economic activity, in which the enterprise operates, as well as the category (or qualification group) of employees has been identified. The spheres, in which there is a potential for the development of non-standard employment new forms, are shown.

Geographical differentiation of territorial structures of the economy in Pacific Russia

Pacific Russia is regarded as an aquaterritorial macroregion in the composition of the Far Eastern Federal District and the adjacent sea area within the 200-nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone. The macroregion harbors enormous natural land and sea resource wealth potential and is endowed with possibilities of using the sea transport connecting Russia and Europe with countries of the Asia-Pacific Region. In Pacific Russia, two latitudinal zones, northern and southern, are identified; they include the territories of the constituent entities of the Far Eastern Federal District. Combinations of the kinds of activity for the constituent entities and latitudinal zones are treated as territorial structures of the economy. An assessment of the geographical differentiation of the economy in the latitudinal zones for the years 2004 and 2013 and its change was made from the differences of the homogeneous kinds of activity in the constituent entities measured in terms of the added value. Structural gradients of spatial (including latitudinal) differentiation of the homogeneous kinds of economic activity are suggested for neighboring constituent entities. The analysis made for the latitudinal zones can be useful in assessing the variants of investment in the economy of the constituent entities of Pacific Russia.

A Method for the Azerbaijan Rivers’ Ecological Runoff Determination

Results of the development of a method of determination of ecological runoff of the rivers of Azerbaijan are presented. The limited local water resources are widely used for irrigation while there are no regulatory documents to state the values of permissible irretrievable river waters abstraction. As a result of the existing methods and data analysis a conclusion on expediency of developing a hydrological method for the rivers’ ecological runoff assessment has been made. The proposed method is based on regularities of manyyear fluctuations of monthly runoff and changes of daily runoff within monthly intervals. Annual distribution of ecological runoff of 22 rivers with basins located in different physical/geographical regions of Azerbaijan was calculated with the help of this method. An example of the ecological runoff calculation for the Gyandzhachay River (the village of Zurnabad) is presented. As a result of field observations it has been found that water intakes for irrigation and drinking water supply, as well as disposal of untreated domestic waste waters and hydromorphological alterations in river valleys typical for many river basins of the territory under study are the main kinds of economic activities in this basin. It ha been shown that the value of potential irretrievable water abstraction can differ depending on the annual water content. Application of the proposed method will promote water bodies protection and preservation of the landscape, recreational/esthetic, as well as ecological functions of the rivers of Azerbaijan.

경쟁위험분석을 이용한 산재 근로자의 원직장복귀에 대한 연구

Competing risk analysis is widely applied to analyze a failure time with more than two causes. This paper discusses the application of a competing risk model to a economic activity state of workers with occupational injuries. In particular, main interest is to estimate the distribution of restarting time two kinds of economic activities, (i) returning to original working place and (ii) finding a new job. In this paper, we applied a cumulative incidence function to evaluate their patterns under several individual factors and working place`s factor. Furthermore, a subdistributional regression model is applied to estimate the effect of these factors on the returning time. According to result, worker with higher education, younger age and longer working period had a higher chance to return an original working place while one with more severe injuries and skilled laborer had longer returning time to an original working place.

Russian regions: process and institutional component of external economic activity

The external economic activity of the Russian regions is analyzed in terms of the two components. The index of regional economies involvement in different kinds of economic activity is calculated for the process component, i.e. international movement of goods and production factors. The ranking is made according to the index with more and less externally oriented regions being marked out. The institutional component of external economic activity is considered in the context of regional agreements for international economic cooperation in different spheres. Data comparison for process and institutional components shows an overall correspondence in their development.

Economic Barriers and Determinants of Employment Rate Changes in the Eastern Wielkopolska Region

The desire to know the determinants and barriers of development of employment was the main objective of “The Eastern Wielkopolska Labor Market Observations”. The mentioned project was financed by European Social Fund. Its executives were the Higher School of Personnel Management together with Konin Chamber of Commerce. The participants of the project were employees and their employers. In the first stage of the program, the participants were the employers who benefited from social financial support, including, at least one of the active unemployment counteraction policy. Salesmen and entrepreneurs in construction industry were mainly represented in this research, because this kind of economic activity is the most popular in the Eastern Wielkopolska Region. The research allowed us to determine some of the main groups of factors that determine the development employment in the future. The study also revealed barriers to such development. Barriers discovered during the project are economic and non-economic factors.

Spatial Differentiation of the Economic Structure of the Russian Regions of the Arctic Zone

The regions situated in the Arctic zone of Russia perform an important function in the implementation of the export potential of the country. As one of favourable factors for the development of production in the Arctic Zone, we have to consider the richest natural and resource potential of dry land and the sea. Negative factors limiting the development of the Arctic zone: the harsh natural and climatic conditions and the remoteness of the region from the subjects of the Russian Federation which have a higher level of socio-economic development, low level of economic development (including infrastructure) of these territories, low demographic capacity of the population. The research is aimed at revealing the existing spatial differentiation of the kinds of economic activity in the latitudes of the northern districts of the country. In order to assess the differences in the industry structure of the gross added value of all the constituent entities of the Russian Federation whose territories to the Arctic zone, some graphs and map-schemes have been drafted. In addition, the authors also assessed the deviation of the industry breakdown from the average values observed in the Russian Federation as a whole. The analysis of the specifics of the spatial differentiation of the types of economic activity in the economy of the Arctic regions allows to reveal certain trends in the future development of the economic structures. The article is intended for specialists and students interested in the problems of the development of the northern regions of Russia.

SOLUTION OF URGENT INTENSIFICATION PROBLEMS IN DAIRYING OF THE REGIONS OF LATVIA

In Latvian rural regions, the dairying, being a widespread kind of economic activities and the most significant source of income of the rural household, determines that to social economic, technological and ecological aspects of this kind of production there must be paid a constant attention also by the scientists, in line with the professionals, entrepreneurs and politicians. The paper contains long term research results on the topicalities of intensifying of dairying in Latvia in the context of comparatively high proportion of dairying in the economy of the country, the growing necessity of carrying out of different intensification undertakings in dairy-farming, the activities of dairy farms and their diverse competitiveness in Latvian rural regions. The aim of the paper is to take a closer look at urgent intensification developments and processes in the dairying of Latvian rural regions. The analysis of differences in intensity of milk yield in Latvian regions, on the basis of comparing them with corresponding indices in other countries of the EU, working under similar agro-climatic and economic conditions, showed that the results of undertakings of intensification were influenced negatively by the recession. The research provided the possibility to to find out the common and distinctive factors, influencing the intensification arrangements carried out by the dairies, taking into account the advantages and rapid changes in the rural regions. On the basis of the complex of factors related to intensification of production processes in dairy farms, there was possible to elaborate a functional model that may be adapted to certain peculiarities of the rural regions of Latvia. The paper, as examples, includes such kind of the functional model of Zemgale region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.8.6829

HAZARDOUS CHILD LABOR & PSYCHO-PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES: A STUDY IN SYLHET CITY, BANGLADESH

Children of developing countries, by and large, have been working in different kinds of economic activities either on territorial (urban/rural) distribution or on sectoral (formal/lnformal and/or organized/unorganized) allocation basis. They used to work in manufacturing plants, small factories, metal and construction works. The inductive study is based on social survey aiming at unveiling the physical and mental discomforts of children involved in hazardous formal and/or informal economic sectors. Decisive examination of both primary and secondary data was made for in-depth analysis. Around 90% children under survey were suffering from different psycho-physical diseases while above half of them availed Medicaid and care from locally self-trained physicians who possessed no recognized knowledge of medical care. ln addition, child workers are less-paid than those of adults. The study concluded that working at an early age causes problems of health and safety; and thereby get impeded their intellectual development and natural growth which causes severe negative consequences on economic potentials.

Sustainable economy development and transition of fuel and energy in Lithuania after integration into the European Union

The article describes sustainable development of Lithuanian economy and transition of fuel and energy after the integration of Lithuania into the European Union (EU), covering the period 2004–2012. In 2004–2008 Lithuanian gross domestic product (GDP) increased approximately 1.8 times and Lithuania was one of the most rapidly developing countries in the EU. The average of the yearly growth rate of GDP was 7.1%. In 2008 GDP growth rate decreased to 2.9% whereas in 2009 – down to − 14.8% (the consequences of the global financial crisis). In 2009–2012 Lithuanian economy recovered and GDP reached the volume before the crisis. GDP per capita at current prices in the period 2004–2012 increased about twice from 18.3 to 37.5 thousands LTL (1 LTL=0.2896€). In Lithuania 70–80% of electricity in 2004–2009 was produced from Lithuanian Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP). The indigenous and renewable energy sources (RES) in 2009 comprised 14.7% of gross inland energy consumption. At the end of 2009 the Lithuanian INPP was closed for the usage of unsafe technologies and the structure of gross inland fuel and energy consumption changed radically. The sector of RES became the driving force of the country's economy. In the analysis the growth rate and the index of GDP in Lithuania are shown. The composition and tendencies of changes of gross inland and the final energy consumption are highlighted. The share of the RES in gross inland energy consumption is indicated. Final fuel and energy consumption by different energy sources and various consumer groups is analysed. The indices of energy intensity and labour productivity in different spheres of economy are presented. The environmental pollution indicators, emissions of greenhouse gas and other air pollutants by all kinds of economic activities are analysed.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION

Goal. The goal is to give grounding to possible outcomes of present-day global crisis of civilization and to provide a set of recommendations to the population on how to adapt to the crisis. Method. System approach, which views a system as a functional entity, whose function is determined by the function of an entity placed at a higher level of observation. The approach analyzes the relationship between functional ability of human as a system and functional demands of the environment to the human as a system of a higher hierarchy level. Results. The article shows that current global civilization crisis is similar to the Neolithic Revolution, which replaced non-productive economic activity with productive activity that led to the emergence of a new human type of human, who possessed new functional abilities. There is an assumption that current crisis leads to emergence of a new kind of economic activity and a new type of human. Scope of Application of Results. The article provides recommendations on how to change functional abilities of humans to ensure their better adaptation to the crisis. The results can be applied in developing concepts and models of sustainable development of civilization. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-8-20

Economy suspended: the possibilities of a Badiouian business ethics

In the philosophy of Alain Badiou, ethics can only arise in relation to an evental truth procedure that breaks from the economic logic of a situation. Further, because for Badiou there cannot be economic truths per se – rather, economic matters must be understood in their relation to one or more truths in the domain of love, art, science or politics – a Badiouian business ethics would look entirely distinct from any ethics that simply places limits on certain kinds of economic activity. Although Slavoj Žižek, among others, has suggested that this marks an essential weakness in Badiou's economic/political theory, it may actually be the greatest strength of his position. Within a capitalist system, a Badiouian business ethics would then be a question of mobilizing economic resources in order to serve the ongoing construction of a truth procedure. For a business to be considered ethical on Badiou's terms, it must break – and continue to break – from the dominant logic of capitalism and its merely economic pursuit of profit maximization.

Risks of outsourcing and their evaluation

Despite the great number of literature on the risks of outsourcing, the problem of their quantitative analysis remains unsolved. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify the main features of evaluation of the risks of outsourcing when implementating them into production and business activities of enterprises. In particular, on the basis of analysis of statistical and expert techniques we have developed the expected rate of riskiness of outsourcing that characterizes the quantity of losses that a customer of outsourcing operations may incur. Using the ratio of incurred losses caused by the risks of outsourcing activity and the limiting level of risk, the company may decide whether it is appropriate to implement such tool of doing business. When the expected level of a risk is higher than or equal to the limiting one, we proposed a matrix of decision-making regarding the management of the outsorcing risks by an enterprise-customer. Based on this matrix key factors of the risks can be evaluated and appropriate measures can be designed to reduce their negative impact. The results of the research can be used at the enterprises of any kind of economic activity, which are planning to transfer a part of their business processes to a third-party organization. The method of the outsorcing risks evaluation will facilitate their identification, analysis, monitoring and control as well as provide a reduction of losses caused by such risks.

Economic Dominance of the Russian Capital: Causes and Consequences

Economic primacy of the capital is a prominent feature of the spatial structure of the Russian economy. The main ideas on urban primacy presented in the literature are considered and applied to the case of Moscow. It can be concluded that the probable causes of primacy of the capital in Russia are political ones. Russia has features that make political favoritism towards the capital city very likely. They include poor development of democratic institutions, a significant role of personal relationships, especially with the authorities, in all kinds of economic activity and dependence on natural resources exports. There are two basic active mechanisms of income concentration in the capital — concentration of business and the fiscal one. The consequences of such dominance of the capital can be negative for the country’s economic development.

Risks of Society Stability and Precarity of Employment: A Look at Russia

This article exposes criterial bases of the development of social quality in the USSR and Russia. The causes of the increased volatility of the state-monopoly capitalism emerging in Russia from the 1990s and in the first decade of the twenty-first century are analyzed. Characteristics of social quality such as a high proportion of low-paid employees, a low standard of living and a high economic inequality are considered. The impact of the precarity of employment on these processes is demonstrated. Risk factors of precarity of employment such as type of labor contract, form of employment, working conditions and wages (in particular, volatility and discreteness of payments) are analyzed. The evaluation of scale of the precarity of employment in the formal sector in Russia is made; the distribution of workers in precarity of employment by kinds of economic activity and the deviation of their average wages are introduced. Overcoming the instability of development is linked to the transition to a society of people-humanistic socialism.

Kényszer vagy kivonulás – élet a peremeken

Tanulmányunkban a „pusztát” mint társadalmi teret vizsgáltuk. Arra kerestük a választ, hogy a rendszerváltást követően milyen társadalmi viszonyok, mozgások, gazdasági tevékenységek jellemzik ezeket a világokat, milyen okok vezettek a puszták mai állapotához, és mi magyarázza az eltérő társadalmi viszonyokkal, élethelyzetekkel, egyéni stratégiákkal jellemezhető „pusztai létet”. A magyar szociológia, társadalomföldrajz és szociográfia hagyományait is követve arra voltunk kíváncsiak, hogy milyen társadalomtörténeti múltja van a mai pusztáknak, vagyis azoknak a tereknek, amelyek közigazgatásilag egy-egy faluhoz tartoznak, nagyobbak, mint egy tanya, de nem önállóak, népességük pedig különféle adottságok folytán nagyon eltérő lehet egymástól. Tanulmányunk egy hároméves, terepmunkára épülő kutatás részeredménye, amelyben négy, az ország különböző földrajzi térségében, különböző országokkal határos vidékein elhelyezkedő községet vizsgáltunk a peremhelyzetek különféle metszeteiben. A terepmunkák során kerültek a puszták a látóterünkbe, ahol a peremhelyzetek peremhelyzeteivel szembesültünk, és ez vezetett a pusztai közelképek megrajzolásához. Mind a négy puszta, Boldogasszonypuszta, Tömördpuszta, Tótokföldje és Eperjespuszta uradalom volt a háború előtti időkben, azonban már az I. illetve a II. világháború után más-más szerepet töltöttek be térségük társadalmi és gazdasági életében, ami erősen átalakította a pusztai megélhetési formákat és a lakosság összetételét. A rendszerváltás újabb fordulatot hozott, és a vizsgált puszták még inkább eltérő képet mutatnak, mint korábban. A baranyai Tótokföldje és a komárom megyei Tömördpuszta a kényszerből ottragadtak, vagy az odamenekülők, lecsúszók lakhelye lett, szerény, a létfenntartáshoz közeli megélhetési szinttel. A másik baranyai, illetve Komárom megyei puszta, Eperjespuszta és Boldogasszonypuszta heterogénebb képet mutat, ott nemcsak kényszerből élnek elszegényedett családok, hanem találunk tudatos kivonulókat is, akik tevékenységüket kívánják elrejteni, vagy épp romantikus életformájuknak találnak megfelelő terepet a pusztán. Tanulmányunkban rámutatunk arra, hogy a puszták alapvetően slumosodásra vannak ítélve, mivel nem a munkalehetőségek, hanem a tulajdonviszonyok határozzák meg létüket. A tulajdonosok, vagy kivonulók nem teremtenek munkalehetőségeket, így az odaszorultak számára a puszta a lecsúszás, a kirekesztettség tere.

Theoretical and Methodology Features of Green Business Development

A transition from the extensive type of economic development to sustainable should provide the minimization of the non-renewable natural resources use and effective use of renewable ones, improvement of environmental quality and increase of the state’s ecological security and lead to stable economy growth. Such transition supposes to form new kinds of economic activity that make profit and have positive influence on environment. One of such activity is ‘green business’. The article defining this notion and describes theoretical and methodological principles of functioning of this type of activity. Also the basic aspects and main development stages of green business are marked out and the classification of green business enterprise is shown.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF USAGE OF THE SINGLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

In accounting, it is possible to use a single-entry system or a double-entry system, but in order to obtain all the necessary information to analyse the economic processes, the choice of the system shall be evaluated in accordance with the legal requirements and the particular field of entrepreneurship. At present, the application of the single-entry system in accounting is defined most unclearly, because the choice of an accounting system does not always depend on the criterion – turnover (as stated in the legislation); its formation structure is more important.One of the research tasks is to investigate views of practicing bookkeepers in Latvia on the suitability of application of the single-entry system in accounting for individual entrepreneurs. In accordance with the inquiry results and the analyses, the research objective is to state the most problematic issues of accountancy and suitability of application of the single- entry system in accounting of different kinds of economic activity.

MANAGEMENT OF MACHINE AND BUILDING ENTERPRISES IN THE APPLICATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES

The application of the strategic planning and strategic management is considered in the article. The introduction of progressive technological processes on a concrete enterprise is researched. The dynamics of these processes at industrial enterprises of concrete cities and by the kinds of economic activity in the Kherson Region is displayed.

Business Register for Pakistan – Decreasing the Statistical Burden with Advanced Sampling Methods

In order to increase transparency on the establishments, enterprises and their interconnections it is useful to have a register of these businesses. Such a business register (BR) includes not only information on regional coordinates, the legal status, the ownership, but also on the size and kind of economic activity. This information is imperative for governmental and administrative purposes such as assessing taxes and social contributions, auditing corporations, supervising environment-friendly ways of production and fair competition, subsidizing efficiently, performing reliable and comprehensive statistics, steering structural reforms and the like. But for the optimal allocation of their resources and their investment, private entrepreneurs also need transparency about the institutional economic setup they are part of. In Pakistan as in many other countries transparency is limited since the informal sector is relevant. Nevertheless, those economic actors who are playing the tune in business and in commerce should be known well to the ministries, to the other relevant government agencies and to semi-government institutions like chambers and associations. They should be listed or otherwise be captured as comprehensive and up-to-date as possible. In order to apply advanced survey methodologies, survey frames with the following requirements are essential to provide the basis for data collection and integration. These frames need to be up to date and modified regularly to avoid including establishments which aren’t running their business anymore. The frame has to ensure a comprehensive coverage of the universe under consideration; viz. that all business entities which are still running a business are included. If the frame is combined out of several existing data sets it has to ensure that the entries are mutually exclusive and non-duplicative in the listings.