Kinase-positive Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Research Articles

Targeting ErbB and tankyrase1/2 prevent the emergence of drug-tolerant persister cells in ALK-positive lung cancer

AbstractTargeting the drug tolerant persister (DTP) state in cancer cells should prevent further development of resistance mechanisms. This study explored combination therapies to inhibit alectinib-induced DTP cell formation from anaplastic lymphoma kinase–positive non-small cell lung cancer (ALK + NSCLC) patient–derived cells. After drug-screening 3114 compounds, pan-HER inhibitors (ErbB pathway) and tankyrase1/2 inhibitors (Wnt/β-catenin signaling) emerged as top candidates to inhibit alectinib-induced DTP cells growth. We confirmed knockdown of both TNKS1/2 in DTP cells recovered the sensitivity to alectinib. Further, our study suggested knockdown of TNKS1/2 increased stability of Axin1/2, which induced β-catenin degradation and decreased its nuclear translocation, thereby suppressing transcription of antiapoptotic and proliferation-related genes (survivin, c-MYC). Targeting both pathways with alectinib+pan-HER inhibitor and alectinib+TNKS1/2 inhibitor suppressed alectinib-induced DTP cells, and the triple combination almost completely prevented the appearance of DTP cells. In conclusion, combination with ALK-TKI, pan-HER and TNKS1/2 inhibitors has the potential to prevent the emergence of DTP in ALK + NSCLC.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of lorlatinib and crizotinib in the first-line treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess the economic value of lorlatinib and crizotinib in the first-line treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer at medical insurance negotiation prices from the viewpoint of China’s health system. Methods Based on data from the phase III clinical trial, a three-state partitioned survival model was established. In combination with parameters such as treatment costs, utility values, incidence of adverse reactions, and discount rates, the total incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was simulated. Results The results of the fundamental analysis indicated that the patients in the lorlatinib group expended 709,671 yuan more than did the patients in the crizotinib group did but gained 3.09 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The ICER value was 229,782.6 yuan/QALY, which was lower than three times the per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of China. Conclusions Compared with crizotinib, lorlatinib may be a cost-effective first-line treatment choice for advanced ALK-positive NSCLC in China.

Alectinib in Early-Stage Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Challenges.

Targeted therapies changed the treatment of advanced oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer and could also improve outcomes in resectable disease. The ALINA trial evaluated the clinical benefit of adjuvant alectinib compared with standard chemotherapy and met the primary endpoint with a significant increase in disease-free survival at 2 years among anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive patients with stage IB-IIIA disease; two phase II trials (ALNEO and NAUTIKA1) are currently evaluating perioperative treatment with alectinib, and the results of the case reports published to date are encouraging. In resectable anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive lung cancer, adjuvant alectinib represents the new standard of care and could soon be used in perioperative treatment.

Real-world evidence of lorlatinib therapy in Taiwanese patients with advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer

BackgroundLorlatinib is a brain-penetrant, third-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor indicated for ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In a global phase II study, patients who experience disease progression despite prior treatment with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) was assessed. Herein, we report real-world clinical outcomes of lorlatinib-treated patients with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC who were heavily pretreated and progressed on first- and second-generation ALK-TKIs, in a Taiwanese population under the lorlatinib expanded access program (EAP). MethodsThis multicenter observational study examined the effectiveness and safety of ALK-positive advanced NSCLC patients that progressed from previous second-generation ALK-TKI therapy and received lorlatinib treatment subsequently. Patients who received lorlatinib treatment under EAP between Jul 2017 and Sep 2019 were eligible. Patients were followed for at least one year from the first lorlatinib treatment until study completion. ResultsSixty-three patients were eligible for safety analysis (male: 46.0 %; median age: 52.8 [27.5–78.3] years; brain metastases: 81.0 %). Fifty-four patients with more than one-month lorlatinib treatment were included in the effectiveness analysis. Prior to lorlatinib treatment, 10 patients (18.5 %) received one ALK-TKI, 27 (50.0 %) received two ALK-TKIs, and 17 (31.5 %) received three or more ALK-TKIs. The overall median rwPFS was 9.2 months (95 % confidence interval: 5.3–21.1). The best overall response rate (n = 51) was 13.7 %, with a disease control rate of 80.4 %. ConclusionLorlatinib exhibits substantial activity and tolerability when used clinically in a later-line setting in a Taiwanese population with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC.

Comparing efficacy and safety of upfront treatment strategies for anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer: a network meta-analysis

Aim: This article is based on our previous research, which was presented as a post at the Congress Aiom 2022 Congress and published in Tumori Journal as Conference Abstract (Tumori J. 2022;108:1–194. doi: 10.1177/03008916221114500). In this paper, a comprehensive presentation of all the achieved results is provided. Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been investigated to treat patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, direct comparisons between these TKIs are lacking, with many only being compared to crizotinib. To address this gap, a network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of various first-line systemic therapies for ALK-positive NSCLC. Methods: A thorough search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 01, 2000 and April 01, 2022, and included trials that investigated upfront treatments for this molecular subgroup and reported overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and adverse events (AEs) of grade 3 or higher (grade ≥ 3 AEs). Results: The analysis included 9 RCTs with 2,443 patients receiving eight different treatments: alectinib (at two different dosages), brigatinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, ensartinib, lorlatinib, and chemotherapy. Second and third-generation TKIs significantly prolonged PFS compared to crizotinib, with lorlatinib having the highest probability of yielding the most favorable PFS, followed by alectinib (300 mg or 600 mg). However, only alectinib has been shown to significantly prolong OS compared to crizotinib to date. Lorlatinib appears superior in reducing the risk of central nervous system (CNS) progression, followed by alectinib 600 mg. Ceritinib had the highest rate of AEs, followed by lorlatinib and brigatinib. Conclusions: Based on the network meta-analysis, alectinib and lorlatinib emerged as the most promising upfront treatment options. These treatments provide prolonged disease control while maintaining an acceptable safety profile.

Q-TWiST analysis of survival benefits with brigatinib versus crizotinib in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer based on results of the ALTA-1L trial

ObjectivesThe ALTA-1L phase 3 open-label trial demonstrated increased progression-free survival (PFS) with brigatinib versus crizotinib in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK-positive) locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously untreated with ALK-targeted therapy. This post-hoc analysis of data from the ALTA-1L trial used the quality-adjusted (QA) time without symptoms of disease or toxicity (Q-TWiST) methodology to compare the QA survival benefit of brigatinib versus crizotinib in this patient population. Patients and MethodsThe Q-TWiST analysis was performed using final (January 29, 2021) individual patient-level blinded independent review committee (BIRC)- and investigator-assessed survival data for brigatinib (n = 137) and crizotinib (n = 138) in adult patients (N = 275) with ALK-positive locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC previously untreated with ALK-targeted therapy. Q-TWiST was compared between the two treatments. Subgroup analyses were performed in patients stratified by various clinicopathological characteristics, including presence or absence of brain metastases at baseline. ResultsBrigatinib was associated with significantly longer time without symptoms of disease or toxicity (P < 0.001) than crizotinib, with significantly greater Q-TWiST (mean [SE] months: BIRC-assessed, 28.2 [1.2] versus 25.1 [1.1], P = 0.045; investigator-assessed, 28.5 [1.2] versus 24.8 [1.1], P = 0.018). Relative gains in Q-TWiST with brigatinib compared to crizotinib were clinically meaningful (BIRC-assessed, 10.4%; investigator-assessed, 12.3%). Patients with brain metastases at baseline receiving brigatinib had significantly greater Q-TWiST (mean [SE] months: BIRC-assessed, 29.0 [1.9] versus 19.0 [1.9], P = 0.0001) than those receiving crizotinib. ConclusionFirst-line brigatinib treatment was associated with significant and clinically meaningful gains in Q-TWiST compared to crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, supporting the results of the ALTA-1L trial and brigatinib as a safe and effective first-line treatment for ALK-positive NSCLC.

Alectinib - induced acute renal failure.

Introduction: Alectinib is a potent and selective orally active tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer, which has a better safety profile than other inhibitors of anaplastic lymphoma kinase. We report a case of a mixed pattern of acute interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis proven by renal biopsy upon starting alectinib therapy. Case report: A 68-year-old man with diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, diagnosed with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer stage IV, had 27 days previously started alectinib 600 mg twice daily. He presented at the emergency room due to vomiting, nausea, and more dyspnoea than usual. A high creatinine level and metabolic imbalances were detected in laboratory tests. Management and outcomes: After a diagnosis of acute renal failure, the patient was admitted to hospital. Nephrotoxic drugs were suspended, and haemodialysis was required. After dismissing other causes, a probable diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis due to alectinib was established. Corticotherapy was initiated and renal function returned to baseline levels. Renal biopsy showed a mixed pattern of acute interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis. The patient was discharged, and alectinib therapy was modified to lorlatinib. No polymorphisms were found in a pharmacogenetic test. After 10 months with lorlatinib, renal function remains stable. Discussion: The relationship between acute renal failure and alectinib initiation is considered probable in this patient. Although it is an adverse effect reported in less than 1% of cases, it would be advisable to monitor renal function in this kind of patient.

Molecular determinants of clinical outcomes for anaplastic lymphoma kinase–positive non-small cell lung cancer in Chinese patients: A retrospective study

Gene complexity affects the clinical outcomes of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we reviewed the medical records of patients with NSCLC between September 2015 and December 2020 in a single institution. We examined the clinical and genomic predictors of these outcomes using multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. Overall, 105 patients with ALK-rearranged NSCLC were included. Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) was the predominant fusion partner (96.2%). Five patients (4.8%) had non-EML4 fusion partners; three had novel partners. EML4::ALK variant 3 (36.5%) was predominant. One patient had the following three subtypes: E13::A20, E6ins33::A20, and E20::A20. Median progression-free survival (PFS), but not overall survival (OS), was significantly different between patients with variants 3 and 1. TP53 was the most common concomitant mutation (21.4%). The presence of TP53 mutations was associated with shorter PFS among patients who received ALK-TKI. Patients with concomitant oncogene mutations presented significantly shorter OS and PFS than those with only ALK rearrangement. In a multivariate Cox regression model, concomitant oncogene mutations and variant 3 carrier status were prognostic factors for PFS, whereas baseline brain metastasis was a prognostic factor for OS.

Cost-effectiveness of ensartinib, crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib and lorlatinib in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer in China.

ObjectiveSix anaplastic lymphoma kinase-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK-TKIs), including one domestic (ensartinib) and five imported ALK-TKIs (crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib, and lorlatinib), have been recommended as first-line treatments for advanced ALK-positive NSCLC in China. This study sought to examine the cost-effectiveness of these six novel therapies in Chinese patients.Material and methodsWe constructed a Markov model to compare the cost-effectiveness of the six ALK-TKIs as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced ALK-positive NSCLC from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system. Transition probabilities were estimated by synthesizing data from the PROFILE 1,029 trial and a network meta-analysis. Health state utilities and costs were sourced from published literature, publicly available national databases, and local general hospitals. The robustness of model was assessed via deterministic sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.ResultsCompared with crizotinib, ensartinib achieved additional 0.12 quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) with marginal costs of $3,249, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $27,553/ QALY. When compared with ceritinib and brigatinib, ensartinib achieved additional 0.06 and 0.03 QALYs with substantially reduced costs. When compared with lorlatinib and alectinib, ensartinib was associated with a lower QALY and decreased total costs; the ICERs for lorlatinib and alectinib were $934,101/ QALY and $164,888/ QALY, respectively.ConclusionFor Chinese patients with advanced ALK-positive NSCLC, ensartinib was a cost-effective option compared with crizotinib, and was a dominant alternative to ceritinib and brigatinib. Although lorlatinib and alectinib were associated with prolonged survival compared with ensartinib, they were less cost-effective than ensartinib due to the overwhelming total costs.

1175P Pharmacokinetics of ensartinib in advanced solid tumors and anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer

Ensartinib is a novel and potent anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (POP-PK) model for ensartinib in advanced solid tumors and ALK-positive non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to investigate the exposure-response (E-R) and dose-response (D-R) relationships for selected efficacy and safety endpoints.

1009P Integrated biomarker analysis of brigatinib efficacy in anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) refractory to alectinib

The ALK inhibitor alectinib is a standard-of-care option for ALK+ NSCLC. However, most patients (pts) eventually develop disease progression on alectinib, often through the development of secondary ALK resistance mutations, such as G1202R. We present an exploratory integrated analysis of the impact of EML4-ALK fusion and secondary ALK mutations on efficacy with brigatinib from two phase 2 studies in alectinib-refractory ALK+ NSCLC.

Efficacy of lorlatinib after alectinib-induced interstitial lung disease in a patient with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer: a case report

BackgroundAnaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors are standard therapeutic agents prescribed for anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer, and treatment with these agents has been shown to contribute to long-term survival in patients. However, there is no consensus regarding the course of treatment after the onset of anaplastic lymphoma kinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors related drug-induced interstitial lung disease.Here, we present a case of successful lorlatinib treatment after the onset of drug-induced interstitial lung disease caused by alectinib.Case presentationA 57-year-old Japanese man was diagnosed with stage IVB non-small cell lung cancer by bronchoscopy, but gene mutation testing could not be performed because of the small amount of specimen. After diagnosis, first-line therapy with cisplatin/pemetrexed was initiated, but the patient developed renal dysfunction. Bronchoscopy was performed again to guide further treatment, and the non-small cell lung cancer was found to be anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive. Alectinib was started after the onset of progressive disease, but it resulted in drug-induced interstitial lung disease, necessitating alternative treatments. He subsequently received nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel, which was halted in view of the renal dysfunction. Thereafter, lorlatinib was administered, which was continued without drug-induced interstitial lung disease relapse.ConclusionSince alectinib can occasionally cause drug-induced interstitial lung disease, as in the present case, lorlatinib may be an option to continue treatment in patients without other treatment alternatives.

Radiomic-signature changes after early treatment improve the prediction of progression-free survival in patients with advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer.

The prognosis of lung cancer varies widely, even in cases wherein the tumor stage, genetic mutation, and treatment regimens are the same. Thus, an effective means for risk stratification of patients with lung cancer is needed. To develop and validate a combined model for predicting progression-free survival and risk stratification in patients with advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with ensartinib. We analyzed 203 tumor lesions in 114 patients and evaluated average radiomic feature measures from all lesions at baseline and changes in these features after early treatment (Δradiomic features). Combined models were developed by integrating clinical with radiomic features. The prediction performance and clinical value of the proposed models were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis, calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA), and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Both the baseline and delta combined models achieved predictive efficacy with a high area under the curve. The calibration curve and DCA indicated the high accuracy and clinical usefulness of the combined models for tumor progression prediction. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the delta and baseline combined models, Δradiomic signature, and two selected clinical features could distinguish patients with a higher progression risk within 42 weeks. The delta combined model had the best performance. The combination of clinical and radiomic features provided a prognostic value for survival and progression in patients with NSCLC receiving ensartinib. Radiomic-signature changes after early treatment could be more valuable than those at baseline alone.

CO26 Efficacy and Safety of First-Line Treatments for Patients with Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Indirect Treatment Comparison

To evaluate the relative efficacy and safety of brigatinib compared with other ALK inhibitors for the first-line treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.

Expert consensus on ensartinib in the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer

The mutation rate of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer is 3% to 7%. Due to its low mutation rate and better long-term survival compared with epidermal growth factor receptor-positive non-small cell lung cancer patients, therefore, it's called "diamond mutation". At present, there are three generations of ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) drugs in the world. The first-generation ALK-TKI drug approved in China is crizotinib, and the second-generation drugs are alectinib, ceritinib and ensartinib. Among them, ensartinib is an ALK-TKI domestically developed, and its efficacy is similar to that of alectinib. The main adverse event is transient rash, and compliance to ensartinib is better from the perspective of long-term survival of patients. The manifestation of rash caused by ensartinib is different from that of other ALK-TKI drugs. In order to facilitate clinical application and provide patients with more treatment options, under the guidance of the Committee of Cancer Rehabilitation and Palliative Care of China Anti-Cancer Association, this article collects and summarizes the common adverse reactions of ensartinib. Based on the clinical practice, a clear adverse classification and specific treatment plan are formulated, in order to provide a corresponding reference for clinicians to make more comprehensive clinical decisions.

Chemotherapy versus alectinib for the treatment of crizotinib-pretreated ALK-positive patients with non small cell lung cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

There are no evidence-based data in the literature to demonstrate that alectinib shows a clinically relevant advantage over chemotherapy in anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer pretreated with crizotinib. Therefore, we designed this systematic review and meta-analysis protocol to reveal whether the safety and efficacy of alectinib are indeed superior to chemotherapy alone in this special group of patients. This protocol will be written following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols statement guidelines. We will search databases from Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Wanfang Data, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library from their inception to June 2022, restricting them to human subjects and clinical trials. Outcomes include progression-free survival, central nervous system progression, and incidence of adverse events. Pooled analyses will be calculated using fixed-effect models, whereas random-effect models will be applied in case of significant heterogeneity across studies. Any disagreements will be discussed and resolved in discussions with the third reviewer. We hypothesized that alectinib would be superior to chemotherapy in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer pretreated with crizotinib. The review will add to the existing literature by showing compelling evidence and improved guidance in clinic settings. 10.17605/OSF.IO/PQF53.

The Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value predicts the survival of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer treated with first-line ALK inhibitor

BackgroundAnaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have significantly improved the clinical outcomes of patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, reliable biomarkers to predict the prognostic role of this treatment are lacking. The Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value (PIV) has recently been demonstrated as a novel comprehensive biomarker to predict survival of patients with solid tumors. Our study aimed to evaluate the prognostic power of PIV in this group of patients. Patients and methods94 patients with advanced ALK-positive NSCLC who received first-line ALK inhibitors were enrolled in this study. PIV was calculated as the product of peripheral blood neutrophil, monocyte, and platelet counts divided by lymphocyte count. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox hazard regression models were used for survival analyses. ResultsThe 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 63.5%, and the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 55.1%. Patients with higher PIV, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune inflammation index (SII) had worse PFS in univariate analysis, but only the PIV (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.79–4.70, p < 0.001) was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. Similarly, patients with higher PIV, NLR, PLR, and SII had a worse OS in the univariate analysis, but only the PIV (HR = 4.70, 95% CI: 2.00–11.02, p < 0.001) was significantly associated with worse OS in multivariate analysis. ConclusionPIV is a comprehensive and convenient predictor of both PFS and OS in patients with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC who received first-line ALK TKIs. Prospective clinical trials are required to validate the value of this new parameter.

POSB135 Budget Impact Analysis of Brigatinib for First-line Treatment of Alk-Positive Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) in Italy

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an aggressive disease whose prognosis is changing due to the availability of second-generation ALK inhibitors. This study estimated the impact of brigatinib as monotherapy for the first-line treatment of adult patients with ALK+ advanced NSCLC on the Italian National Health System (NHS) budget.

Pharmacokinetically-guided dosing to improve the efficacy of brigatinib in non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Brigatinib was recently approved for the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive non‐small cell lung cancer and is dosed according to a one‐dose‐fits‐all paradigm. We aimed to identify a pharmacokinetically‐guided precision dosing strategy to improve treatment response with brigatinib through simulations using a previously published pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic model. Dosing strategies explored were the approved 180 mg QD; the highest tolerable dose tested in clinical trials: 240 mg QD; and two precision dosing strategies targeting the median trough concentrations following 180 mg QD, and 240 mg QD. We investigated the impact of alternative dosing regimens on progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and the probability of developing a grade ≥2 rash or grade ≥2 amylase increase. Median PFS and OS increased by 1.6 and 7.8 months, respectively between the currently approved dosing strategy and precision dosing to the median trough concentration of the 240 mg dosing strategy, with only a minor increase in the probability of developing toxicity.

1205P Treatment sequencing and duration of subsequent tyrosine kinase inhibitors in ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with brigatinib in the US

Next-generation targeted therapies for anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) non-small cell lung cancer are associated with improved clinical outcomes, however, tumors develop resistance thus requiring subsequent therapies. Limited data are available on ALK TKI sequencing. The aim of our study was to understand duration of post-brigatinib ALK TKI therapy in the real-world setting.