Key Generation Technique Research Articles

The concept of Minimal Spanning Tree (MST) for Symmetric Encryption

As the digital communication has become a vital part of the human life nowadays, cybercrimes are ever expanding. One major tool to protect the message from hacking and tampering is concealing the original information. Modern cryptography not only concerns the encryption of the message but also focuses on the protection of the encrypted information from cyber-attacks.Apart from secret communication modern cryptography focuses on authentication and integrity of the message. The present paper explains a symmetric block cipher basing on graph structures. In this technique the message is encrypted twice. The first stage encryption using adjacency matrix of undirected graph; the second stage using exclusive OR (XOR) operation on the output of first stage. Encryption/Decryption Keys are distinct for distinct blocks and distinct rounds; derived from Minimum Span Tree (MST) technique of an undirected graph. Here multiple peers can communicate messages simultaneously. One of the entries selects some random ASCII characters whose number is same as the block length and uploads those characters in the cloud. All the members of the group establish block keys using key generation technique which is secret among them.

Session password Blum–Goldwasser cryptography based user three layer authentication for secured financial transaction

Cloud computing is an eminent and evolving technology that offers various services such as data transaction, authentication, distribution and so on. In this article, session password Blum–Goldwasser Cryptography based user authentication (SPBGCUA) method is proposed to enhance the communication security of cloud services with minimum overhead. Moreover, SPBGCUA is a cryptographic technique that provides secured authentication mechanism for financial transaction with higher confidentiality rate. In order to fill the security lack of recent authentication techniques, this method develops dynamic security structure with key generation, encryption, authentication and decryption techniques. Finally, analysis is performed using SPBGCUA Method on factors such as authentication accuracy, data confidentiality rate and data integrity for number of financial data and cloud users.

A deep learning-based authentication protocol for IoT-enabled LTE systems

The connected devices in Internet-of-Things (IoT)-enabled systems are continuously increasing nowadays, and likely to grow exponentially worldwide in near future. Hence, the next generation IoT-enabled mobile networks (e.g., 5G onward) are expected to provide higher system capacity and ultra-low latency to deal with. According to the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology can serve the purpose efficiently, and also bridge the gap between earlier and future generation mobile networks. However, the network may face problems associated with privacy and security, as the underlying communication is mostly wireless. Thus, a secure and efficient Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) protocol is desirable. Recently, many protocols have been proposed to address these goals. Unfortunately, the security and efficiency of such protocols are still in doubt. This paper introduces a deep learning-based AKA protocol for IoT-enabled LTE systems. The proposed protocol can address mutual authentication among the communicating entities. It employs a Deep Residual Network (DRN)-based key generation technique, called DRN-KeyGen, to establish a shared secret key on-the-fly among the communicating entities in such environment where the number of IoT devices are excessively large and extremely heterogeneous in nature. The security of DRN-KeyGen is verified considering various active and passive attacks that may occur in wireless-enabled LTE systems. The efficiency of DRN-KeyGen is measured through two different parameters: attack detection rate and attack detection time, where each attack is experimented using Python tool-based simulation with varied key lengths. The empirical results show that the proposed DRN-KeyGen can achieve an average detection rate of 0.924 and an average detection time of 30.634 s considering key lengths of 32 bits, 64 bits, 128 bits, 192 bits, 256 bits, and 512 bits. Finally, we have compared the security and efficiency of DRN-KeyGen with other existing protocols to show its superiority.

Ensuring Privacy in Wireless Channels with Physical Layer Security: A Survey of Encryption Strategies

This paper reviews various encryption strategies designed to enhance privacy in wireless communication, with a focus on leveraging physical layer security. Exploring techniques that utilize inherent wireless channel features for secure communication, the survey presents the strengths and challenges of each method. The aim is to provide a straightforward overview for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers, about the evolving landscape of encryption methods in wireless channels for improved privacy. Furthermore, it discusses how these physical layer key generation techniques can be integrated with advanced technologies by providing a suggested model by combining the Machine learning and the Multi authority ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) to ensure privacy in wireless channels.

A robust architecture of ring oscillator PUF: Enhancing cryptographic security with configurability

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are becoming more widely recognized as tamper-resistant, high-entropy hardware security primitives. Leveraging the intrinsic manufacturing properties of integrated circuits, PUFs provide a lightweight, cost-effective technique for device identification and cryptographic key generation. Despite the existence of various PUF designs and architectures, the ring oscillator (RO) PUF stands out as one of the most notable. This significance is due to its simplicity of implementation and outstanding performance metrics. However, traditional RO-PUFs are often classified as weak PUFs because they support a limited size of input-output combinations. This paper introduces a configurable inversion unit designed to construct a lightweight, robust architecture configurable (RAC) RO-PUF. The proposed unit comprises an XOR gate, an XNOR gate, and a multiplexer. The RACRO-PUF significantly increases the size of generated output bits while efficiently utilizing minimal hardware resources. The performance of the RACRO-PUF stands out in evaluations, recording a uniqueness of 49.78 %, uniformity of 49.42 %, reliability of 97.72 %, and impressive randomness of 98.34 %.

A Secure and Efficient Biometric Template Protection Scheme for Palmprint Recognition System

The accuracy and security of a biometric system are the two sides of a coin. A biometric system must be simple, flexible, efficient, and secure enough from unauthorized access. Concerning these requirements, this paper presents an enhanced palmprint recognition system with superior performance and improved biometric template protection schemes. This method comprises five components: image preprocessing, feature extraction, cancelable biometrics, classification, and Bio-cryptosystem. The palm texture region is extracted from the input hand image during preprocessing. A feature representation technique is then used to extract discriminant features from the palmprint texture patterns. The extracted features are then analyzed using an information coding scheme to compute a user-specific token. Here, the user-specific tokens along with the original palmprint features are used to calculate the feature vectors for the cancelable biometric system. A novel Bio-Cryptosystem has been proposed to protect templates with high security where there is no need to remember the users&#x2019; tokens. Cancelable feature vectors are kept online in encrypted form using the proposed Bio-Cryptosystem, which is used to identify or verify the subjects after decryption. The original feature vectors are kept offline to prevent these from external attacks and misuse. Finally, the multi-class linear support vector machine has been used for user classification. For experimental purposes, two benchmark hand image databases: BOSPHORUS and CASIA-Palmprint, are employed, and the proposed system has achieved nearly 100&#x0025; correct recognition rate in cancelable domain for both the employed databases. Finally, the performance comparison in terms of both verification and identification for the palmprint and the cancelable palmprint recognition systems with the existing state-of-the-art methods shows the superiority of the proposed system. <i>Impact Statement</i> &#x2014;We have improved the biometric template protection scheme by modifying the cancelable biometric technique with two security levels capable of protecting the biometric information from the dictionary, brute-force, database, channel, replay, and spoofing attacks. To avoid the difficulty of remembering long user passwords/tokens, an automatic key generation technique of user passwords has been proposed. Two different keys are generated: the first one used for cancelable biometrics and the second for encryption-decryption processes. Both these keys are not needed to store or remember and are helpful for a multi-factor authentication system. A novel Bio-cryptographic algorithm instead of traditional Bio-Cryptographic algorithms have been introduced within the proposed system. Several attacks and challenging issues of biometric recognition systems have been considered with maintaining outstanding performance in terms of accuracy and security.

Driving a key generation strategy with training-based optimization to provide safe and effective authentication using data sharing approach in IoT healthcare

Blockchain technology offers a solution to the interoperability issues that currently plague health information systems (BT). Additionally, blockchain technology provides the cutting-edge standard that ensures the safe exchange of computerized health data among healthcare providers, institutions, people, and medical specialists. Recently, both businesses and academics recognized the Internet of Things (IoT) as one of the top study fields. Nevertheless, a significant issue in IoT healthcare across several product domains is the secrecy of patient health data transmission. For secure and effective authentication with data sharing strategy in IoT healthcare, a method called Driving Training Based Optimization (DTBO) Key generation is presented to address these issues. The entities involved in the proposed DTBO_Key generation technique are the user, owner, authenticating minor, blockchain, and IoT server. The suggested technique consists of seven stages: initialization, registration phase, key creation, login phase, data protection, authentication process, and verification phase. A minimum memory consumption of 2.983 MB, a computation cost of 28.008%, and an accuracy of 0.9 were attained using the proposed method.

Cosmic coding and transfer storage (COSMOCATS) for invincible key storage

Thus far, a perfectly secure encryption key storage system doesn’t exist. As long as key storage is connected to a network system, there is always a chance that it can be cracked. Even if storage is not continually connected to a network system; it is repeatedly necessary for an individual to access storage to upload and download the data; hence there is always a loophole with every conventional encryption key storage system. By utilizing the penetrative nature of cosmic-ray muons, the COSMOCAT (Cosmic coding and transfer) technique may tackle this problem by eliminating the requirement for any network connection to data storage. COSMOCAT was invented as a post quantum key generation and distribution technique for wireless near field communication. However, in its first stage of development, COSMOCAT relied on standard comparators and Global Positioning System (GPS) or other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for key generation. Temporal jitters of the signals outputted from comparators and frequency fluctuations in GPS-disciplined oscillators degraded the key strength and the efficiency of both the key generation and distribution. New strategies are tested in this paper to improve these factors. As a result, the key strength and the key authenticating rate limit are respectively improved by 4 orders of magnitude and more than 5 orders of magnitude. As a consequence, it has become possible to propose a practical methodology for a new key storage and authentication strategy which has the potential to be an impregnable defense against any kind of cyber/physical attack to data storage. Practical applications of COSMOCATS-based symmetric-key cryptosystems to an electronic digital signing system, communication, and cloud storage are also discussed.

Hybrid partial differential elliptical Rubik’s cube algorithm on image security analysis

Purpose Several chaotic system-based encryption techniques have been presented in recent years to protect digital images using cryptography. The challenges of key distribution and administration make symmetric encryption difficult. The purpose of this paper is to address these concerns, the novel hybrid partial differential elliptical Rubik’s cube algorithm is developed in this study as an asymmetric image encryption approach. This novel algorithm generates a random weighted matrix, and uses the masking method on image pixels with Rubik’s cube principle. Security analysis has been conducted, it enhances and increases the reliability of the proposed algorithm against a variety of attacks including statistical and differential attacks. Design/methodology/approach In this light, a differential elliptical model is designed with two phases for image encryption and decryption. A modified image is achieved by rotating and mixing intensities of rows and columns with a masking matrix derived from the key generation technique using a unique approach based on the elliptic curve and Rubik’s cube principle. Findings To evaluate the security level, the proposed algorithm is tested with statistical and differential attacks on a different set of test images with peak signal-to-noise ratio, unified average changed intensity and number of pixel change rate performance metrics. These results proved that the proposed image encryption method is completely reliable and enhances image security during transmission. Originality/value The elliptic curve–based encryption is hard to break by hackers and adding a Rubik’s cube principle makes it even more complex and nearly impossible to decode. The proposed method provides reduced key size.

Physical Layer Key Generation Method Based on SVD Pre-processing

Environmental factors such as channel noise and hardware fingerprints affect the encryption effect of physical layer key generation techniques, resulting in low consistency of generated keys. Feature pre-processing is a common means of improving consistency of keys. However, most of the existing feature pre-processing algorithms improve key consistency by sacrificing key generation rate, which is not very usable. Therefore, it is proposed a physical layer key generation method based on SVD pre-processing. This method uses the SVD feature processing algorithm to pre-process the channel features extracted from both sides of the communication before quantization, in order to simultaneously improve key consistency and key generation rate. The simulation results show that when the channel SNR is greater than 10 dB, the BER of the SVD scheme is significantly lower compared to the scheme without pre-processing and the DCT and PCA pre-processing schemes; when the SNR is greater than 20 dB, the SVD scheme KGR can reach a level of 10bit/s, which is significantly higher than the other three schemes. The results show that this scheme can significantly increase the key generation rate while effectively improving key consistency.

Key Generation Technique Based on Channel Characteristics for MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communication Systems

Dynamic secret key generation from wireless channel characteristics is a promising technique for physical layer security. One of the important issues in this field is extending the secret key’s length while preserving its uniformity and randomness. This paper proposes a key generation method based on time-varying and the reciprocity of wireless channels for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) wireless communication systems. In the proposed technique, the complex impulse response (CIR) of the estimated channel state information (CSI) is extracted, and a quantization algorithm is designed to convert the maximum peaks of the CIR into secret key bits. The effectiveness of the proposed key generation technique is assessed in terms of the randomness of the produced key bits with different key lengths by using a statistical test suite of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The proposed technique is employed in the MIMO-OFDM systems with different modulation schemes through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels. The simulation results show that the secret keys with various key lengths generated from the proposed technique for the MIMO-OFDM systems guarantee randomness. Moreover, the proposed CSI-based key generation technique provides better effectiveness in terms of security when compared to some existing techniques.

Bi-Level Minimal Resource Protected Key Generation Framework For Fog Computing Applications

Fog computing is a viewpoint that expands on the Cloud stage concept by placing processing assets at the organization’s edges. It might be described as a cloud-like platform with comparable data, computation, storage, and applications. They are unique in that they are decentralized in nature. Data protection and route analysis of time-sensitive data are made easier using fog computing. This minimizes the volume and distance of data sent to the cloud, lowering the risk of security and privacy breaches in IoT applications. When it comes to security and privacy, fog computing confronts several issues. The constraints of fog computing resources are the root of these difficulties. The fog system, in fact, may raise new security and privacy concerns. To address these challenges, cryptography is used in conjunction with key management techniques to provide safe data transfer. A Minimal Resource Viterbi based Bi-level Secured Key Generation (MRV-BSKG) technique for a secured fog-based system is proposed to compromise the security level and computational complexity. The BSKG technique, which combines Lagrange’s Key Generation (LKG) and the Location-Based Key (LBK) generation approaches, can safeguard secrecy and integrity. In comparison to the previous techniques, the new MRV, BSKG, delivers security with improved outcomes.

Secured information sharing in supply chain management: Modified data sanitization with optimal key generation via hybrid algorithm

In the majority of commercial scenarios, supply chain management (SCM) is turning out to be a fundamental focus area. In SCM, a hopeful solution for secured information sharing (IS) is blockchain technology. Nevertheless, it is a bit crucial to maintain security at all levels of blockchain, and therefore private and public-key cryptography is often favored. This study improves the security and privacy of a suggested "blockchain assisted supply chain management (SCM)," in which "Modified Data Sanitization and Data Restoration" is performed with an ideal key generation technique to retain sensitive data in each block. The major challenge that must be overcome to make data transmission security is optimal key selection. Significantly, the proposed hybridized algorithm is used to generate the optimal key in both processes. The proposed hybrid model is known as Whale Updated Butterfly Optimization (WU-BO) and is a conceptual mixture of "Butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA)."Eventually, the examination is performed for verifying the enhancement of the developed model.

A one-time pad encryption scheme based on efficient physical-layer secret key generation for intelligent IoT system

The one-time pad (OTP) is an application-layer encryption technique to achieve the information-theoretic security, and the physical-layer secret key generation (SKG) technique is a promising candidate to provide the random keys for OTP. In this paper, we propose a joint SKG and OTP encryption scheme with the aid of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to boost secret key rate. To maximize the efficiency of secure communication, we divide the process of secure transmission into two stages: SKG and then encrypted packet transmission. Meanwhile, we design an optimal algorithm for allocating time slots for SKG to maximize SKG efficiency without security risk. Furthermore, we design a key updating protocol based on our SKG scheme for OTP encryption. Simulation results verify that our scheme can generate keys securely and efficiently, and significantly improve the secure communication performance in an intelligent IoT system.

Never lost keys: A novel key generation scheme based on motor imagery EEG in end-edge-cloud system

Biometric key is generated from the user's unique biometric features, and can effectively solve the security problems in cryptography. However, the current prevailing biometric key generation techniques such as fingerprint recognition and facial recognition are poor in randomness and can be forged easily. According to the characteristics of Electroencephalographic(EEG) signals such as the randomness, nonlinear and non-stationary etc., it can significantly avoid these flaws. This paper proposes a novel method to generate keys based on EEG signals with end-edge-cloud collaboration computing. Using sensors to measure motor imagery EEG data, the key is generated via pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. Experiments show the total time consumption of the key generation process is about 2.45s. Our scheme is practical and feasible, which provides a research route to generate biometric keys using EEG data.

A Secured Storage and Communication System for Cloud Using ECC, Polynomial Congruence and DSA

Security is necessary for performing the effective data communications in internet and cloud environment. The data security in cloud is becoming very challenging task due to the presence of huge volume of cloud users. Even though, the various secured cloud data storage mechanisms are available and tried to fulfill the current requirement in terms of security level and efficiency. However, the available works are not obtained the enough security level and the efficiency while storing and sharing the data in cloud. For this purpose, this work proposes a new secured storage method for providing data security to store the data securely in cloud. The proposed system consists of three different algorithms for performing prime number generation, digital signature creation for generating keys, encryption, decryption and authorization. Here, a new technique to find a co-prime number which is used to generate keys in key generation process and also useful for performing encryption and decryption process. Moreover, a new key generation technique is also introduced for elliptic curve cryptography and digital signature algorithm using polynomial congruence for performing key generation process securely. In addition, a new elliptic curve and polynomial congruence based encryption/decryption algorithms for performing data encryption and decryption in the process of data storage and communication. Finally, the user authenticity is verified by the proposed digital signature algorithm in this work. The experiments have been conducted for evaluating the proposed secured storage and communication system and proved as better than others in terms of efficiency and security level.

Vector space modelling-based intelligent binary image encryption for secure communication

In this research work, a secured routing technique is developed based on the LEACH algorithm. Many secure routing algorithms were proposed in the past by modifying the LEACH algorithm with trust management techniques, key generation, and distribution technique and intrusion detection algorithms. Most present solutions are unable to address the issue of modifying and intercepting assaults. To tackle this problem, a new secured routing algorithm is developed in this work that divides the image and messages into sub-components, represent them in a matrix format and add them to get a steganographic image which is encrypted using a suitable encryption algorithm selected by the rule system developed in this research work. Moreover, intelligent agents are incorporated in all the sensor nodes in the network to communicate the encrypted images to the neighbor nodes more reliably.

Design of Novel Key Generation Technique Based RSA Algorithm for Efficient Data Encryption and Decryption

The RSA cryptosystem is the most extensively used shared key cryptosystem. It is the first cryptosystem to employ the use of a public key. The more powerful this cryptosystem is, the larger the key. There are several RSA algorithms and variants. Nonetheless, it has snatched the hot topic of science. The desire to keep sensitive data safe isn't going away. Data is continually moving over the network in today's environment. The scope of this network could be local or worldwide. It will be sent to you by email or another method. It's also critical to keep sensitive or private information out of the hands of prying eyes. There is also a requirement to develop a zero-tolerance security method. This study offered a time-saving method for generating encryption and decryption keys. This method of key generation may be beneficial to all RSA implementations.

Enhancing AES Using Chaos and Logistic Map-Based Key Generation Technique for Securing IoT-Based Smart Home

The Internet of Things (IoT) has brought new ways for humans and machines to communicate with each other over the internet. Though sensor-driven devices have largely eased our everyday lives, most IoT infrastructures have been suffering from security challenges. Since the emergence of IoT, lightweight block ciphers have been a better option for intelligent and sensor-based applications. When public-key infrastructure dominates worldwide, the symmetric key encipherment such as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) shows immense prospects to sit with the smart home IoT appliances. As investigated, chaos motivated logistic map shows enormous potential to secure IoT aligned real-time data communication. The unpredictability and randomness features of the logistic map in sync with chaos-based scheduling techniques can pave the way to build a particular dynamic key propagation technique for data confidentiality, availability and integrity. After being motivated by the security prospects of AES and chaos cryptography, the paper illustrates a key scheduling technique using a 3-dimensional S-box (substitution-box). The logistic map algorithm has been incorporated to enhance security. The proposed approach has applicability for lightweight IoT devices such as smart home appliances. The work determines how seeming chaos accelerates the desired key-initiation before message transmission. The proposed model is evaluated based on the key generation delay required for the smart-home sensor devices.

Data Security and Deduplication Framework for Securing and Deduplicating Users’ Data in Public and Private Cloud Environment

Maintaining the security of data stored in the public or private cloud is a more tedious task. The cloud is the only arrangement for storing enormous amounts of data, but there is a possibility of storing the same data more than once. The traditional security system generates different unreadable data for the same readable content of a file. Therefore, it is necessary to address data security of the cloud and duplication in cloud storage. This paper concentrates on developing a data security and deduplication framework with different security techniques and mechanisms to address the said difficulties in the cloud. The framework proposed in this paper focuses on reducing security vulnerability as well as data duplication. The paper describes the components used in the frameworks. The main research contribution of the framework is having enhanced the convergent encryption technique, key generation techniques, and deduplication mechanism for maintaining a single copy of data in the cloud. The proposed framework’s efficiency is measured by implementing the work by developing a cloud-based application that coded for all the procedures of the proposed framework and tested in the cloud environment.