This study investigated the contribution of internal procedures of monitoring and evaluation to the performance of graduates of private universities. Literature shows that the teaching in private Universities in Uganda is compromised by learning exposures not tailored to students’ situation-related experiences; theoretical learning, and inadequate preparation for the current work demands have been earmarked. Therefore, this research begets a core question- what are the monitoring and evaluation procedures universities engage in to ascertain that their graduates thrive in their learning experiences with competencies- a follow-through to their various placements? Using the qualitative research design, the study targeted key university management figures, including 16 members of the management team through purposive sampling, 19 employers and 17 graduates through in-depth interviews, observations and document reviews analysed thematically by NVIVO software. This led to the emergence of the following themes: inadequate teaching/learning facilities, staff and students’ welfare procedures and competences, minimal involvement of staff, procedures for developing and implementing academic programs, involvement of students and other stakeholders in the implementation of quality assurance procedures. The study emphasises the need for Universities to continually revisit the M&E framework and guidelines that need to correspond to emerging trends and demands with regard to exposing students to relevant learning experiences in preparation for complex job and life-related situations.

This study aims to conduct an integrated review of the basic concepts of sociology of education and the thoughts of key figures in sociology (Durkheim, Comte, Weber, Marx, Simmel) as a theoretical basis for understanding the function of education in contemporary society. The method used is a descriptive-analytical literature study with data collection from two main papers that are combined with supporting literature; the analysis is conducted through content analysis techniques to examine themes, similarities, and theoretical implications. The results of the study show that the basic concepts of educational sociology include the relationship between education and social institutions (family, economy, politics), social interactions in schools (teacher-student, student-student), the curriculum as a social construct including the hidden curriculum, and the dual role of education as an agent of reproduction and an agent of social change. The thoughts of these figures enrich the framework: Durkheim emphasizes integrative functions and norm formation, Marx highlights the reproduction of class inequality, Weber emphasizes social action and the bureaucratization of education, Comte provides a positivist methodological foundation, and Simmel highlights the dynamics of micro-interactions. In conclusion, the integration of basic concepts and the ideas of key figures produce a comprehensive theoretical framework for analyzing education policy, curriculum, and practice. The limitation of this research is that it is only based on literature, so the recommendation includes empirical field studies to test the relevance of the findings in the context of Indonesian educational practice.

The new political reality in the post-Soviet space, brought about by the former union republics gaining sovereignty, created an urgent need for the formation of their own national histories. The rejection of the unified approaches that had dominated Soviet historiography— both in evaluating historical events and in interpreting their causes, course, consequences, and key figures — gave rise to new debates. The process of the Kazakh zhuzes’ (tribal confederations) incorporation into the Russian Empire has also undergone a fundamental reassessment, which often focuses only on certain aspects of this complex phenomenon. Among these aspects were national uprisings led by segments of the Kazakh elite who resisted profound changes to their traditional political, social, and economic order. One of the most debated episodes in Russian-Kazakh relations of the first half of the nineteenth century is the uprising led by the last Kazakh khan, Kenesary Kasymov, whose title was not recognized by the Tsarist administration. An investigation of the uprising’s nature and its significance in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations requires a detailed analysis within the framework of a civilizational approach — one that makes it possible to offer new interpretations of this historical phenomenon.

ABSTRACT In the fifteenth century, Castilian politics transformed the town of Escalona into a major strategic point: many key political figures sought to possess this land as a lordship throughout much of this century. Diego López Pacheco was one of them. He had highly valued his confiscated marquisate of Villena but, after its loss, had no choice other than to focus on managing his duchy of Escalona, if he wished to gain substantial income. The town had lost part of its luster, making it necessary to devise a plan to secure its recovery, especially from a demographic point of view. Like other lords, the Marquis set his sights on the Mudejar population of the town. In this case, Muslim revolts in Granada and the Archbishop of Toledo’s responsibility in creating discontent among them served as an excuse for López Pacheco to develop a policy of attracting Muslims to his lordship, especially those coming from the lands of the Archbishopric.

Between 1949 and 1964, advancements in chemistry and medicine, along with societal demands, made fertility regulation possible. Most of the chemical work occurred outside traditional centers, and it was at Syntex S.A. in Mexico City that the pioneering work of George Rosenkranz, Carl Djerassi, and Luis Miramontes achieved a breakthrough, resulting in the synthesis of norethindrone (19-nor-17α-ethynyl testosterone) on October 15, 1951. This compound was a potent and orally active progestogen, establishing the basis for modern contraception. Meanwhile, Syntex's simultaneous success in synthesizing cortisone from diosgenin (a compound found in Mexican yams) demonstrated how an industrial laboratory in a developing scientific country could compete with and outperform better-funded international rivals. Meanwhile, across the border, research on contraceptive steroids gained momentum. Frank B. Colton (G.D. Searle) synthesized norethynodrel in the United States, which became the first FDA-approved oral contraceptive in 1960. However, history would restore its balance. In fact, norethindrone and its derivatives from Syntex were soon available worldwide, becoming the most widely used progestins in oral contraceptives. This review examines the interactions between scientific and social history, clarifying the roles of key figures and situating Mexico's contributions within a broader global context of reproductive autonomy.

This study undertakes a critical examination of how key figures, William James, Sigmund Freud, and Carl G. Jung, who impacted the development of the psychology of religion, conceptualized women within their theoretical frameworks. It addresses a substantial gap in the literature concerning the insufficiently examined and asymmetrical representation of women in early psychological theories of religion. The analysis begins by tracing the emergence of the psychology of women as a separate subdiscipline, developed in response to sexist assumptions and theories embedded within mainstream psychology and shaped by the socio-cultural and scientific contexts of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This historical analysis brings into focus the conditions under which early theories in the psychology of religion were developed. The study does not adopt a feminist theoretical approach; instead, it examines the historical realities and ongoing role of discriminatory frameworks within the field. Focusing on persistent methodological limitations, particularly the lack of appropriate tools for capturing women’s religious experiences, it employs discourse analysis and literature review to show how these early theorists reinforced patriarchal ideologies, which led them to treat women’s spiritual and religious subjectivities in asymmetrical and biased ways. The study further identifies key parallels and similarities between early psychology and the psychology of religion in their constructions of femininity and masculinity. While not proposing direct solutions, this research contributes to the field by uncovering historical biases and encourages future scholarship to critically reassess male-centered frameworks and to develop more inclusive and nuanced methodologies that better account for the complexity of women’s religious lives.

The integration of AI-based chatbots, referred to as “conversational agents,” is considered a tool that addresses various user needs, from responding to requests for information to assisting with problems or bottlenecks. Many chatbots developed by companies over recent years have incorporated Artificial Intelligence to improve communication and outcomes with users. Additionally, numerous benefits are associated with these intelligent algorithms, including automation, increased client focus, and an overall enhanced customer experience. Companies that adopt these disruptive technologies have already benefited from increased customer satisfaction, improved business efficiency, and more sophisticated marketing strategies. Given the impact of artificial intelligence on chatbots, the aim is to analyze the consequences for companies in the telecom sector, particularly in terms of marketing strategies, customer experience, and productivity in Morocco. Qualitative research, conducted through semi-structured interviews, was carried out with fifteen selected participants, including marketing managers and other key figures from Moroccan telecom companies that employ AI-powered chatbots. The findings highlight the positive changes observed in customer care and marketing optimization, particularly within the Moroccan telecommunications industry. While these tools enhance levels of personalization and streamline certain processes, the sector continues to face challenges, particularly in adapting to local linguistic and cultural contexts.

This study is motivated by the increasing competition among umrah travel agencies, which demands effective communication strategies to build a positive public image. Hajar Aswad Mubaroq Surakarta employs brand ambassadors namely the guiding ustadz as key figures in enhancing pilgrims’ trust and satisfaction. The study aims to describe the contributions of brand ambassadors and the da’wah-based communication strategies used to shape a positive service image. A descriptive qualitative approach was applied, with data collected through in-depth interviews with guiding ustadz, agency staff, and pilgrims, as well as through observation and documentation. Data were analyzed deductively through processes of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing, and validated using source and method triangulation. The findings reveal that the guiding ustadz play a strategic role as brand ambassadors, serving not only as ritual guides but also as representatives of the agency’s values. Their credibility, experience, friendliness, and emotional closeness position them as influential figures capable of strengthening the agency’s image. The communication strategies employed include two-way communication, persuasive approaches, humorous delivery, and personal interaction. The role of brand ambassadors effectively enhances the agency’s reputation, increases public trust, and encourages pilgrim loyalty, as indicated by high repeat-order rates.

Introduction: Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England, into an atypical family. His father, Joseph, was a Quaker and artisan, and his mother, Frances, was an Anglican and the daughter of an attorney. Paine spent more than three and a half decades of his life as nothing more than one of many representatives of the English working class. With his departure to America, he became one of the key figures of the coming revolution and the author of the famous pamphlet through which he would shake the foundations of British imperialism and decisively oppose the principle of royal authority based on the foundations of the Bible. Aim: The aim is to analyse the relationship between Paine’s political persona, the republican principles he presents in Common Sense, and the Biblical text in a propaganda and ideological sense, in order to better understand the epochal importance of Paine’s political thought expressed in what is probably his most famous pamphlet. Materials and Methods: The primary literature used in this paper was Common Sense itself, as well as the Bible. In addition, several previously published biographies of Paine available to us were used to understand the life circumstances that led Paine to write his Common Sense. To better understand Paine’s political thought within the pamphlet, various literary, comparative literary, philosophical, and historical analyses were applied. Results: Despite different external influences, it can be stated that Paine’s political thought was authentic and unique. Through his unmatched style, Paine’s pamphlet became famous as a bestseller of its kind in America, but also throughout Europe. Although the biblical passages on Gideon and Samuel (Book of Judges and the First Book of Samuel) occupy a central place, Paine also refers to other Old Testament books such as Exodus and Genesis, and there are also traces of possible influence of New Testament thought on Paine. Conclusion: Paine combines the narrative of biblical condemnation of monarchy with the idea of American exceptionalism, thereby creating in his readers the perception of the American republican revolution as the only correct and also the only possible solution to the political crisis.

The role of women in Arabic literature has been pivotal, marked by their active participation across diverse literary genres throughout history. From ancient times, women have made remarkable contributions not only in poetry but also in other forms such as storytelling and intellectual discourse. In the pre-Islamic era, figures like Safiyyah al-Bahiliyya, Hind bint Utbah and Barra bint Abdul Muttalib emerged as distinguished poets. Beyond poetry, women contributed significantly to storytelling, and in the early Islamic era, notable figures such as Aisha bint Abi Bakr played a critical role in the transmission of Islamic knowledge and culture. In the modern era, women's roles have flourished, particularly in the field of fiction. Women have made invaluable contributions to the development of modern Arabic fiction, establishing themselves as key figures in contemporary literature. They have become integral to the thematic and aesthetic foundations of fiction, addressing diverse issues and experiences. In Kuwaiti literature, women have played a transformative role, both as writers and as central themes in novels and short stories. This article focuses on the contributions of Kuwaiti women writers, with particular emphasis on Laila al-Othman, a renowned fiction writer whose novels and short stories have significantly shaped the literary landscape. The study examines women's impact both as creators and as subjects within narrative structures, exploring the diverse roles of female characters in Laila al-Othman’s works and their broader implications for contemporary Arabic fiction.

The objective of this study is to determine if the thematic priorities of news organizations are consistent or platform-specific by investigating the cross-platform strategies of three leading Bulgarian news agencies. Methodologically, the study combines a quantitative TF-IDF text analysis of 315,103 headlines from their websites and 6961 titles from their official YouTube channels with a qualitative analysis of YouTube thumbnails to assess their strategic visual contribution. The findings reveal a significant strategic divergence: YouTube channels are primarily dedicated to high-impact domestic political news centered on key public figures, while their official websites feature a much broader thematic scope, covering international conflicts or extensive cultural events. The thumbnail analysis further shows they function as a critical visual layer, adding emotional context and explicit cues that are not present in text headlines. This research concludes that news agencies do not simply mirror content but strategically adapt it to leverage the unique characteristics and audience expectations of each platform, employing distinct models for their YouTube and web presences.

Jadali epistemology represents one of the foundational pillars of the Islamic intellectual tradition, emphasizing the pursuit of truth through dialogue, rational argumentation, and coherence with divine revelation. Originating from the concept of mujadalah, Jadali evolved into a method of reasoning designed to test, refine, and authenticate arguments through sound logic and strong textual grounding. This article provides an in-depth examination of the Jadali mode of thought, including its dialogical, comparative, and critical methods, as well as the contributions of key figures such as Al-Ghazali and Fakhruddin al-Razi in strengthening the rational paradigm within Islamic scholarship. The study also compares Jadali epistemology with Western rationalism as developed by thinkers like René Descartes and Immanuel Kant. Although both traditions highlight the central role of reason, they differ fundamentally in their epistemological orientations: Western rationalism tends to be individualistic and introspective, whereas Jadali is dialogical, intersubjective, and firmly anchored in revelation. Through a qualitative library-based approach, this research demonstrates that Jadali epistemology offers a more holistic, ethical, and integrated model of knowledge, making it highly relevant for contemporary Islamic education and the cultivation of critical thinking in the modern era.

Importance. The purpose of the study is to examine the Chiang Kai-shek government’s concept of using changes in the European environment to secure China’s strategic interests during the period from March 1939 (German occupation of Czechoslovakia) to October 1939 (full control of Poland by the USSR and Germany). The study includes an analysis of the decision-making process of Chiang Kai-shek and members of the government, as well as the impact of changes in the international environment on the implementation of their foreign policy strategy. The study of this topic contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of changes in the European environment in the early period of World War II on the situation in the Far East, as well as a comprehensive analysis of the development, transformation, and influencing factors of China’s relations with other countries during the entire period of the Japan-China War. Materials and Methods. The study is based on published or introduced into scientific circulation archival materials of China and Russia, as well as memoirs and diaries of key figures of the Chinese government of that period. These sources are analyzed using the methods of historical and documentary analysis. Results and Discussion. The results of the study indicate that the USSR’s actions towards Poland were the root cause why Chiang Kai-shek’s government was unable to realize the originally defined foreign policy strategy of promptly joining the “anti-aggressive bloc” led by Britain and France in order to quickly establish a link between the Japanese-Chinese War and the European military conflict. The results of the study demonstrate that the key role of the USSR in China’s foreign policy concept of that period, as well as the difficulties in defining relations between the USSR, Great Britain, France and Germany in the current international situation forced Chiang Kai-shek’s government to abandon the initial plans for forced joining the Anglo-French “antiaggressive bloc” in order to avoid provocations to the USSR. Conclusion. Chiang Kai-shek’s government failed to fully implement the foreign policy strategy conceived at this stage to achieve its goal of “quickly linking the Japan-China war to the European military conflict”, which caused a revival in government circles of the concept of “the need for early recourse to U.S. mediation in the Japan-China War”.

This study investigates the relationship between the United States and Venezuela during World War II with a focus on the role of petroleum resources in shaping U.S. foreign policy toward Venezuela. It analyzes how Venezuelan oil reserves influenced American strategic interests and examines diplomatic efforts by the United States to secure stable access to Venezuelan oil amid competition from Britain. The research draws upon archival documents from the U.S. State Department, treaties between American and Venezuelan officials, as well as scholarly publications related to international relations, history of the petroleum industry, and U.S.-Latin American relations. Special attention is given to key figures within both governments who significantly impacted decision-making processes concerning petroleum matters. The findings reveal that America's wartime interests in Venezuela necessitated new approaches and structural changes in implementing its petroleum diplomacy: an office dedicated specifically to addressing oil-related issues was established at the State Department, while foundations for cooperation were laid between the U.S. government and private American oil companies. These results contribute to understanding the origins of contemporary Venezuela's dependence on the petroleum sector and its ties with the United States.

The Industrial Revolution, or the period of rapid industrial growth and social change roughly from the late 18th to the early 19th century, widely influenced the world of English literature. This case study will research the effects that industrialization had on Romantic literature by focusing on the reaction of romantic poets and novelists to the driving forces of their time. Thus, Romantic literature emerges as a reaction against the mechanization and urbanization of the Industrial Revolution-emphasizing themes such as nature, emotion, and individualism as counterpoints to the dehumanizing effects brought about by industrial progress. Key figures include William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Mary Shelley, who used their work to critique industrial society and praise the sublime beauty of the natural world. Representative texts-like Wordsworth's "Lines Written a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey," Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," and Shelley's "Frankenstein"-are analyzed for how these authors grappled with tensions between nature and industry, tradition and innovation, individuality, and conformity. By looking at the interplay between historical context and literary expression, this study will present a nuanced understanding of how the Industrial Revolution shaped the writing of Romantic literature and contributed to broader cultural and intellectual currents at the time.

This paper investigates the recruitment of the 22nd Manipur Labour Corps during World War I, situating the episode within the intersecting forces of colonial coercion, princely politics, missionary mediation, and indigenous agency. While the British Empire mobilized over a million soldiers from India, the extraction of labourers from frontier communities such as the Tangkhuls, Kukis, and Mao Poumei reflects the imperial logic of using “tribal” bodies as expendable units in global warfare. Maharaja Chura Chand Singh, bound by subsidiary alliances, acquiesced to British demands, while Reverend William Pettigrew assumed a central role as mediator, leveraging his missionary authority to secure participation from his Christian converts. Although more than 2,000 men were dispatched to France and other theatres for non-combatant work such as trench construction and logistical support, recruitment was marked by deep ambivalence. Many tribal groups resisted conscription as an extension of existing exploitations under house taxes and begar (forced labour), while others accepted under promises of wages, travel, and lifelong exemption from local obligations. Interpreters and mission-trained elites such as Kanrei Shaiza emerged as key figures, embodying the paradox of colonial modernity: both products of missionary education and agents of indigenous intellectual and cultural transformation. Drawing on Subaltern Studies and postcolonial theory, this paper interprets resistance as a form of non-hegemonic politics and participation as a negotiated engagement with imperial power. It further demonstrates how colonial biopolitics, through drills, wage hierarchies, and symbolic appeals, regulated subaltern bodies for imperial purposes, while simultaneously opening avenues for new cultural identities, Christian public spheres, and global exposure. By recovering the overlooked experiences of Manipuri labourers, the paper contributes to broader debates on militarized labour, missionary complicity, and the hybrid subjectivities forged within the crucible of empire.

In the article, the author highlights the problem of the real organizational and legal status of the guarantor of the Educational Program as a key figure in terms of proper and high-quality implementation of the Educational Program throughout its term. Noting that the rights and obligations of the guarantor of the Educational Program, and to some extent freedom (of choice, action) are enshrined in local regulatory acts (Regulations on the guarantor of the educational program) of higher education institutions. The issue of the legal definition of the guarantor, the interpretation of which is given by the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NAQAVO), is also outlined. The author draws a parallel between the local consolidation of the legal status of the guarantor of the Educational Program of various higher education institutions (higher education institutions of different forms of ownership) and emphasizes that it is precisely local regulatory documents that clearly define its organizational and legal status. At the same time, the provision of organizational powers on the one hand to the guarantor of the Educational Program raises the problem of his subordination and coordination functions with structural units, the dean’s office and the head of the department (if these are two different figures in the educational process). The issue of cooperation between the guarantor of the educational program and the developers of the educational program and the scientific and pedagogical staff who provide the Educational Program is also raised. In particular, the responsibilities of the guarantor of the educational program include the control function over compliance with licensing requirements by scientific and pedagogical workers. At the same time, the guarantor is not endowed with administrative (managerial) powers in terms of the effective implementation of such provision. The place of the guarantor in compliance with licensing conditions by scientific and pedagogical workers is outlined, in particular his role in providing teachers with relevant professional publications of the educational components assigned to them. The article also raises the issue of the guarantor’s adherence to the principles of academic integrity when preparing materials for the self-assessment of the Educational Program and providing reliable information to the Expert Group that conducts accreditation of the Educational Program.

The article is devoted to management system of the scientific and technological sphere (STS) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The analysis focuses on the formal component of the STS. Based on regulatory documents, federal and regional development strategies, as well as general information about the state’s political system, key ministries and departments responsible for managing science and technology are identified. Special attention is paid to the form of state. The UAE is an asymmetric federation where some regions have more powers than others. This can be seen in the norms of the Constitution of the state, according to which there is a differentiation of emirates according to the way they participate in the formation of public authorities. Such specifics determine the regulatory and legal system of the country and the implementation of various strategies, including in the field of scientific and technological development of the state. It is noted that the STS management system is characterized by low transparency, and informal practices and governance institutions are of high importance in the state itself. The characteristic features of the political regime are personalism and patron-client relations that influence personnel appointments. Thus, key positions in the management system of the scientific and technological sector are occupied by figures associated with the ruling families of the emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai, namely Al Nahyan and Al Maktoum. In this regard, special attention is paid to the role of key stakeholders and informal relations. As a result of the research, key figures in the STS system were identified, their biographies and the degree of relations with the ruling houses were given. In addition, the STS management system is not considered in a vacuum, but in the context of the general political system of the state. The author takes this into account and analyzes the dynamics of the development of the science and technology management system in the context of competition between the emirates, as well as the current key domestic political trend – the movement from federalism to centralization. Thus, the purpose of the study is to fill in the gaps in understanding the UAE’s scientific and technological management system and to trace its transformation in the context of recent domestic political changes.

This study focuses on the influence of French Impressionism on traditional Chinese painting. These changes in the 20th century, were largely driven by the need to rethink artistic language after China's period of political isolation and the Cultural Revolution. The paper analyzes the role of key figures such as Lin Fengmian, Liu Haisu, and Li Shutong, who, having studied in Japan and Europe, became proponents of Impressionist ideas and facilitated their synthesis with national artistic traditions. Using specific works as examples, it demonstrates the transformation of traditional imagery and color perception in Chinese painting, identifies a method for shifting emphasis in coloristic lighting, and reveals the artists' new approach to the texture of brushstrokes and space. The conclusion notes that Impressionism as a style played a key role in the modernization of Chinese art, becoming an important point of contact between Eastern and Western aesthetic systems.

The subject of runaway serfs in Russia is not new in Russian historiography: researchers of the 19th‒20th centuries considered various aspects of this phenomenon. However, all these researches were based on the study of men's stories, as it was men who were key figures in the country's economy. The woman’s destiny remained practically out of the field of view of researchers. This article is the first experience of studying the records of interrogations of runaway peasant women. The author explores and introduces into scientific use the interrogatory speeches of runaway peasant women, considering them as one of the possible variants of "Selbstzeugnisse", i.e. "self-testimonies". A special attention is given to reasons, circumstances, escape routes, as well as survival strategies "on the run".