Key Establishment Algorithm Research Articles

Reconfigurable and High-Efficiency Polynomial Multiplication Accelerator for CRYSTALS-Kyber

Recently, NIST has identified the first four quantum-resistant algorithms for post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standardization. CRYSTALS-Kyber (Kyber) is the only public-key encryption and key-establishment algorithm among them. In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable, high-speed, and area-efficient polynomial multiplication accelerator for Kyber to facilitate its practical applications. The cornerstone of polynomial multiplication is the butterfly-unit (BU) structure, composed of modular addition, subtraction, and multiplication. For the modular multiplication, we adopt the Barrett reduction method and reduce the size of operands leveraging the form of modulus with a novel formula transformation, which significantly decreases the computational complexity and increases the maximum clock frequency. On the hardware side, we make 4 BU modules constitute a binomial arithmetic core (Bi-Core) as the basic reconfigurable unit. The memory access scheme tailored for parallel processing is explored with data-reusing and memory-grouping methods, and a compact control logic is devised. The complete polynomial multiplication architecture is coded with Verilog and implemented on a Xilinx Artix-7 xc7a100t-3 device. Experiment results demonstrate that our implementations with different configurations all outperform the state-of-the-art works in area efficiency by up to 39% improvement in terms of area-time product (ATP). Moreover, the proposed design with 4 Bi-Cores achieves the fastest speed among existing designs.

Key Establishment Algorithm for Secure Cyber Physical System to Prevent Cyber Attacks

Extensive research effort is going on to contribute to the Cyber Physical system (CPS). It will create a physical system capable of computation, communication and sharing information between physical devices. Physical devices become smart devices because of CPS. CPS are engineered systems that are built with sensors, microcontrollers which performs computation, communication, control, process and analysis of physical objects. CPS playing important role in smart cities, home automations and other applications. Due to resource constraints like low processing power and low storage space there is a lack of standard security mechanism which can provide adequate security in CPS. In the research paper, we proposed Key establishment mechanism which prevents CPS from cyber-attacks. The goal of this research paper are six -folds: i) to give a detailed overview of cyber physical system. ii) To study architecture of CPS. iii) To study different attacks on CPS with attack points. iv)Application areas of CPS v) security threats in CPS vi) Key establishment algorithm to prevent cyber-attacks in CPS.

Security analysis for chaotic maps-based mutual authentication and key agreement using smart cards for wireless networks

The authentication of mobile users and establishing a shared key for wireless networks is becoming more emerging, as the number of users who want to roam into a foreign network to use a service increases as well as the increase in the number of such networks. Recently, a number of such protocols are proposed which their security rely on modular exponentiations or scalar multiplications over elliptic curves. In 2013, C. Guo et al. proposed a novel such protocol using a chaos-based key-establishment algorithm which was proposed by L. Kocarev and Z. Tasev in 2003. Their protocol makes it possible for both mobile user and the foreign agent to be mutually authenticated by a host agent. A deeper security analysis of their protocol shows some vulnerabilities. In this paper, we will enhance this protocol by applying fixes to these vulnerabilities and state a set of security requirements for it. We will also investigate the computational complexity of the enhanced protocol and efficient ways to compute the iterations of the first type of Chebyshev polynomials.

A randomized CPA-secure asymmetric-key chaotic color image encryption scheme based on the Chebyshev mappings and one-time pad

In this paper, a novel randomized chaotic asymmetric-key algorithm is proposed for color image encryption. Using the multiplicative coupled Chebyshev-based encryption algorithm, a novel chaotic key establishment algorithm using Chebyshev polynomials is proposed. This key establishment algorithm is used to generate three chaotic pseudo-random number sequences to permute the rows and the columns of the plain image randomly. Then, each pixel is XORed with respect to a random value obtained based on its new position to mask its value. The whole encryption algorithm is randomized, so it can resist chosen plaintext attacks. The experimental and security analysis of the proposed algorithm shows that the proposed algorithm has a large keyspace, a good level of security, and an acceptable level of robustness.

A lightweight multi-layer authentication protocol for wireless body area networks

Nowadays, the technology of Internet of Things (IoT) is getting more and more important which brings a lot of convenience to people’s life and city’s development. As a key application of IoT, wireless body area networks (WBANs) provides people high quality of life and high level of medical service. However, due to the sensitiveness of medical system, security and privacy issues in WBANs are very important. In previous research, there are no comprehensive authentication protocols designed for WBANs according to its characteristics of network structure. In this paper, we propose an efficient multilayer authentication protocol and a secure session key generation method for WBANs. Firstly, we design a one-to-many group authentication protocol and a group key establishment algorithm between personal digital assistance (PDA) and each of sensor nodes with energy efficiency and low computational cost. Then, we present a new certificateless authentication protocol with no pairings based on certificateless cryptography between PDA and application provider (AP), using ECC algorithm that provides low computational cost with high security. In addition, the validation of the proposed protocol can be proved. Finally, the security and performance analysis shows that our protocol is secure and efficient.

스마트 그리드에서의 AMI 보안에 관한연구

최근 스마트그리드가 발달함에 따라 AMI망에서의 보안은 전력정보통신에 많은 변화를 주었다. 본 연구는 사이버 공격으로부터 AMI시스템과 제품사이에 연결되어있는 각각의 구성품을 안전하게 보호하고, 댁내와 사용자에게 발생할 수 있는 2차 피해를 막기 위해 설계되었다. AMI망에서의 보안문제를 해결하기위해 공개된 암호키를 기반으로 보안알고리즘을 구성하고 키를 생성하여, 새로운 AMI설비가 보호될 수 있도록 제안하였다. Recently with improvement of SMART Grid, AMI network security has been affecting the environment for Electric information and communication. The system and communication protection consists of steps taken to protect the AMI components and the communication links between system components from cyber intrusions. The addition of two way communications between SUN and HAN introduces additional risk for unauthorized access to the AMI system. In this paper, we propose new AMI device authentication infrastructure, key establishment and security algorithm based on public key encryption to solve AMI network security problems.

A cyber-physical approach to secret key generation in smart environments

Encrypted communication in wireless sensor networks oftentimes requires additional randomness and frequent re-keying in order to avoid known-plain text attacks. Conventional approaches for shared secret generation suffer however from various disadvantages, such as necessity of a trusted third party, protocol scalability, and especially, the computational resources needed for performance-demanding public-key protocols. To appropriately respond to the increasing disproportions between a computationally powerful adversary and lightweight wireless devices, a cyber-physical approach has recently attracted much attention. The general idea is to leverage the properties of the physical world and include them in a design of lightweight security protocols. Especially valuable physical property is the erratic and unpredictable nature of multi-path signal propagation which has already shown itself as a rich source of randomness. This work presents a new cyber-physical approach in order to make secure wireless sensor communications and proposes a secret key extraction algorithm that leverages signal strength fluctuations resulting from dynamic physical environments, e.g. environments experiencing human movements. In particular, this work presents a systematic experimental evaluation by using a real-world sensor network, and analyzes the impact of different moving patterns on legitimate devices and an eavesdropper. Finally, this work quantifies the main factors that influence the key establishment algorithm and propose a protocol which allows secret sharing in an effective and efficient way.

Energy-efficient dynamic pairwise key establishment algorithm for sensor network

Concerning the defects in key pre-distribution schemes such as storage heavyload,bad extendibility,a energy-efficient dynamic pairwise key establishment algorithm (EE-DPKEA) was proposed. The algorithm adopted the clustered-based scheme to establish pairwise keys,utilized the energy of each node in equilibrium and prolonged the life of sensor networks. Simulation results show that EE-DPKEA is better than the traditional key pre-distribution scheme in many aspects such as security,storage and communication overhead,key connectivity and energy load balancing.