Kelud Volcano Research Articles

Analysis of Subsurface Resistivity Distribution of the Kelud Volcano Using Magnetotelluric Method

Indonesia has the world’s most active volcanoes, with more than 30% of them lying within its borders. The Kelud volcano erupted in 2007, resulting in the development of a Lava Dome in the crater lake. This phenomena is known as effusive. The magnetotelluric approach is used in this study to predict the subsurface resistivity distribution in the Kelud volcano area. Data was obtained at 10 different locations around the Kelud volcano area. The subsurface structure of the Kelud Volcano can be identified based on resistivity values that show significant differences, according to the modelling results. According to the findings, the surface resistivity surrounding the Kelud volcano ranges from 1 to 100 ohm. The main structure of the hydrothermal system’s clay cap was discovered at a depth of 1000 m from the surface in the western part of the summit, with resistivity values ranging from 1-10.m. With a resistivity of more than 100 ohm.m., a high resistivity forming a conduit appears in the centre of the summit area. The subsurface structure values obtained indicate that these structures are volcanic.

The role of magma ascent rates and viscosity in explosive and dome eruptions (Kelud volcano, Indonesia)

The role of magma ascent rates and viscosity in explosive and dome eruptions (Kelud volcano, Indonesia)

ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY ON ALTITUDE CHANGES IN GRAVITY MICRO DATA USING POLYNOMIAL EQUATION APPROACH (CASE STUDIES OF MERAPI AND KELUD VOLCANOES)

Analysis of gravity changes to altitude changes from gravity measurements at Merapi Volcano and Kelud Volcano was carried out to determine the characteristics of the two mountains based on the gravity method. Merapi Volcano and Kelud Volcano are two very active mountains in Indonesia and have different physiography, especially at the top of Kelud there is a crater filled with water. Repeated gravity surveys will be useful for studying deformation in volcanoes and providing information about changes in subsurface mass. The gravity data on Merapi Volcano is secondary data from BPPTKG (Research and Development Center for Geological Disaster Technology), and data on Kelud Volcano is obtained from the 2019 data collection survey. Volcanic monitoring using the gravity method is carried out by observing changes in gravity with changes in altitude to study deformation in the volcano and providing information about changes in subsurface mass using a polynomial equation approach of to . The findings indicate that there was little variation in the gravity anomaly within Merapi Volcano between 2018 and 2019. The highest coefficient of determination, at 96%, was observed in the gravity anomaly data from inside the Kelud Volcano in 2019, after applying Bouguer corrections in the form of spherical effects. Additionally, the coefficients of the second and third order polynomials of the Merapi Volcano data had opposite signs to those of Kelud Volcano, suggesting that the internal source of the gravity anomaly within Merapi Volcano is distinct from that within Kelud Volcano.

Effect of Coarse Aggregate Treatment On Characteristics of Pumice and Scoria Lightweight Concretes

This study presents an experimental investigation of lightweight concretes production using typical pumice andscoria from Kelud volcano, Indonesia as coarse aggregates. Three different treatments were evaluated to obtain an effective treatment method. Method A was a combination of preheating to the temperature of 100oC and soaking for 2 hours. Method B was a direct presoaking for 3 hours and Method C was a premixing with water in the concrete mixer for 10 minutes. These methods were based on the water content of lightweight coarse aggregates tested before. The results showedthat Method A provided the highest water content compared to Methods B and C. Similarly, it also provided the most satisfying workability during concrete production. Moreover, all physical and mechanical characteristics of hardened concrete were not affected by the coarse aggregate treatment methods given. Therefore, Method A was considered an effective treatment method. Pumice and scoria lightweight concretes constituted the structural lightweight concrete withequilibrium densities in the range of 1724 kg/m3to 1837 kg/m3. The density reduction wasbetween21% and 24% sothat they can reduce the self-weight of structural element. However, the chord modulus of elasticity, the splitting tensile strength as well as the modulus of rupture was lower than the normal concrete and must be considered throughout in the structural lightweight concrete design.

Eruptive history of the last-1300-years activity of Kelud volcano, Indonesia: Inferences from stratigraphy, chronology, sedimentology, componentry, and geochemistry

Kelud is considered one of the deadliest volcanoes in Indonesia due to its proximity to three cities in East Java (Malang, Kediri, and Blitar) and violent eruptions over the last century. Regardless of the frequently witnessed eruptions, the volcanic stratigraphy for the historical ages has been poorly understood. Here, we provide the first documentation of volcanic stratigraphy for the last 1300 years of activity at Kelud. Componentry and 14C data are coupled with detailed field observations to develop a comprehensive stratigraphy and characterize the main eruption types. The volcanic succession can be subdivided into ten bed-sets composed of pyroclastic density current (PDC) and tephra fallout deposits. A total of twelve fallouts and ten individual PDC units were identified between ∼1.3 and 0.1 cal. ka B.P. One of these units may be attributed to the 1481C.E. eruption. The fallout layers are generally thin, derived from short-sustained eruption columns. By contrast, PDC deposits are massive to stratified, suggesting variable particle concentrations typically resulting from low-column collapses. This complex stratigraphy suggests that Kelud is capable of producing a wide spectrum of eruptions with an increasing eruptive frequency over time and shorter dormancy periods than those between witnessed eruptions (from once /∼100 years to once/∼10 years). This stratigraphic framework, which documents extended records from the oldest witnessed eruption in Kelud (1000C.E.), sheds new insights into Kelud's activity during historical time. Since the products share similar characteristics with those from the most recent activities at Kelud (e.g., 1990, 2007–2008, and 2014), similar eruptions may also occur in the future.

Pre-eruptive excess volatiles and their relationship to effusive and explosive eruption styles in semi-plugged volcanoes

Understanding the role of various factors influencing eruption style is challenging, but it can aid in adapting different hazard mitigations and crisis responses for explosive or effusive events. Here, we focus on the role of magma storage conditions in controlling eruption styles at basaltic andesite volcanoes, and how they can be related to monitoring data. We study the cycle of explosive (1990, sub-Plinian) → effusive (2007, dome) → explosive (2014, sub-Plinian) eruptions from Kelud (Kelut) volcano, Indonesia. We conducted petrological analyses of the eruption products and phase equilibria experiments using pumice and explored a range of temperatures, pressures, oxygen fugacity, and volatile contents. We show that we can reproduce the main mineral assemblage (plagioclase ± pyroxenes ± magnetite ± amphibole ± olivine) and phenocryst content (30–50 wt%) of the magmas from the three eruptions at T = 975 ± 39°C, p = 175 ± 25 MPa, fO2 = nickel–nickel oxide buffer, and about 4–6 wt% water in the melt (ca. 3 to 5 wt% and ca. 4 to 7 wt% for the 1990 and 2014 eruptions, respectively). However, geothermobarometric results also indicate that some crystals of amphibole were sourced from higher pressures. We infer from a synthesis of our data and historical observations that the high phenocryst content of the 2007 dome (∼70 wt%) likely resulted from slow magma ascent toward the surface alongside progressive degassing and re-equilibration at a lower volatile content (∼1 wt% water in the melt). Mass balance calculations on the sulfur budget of the 1990, 2007, and 2014 magmas show that the explosive events contained an excess fluid phase at pre-eruptive conditions, and we propose that this led to their higher explosivity compared to the 2007 dome. The accumulation of excess fluids during decadal-long repose depends on how plugged the volcanic system is, or its ability to passively release magmatic fluids, prior to eruption. Such condition could be inferred from monitoring records, including changes in gravity of the plumbing system over time, and thus contribute to better anticipate eruptive style.

Assessment role local community perception and participation in reducing risk of lahar flood

Type Lahar is a hazard post volcanic eruption. After 2014 Kelud Volcano eruption lahar flood a serious threat to the Pandansari village, Ngantang Sub District, Malang Regency. Lahar floods have resulted impact to losses in the form of damage and loss of property in the community as well as public facilities. The aim of research to assess perception and public participation in risk reduction lahar flood. Research conducted with quantitative and qualitative methods are equipped with P-GIS. Quantitative method to determine the population’s response to the lahar flood. Qualitative methods to obtain in-depth information on the key informant. P-GIS is done to validate the spatial distribution of lahar flood has affected on the locations, types of damage and loss experienced by the population. Results of cross tabulation of statistical tests show that public perception is influenced by gender, education level, and occupation. The variable level of education and type of work also affect the level of community participation. Community participation is realized in the form of creating alternative pathways evacuation.

FOSS (Free Open Source Software) Integration to Implement WebGIS-Based Information System of Kelud Volcano

The purpose of this research is to establish a webGIS-based disaster information system. WebGIS application is used as a dissemination strategy of geospatial information of the data obtained from the surrounding area of Kelud Volcano. This application utilizes the Free Open Source Software (FOSS) standardized by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). The initial step in the development of this system includes providing a database for geospatial data storing consisting of landslide-prone zones, land suitability, and tourism which were the focus of this research. The second step is the GeoJSON data conversion and Web Mapping Service (WMS) creation. This study has several results in the form of; 1) the establishment of a web-based GIS application system using FOSS standardized by OGC provides benefits in terms of cost efficiency in the development and provides convenience for the application because it is widely used by the community; 2) the development of information systems built in two directions between community participation and disaster web managers shows effective results; 3) the results of the two system tests show that the system built has no functional problems but, the version of the web browser used needs to be considered. This application is expected to build a communication aspect between policymakers and the community concerning an integrated disaster information management.

The Role of Family Against Children's Anxiety After Disaster of Kelud Eruptions

Introduction: Children are greatly affected by disasters and are more likely to be anxious than other groups of people. In a disaster, children experience simultaneous and ongoing disruptions in their families, schooling, health, friendship, and other critical areas of their lives. However, the role of the family is needed to prevent those problems. Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the role of the family against children's anxiety children after the disaster of Kelud volcano. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used in this study. A purposive sampling method was used to determine families with children who have experienced anxiety in Sugih Waras village, Kediri, as the samples. The questionnaire on the family’s role and attitude towards children with anxiety was distributed to respondents, then analyzed descriptively - the result presented in the frequency and percentage. Results: Twenty-seven families were recruited in this study. The result showed that 81,5% of families have somewhat minor roles, and only 18,5% of families have promising roles in preventing the children’s anxiety after the Kelud volcano disaster. Conclusions: Most respondents related that the role in preventing children who experienced anxiety after the Kelud volcano disaster was still low. So, knowledge and understanding of the family role to prevent anxiety in children are necessary.

Experimentally derived F, Cl, and Br fluid/melt partitioning of intermediate to silicic melts in shallow magmatic systems

Abstract The conditions under which halogens partition in favor of an exsolved fluid relative to the coexisting melt are key for understanding many magmatic processes, including volcanic degassing, evolution of crustal melt bodies, and ore formation. We report new F, Cl, and Br fluid/melt partition coefficients for intermediate to silicic melts, for which F and Br data are particularly lacking; and for varying CO2-H2O contents to assess the effects of changing fluid composition (XH2O) on Br fluid/melt partitioning for the first time. The experiments were conducted at pressures 50–120 MPa, temperatures 800–1100 °C, and volatile compositions [molar XH2O = H2O/(H2O +CO2)] of 0.55 to 1, with redox conditions around the Nickel-Nickel Oxygen buffer (fO2 ≈ NNO). Experiments were not doped with Cl, Br, or F and were conducted on natural crystal-bearing volcanic products at conditions close to their respective pre-eruptive state. The experiments therefore provide realistic constraints on halogen partitioning at naturally occurring, brine-undersaturated conditions. Measurements of Br, Cl, and F were made by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) on 13 experimental glass products spanning andesite to rhyolitic compositions, together with their natural starting materials from Kelud volcano, Indonesia, and Quizapu volcano, Chile. Fluid compositions were constrained by mass balance. Average bulk halogen fluid/melt partition coefficients and standard deviations are: DClfluid/melt = 3.4 (±3.7 1 s.d.), DFfluid/melt = 1.7 (±1.7), and DBrfluid/melt = 7.1 (±6.4) for the Kelud starting material (bulk basaltic andesite), and DClfluid/melt = 11.1 (±3.5), DFfluid/melt = 0.8 (±0.8), and DBrfluid/melt = 31.3 (±20.9) for Quizapu starting material (bulk dacite). The large range in average partition coefficients is a product of changing XH2O, pressure and temperature. In agreement with studies on synthetic melts, our data show an exponential increase of halogen Dfluid/melt with increasing ionic radius, with partitioning behavior controlled by melt composition according to the nature of the complexes forming in the melt (e.g., SiF4, NaCl, KBr). The fundamental chemistry of the different halogens (differing ionic size and electronegativities) controls the way in which partitioning responds to changes in melt composition and other variables. Experimental results confirm that more Cl partitions into the fluid at higher bulk Cl contents, higher melt Na, higher fluid XH2O ratios, and lower temperatures. Bromine shows similar behavior, though it seems to be more sensitive to temperature and less sensitive to Na content and XH2O. In contrast, F partitioning into the fluid increases as the melt silica content decreases (from 72 to 56 wt% SiO2), which we attribute to the lower abundance of Si available to form F complexes in the melt. These new data provide more insights into the conditions and processes that control halogen degassing from magmas and may help to inform the collection and interpretation of melt inclusions and volcano gas data.

Fluid Fluxing and Accumulation Drive Decadal and Short-Lived Explosive Basaltic Andesite Eruptions Preceded by Limited Volcanic Unrest

Abstract Some volcanoes are known for repeatedly producing explosive but short-lived eruptions (< half a day) every decade or so. These eruptions are often preceded by limited unrest signals and short run-up times to eruption (a few hours to months), and thus they are difficult to anticipate. Some well-documented examples are the 1990 and 2014 eruptions of Kelud volcano in Indonesia, or the 2015 Calbuco eruption in Chile. Here we interrogate the rock record and obtain insights into the processes and pre-eruptive conditions that led to the 1990 Kelud eruption, which we integrate with monitoring data (seismicity, lake temperature and hydro-acoustics, sulfur emissions) towards a conceptual model for this type of events. Mineral-melt geothermobarometers indicate that the basaltic andesite magma carried a crystal cargo from as deep as 15–19 km, and reached volatile saturation at 4–9 km with 2–4 wt.% water in the melt. The textures and compositional zoning of orthopyroxene and plagioclase do not support intrusion of more primitive magma as the driver for the eruption, and we instead propose that pre-eruptive fluid accumulation and high-temperature fluid fluxing from depth (likely dominated by CO2) played a major role in priming the eruption to occur. Such pre-eruptive gas accumulation is also supported by mass balance calculation of the emitted excess SO2 gas. Mg-Fe diffusion profiles in reversely zoned pyroxenes constrain timescales of weeks to months before eruption for fluid addition to the reservoir, and such events may be recorded in the monitoring signals, especially in the change of hydroacoustics and water lake temperature, and probably in the seismic swarms. We propose that fluid exsolution and accumulation in the shallow reservoir plays a crucial role in modulating and triggering short-lived explosive eruptions with brief unrest at Kelud and probably other volcanoes worldwide.

Development of Volcano Early Warning System for Kelud Volcano

Kelud is one of Indonesian volcano lies between Kediri and Blitar districts of East Java province. This volcano has erupted since 1000 where casualties of 200000 people emerged until the last eruption in 2014. Therefore, it is needed a volcano early warning system to detect the eruption earlier for minimizing the casualties. We have developed an early warning system based on sensor nodes consist of vibration, temperature and gasses (sulfur and carbon dioxide) sensors to monitor the physical parameter of the volcano, drone surveillance, mapping and temperature measurement, and mobile robot consists of the same sensor as in the node for both normal and emergency situations. The system has been tested in Kelud volcano in August 2019. In a normal condition, the system has detected 1 Hz of seismicity, under 1 ppm of sulfur and carbon dioxide, 23-55.3oC of the lake temperature, 32oC of the ground temperature and 23-25oC of the air temperature. The system could be used for 37 hours of full operation for 1 charging cycles of solar cell’s charging process where suitable for dangerous environment application.

Food security in the disaster-prone area: an empirical study from the rural area of Indonesia

Natural disasters affect food security due to low production in the affected areas, so that securing food is a top priority when a disaster occurs. This study aims to identify the food security status of a village located in disaster risk areas and formulates village development plans to reduce the risk of food insecurity. The case study area is Kaumrejo Village, Malang Regency as one of the most affected villages by the Kelud volcano eruption. This research employed a food security analysis based on the Ministry of Agriculture regulation regarding food security measurement and literature study. The results showed Kaumrejo village achieved food security a year after the disaster occurred. The status of this village’s food security quickly recovered even though local food production was hampered because the farmlands were covered by material from the eruption. One supported factors was the high import of food stocks from other regions. During the disaster response period, this village received huge support from the volunteers and the government. Upon disaster response period ended, village communities struggled to achieve their food security status as the farmland needed time to recover. The villagers need to establish alternative income generators to buy food supplies.

The b-value of the Kelud Volcano in the Last Three Decades

Kelud volcano is located in the Kediri sub-district, East Java Province, Indonesia. This volcano is still active, with total population, in the radius of 10 km, is around 10 thousand people. Kelud volcano is a popular tourist destination. On the weekend, total visitor can reach 5,000 people per-day. These people are at high risk when the Kelud volcano erupts. The last eruption of the Kelud volcano occurred in 2014 and was explosive eruption. Previously, there was an effusive eruption in 2007. These two types of eruption have its own geo hazard risk. Thus, predict the eruption type could help hazard mitigation. In this study, two data sets of earthquakes, 1990-2007 and 2008-2020, were analysed to determine the b-value and its relationship to the eruption type of the Kelud volcano. The calculation of the b-value uses the Gutenberg-Richter relationship. Calculation of the b-value in 2007, when there was an effusive eruption, showed a value of 2.27, while in 2014 (when there was an explosive eruption) was 1.85. After 2009, the curve of the b-value against time shows decrease. As a long term precursor of the Kelud activity, this b-value curve should be analysed continuously, besides volcano tectonic seismicity monitoring.

Permutation entropy variation for 2007 effusive dome-forming eruption period of Kelud Volcano, Indonesia

The complexity of a system recorded in time series data can be measured statistically using permutation entropy (PE). The state of a system (e.g. regular, chaotic, random, etc.) that underlies the appearance of variations in time series can be determined with PE. Since volcanoes are considered as the complex dynamical system controlled by interactions of many processes. Permutation entropy can be applied to study the system mechanism of volcano. We utilized PE to study system mechanism of Kelud volcano in 2007 dome-forming eruption period, from 3 (KWH; KLD; UMBK) seismic stations with different distances from the crater lake. Then, we want to compare the results. The result of study shows that the PE pattern for each station is different. The unique PE pattern that can be used as an eruption precursor is only shown at KWH and KLD stations. This pattern began to appear 2.7 days before the eruption on 3 November 2007. Data from UMBK station doesn’t show unique PE pattern. The factors such as sensor distance from magmatic activity center, size, and type of eruption probably influenced the final PE result. Using PE as the addition to volcano monitoring can maximize efforts in mitigation activities.

Analisa Potensi Aliran Lahar Kali Putih, Gunungapi Kelud

Kelud Volcano is one of the active volcanoes and located in East Java. After the eruption, Kelud Volcano left a number of volcanic materials from the rock, sand and the ash on residential land, plantations and the surrounding area. The main problem is the eruption of Kelud Volcanoes has the potential to experience an increase in the frequency of eruptions and there has been no development of a regional reconstruction model for secondary impacts due to eruptions in the field of water resources infrastructure. Based on these problems, a test of the Sabo and modular hydraulic physical models will be planned. This study discusses the identification of the location and volume of sediments that have the potential to become Kali Putih lava flows from Kelud Volcanoes. The Takahashi analysis method is used to analyze the estimated excess volume of the target sediment which must be controlled by sabo technology. Identification of sediment transport zones is obtained from the classification of slope on existing buildings obtained from satellite imagery. The results of the analysis are as follows: 1.) Sediment transport areas in the Putih Watershed have an area of 863 km2. 2.) The total volume of Kali Putih sediment that has the potential to become cold lava after the eruption is 4,139,414.23 m3. 3.) Sabo and modular hydraulic physical model testing is required. 4) A model of regional reconstruction is needed for secondary impacts due to eruptions in the water resources field. 5) New sabo plan planning is needed

Remotely assessing tephra fall building damage and vulnerability: Kelud Volcano, Indonesia

Tephra from large explosive eruptions can cause damage to buildings over wide geographical areas, creating a variety of issues for post-eruption recovery. This means that evaluating the extent and nature of likely building damage from future eruptions is an important aspect of volcanic risk assessment. However, our ability to make accurate assessments is currently limited by poor characterisation of how buildings perform under varying tephra loads. This study presents a method to remotely assess building damage to increase the quantity of data available for developing new tephra fall building vulnerability models. Given the large number of damaged buildings and the high potential for loss in future eruptions, we use the Kelud 2014 eruption as a case study. A total of 1154 buildings affected by falls 1–10 cm thick were assessed, with 790 showing signs that they sustained damage in the time between pre- and post-eruption satellite image acquisitions. Only 27 of the buildings surveyed appear to have experienced severe roof or building collapse. Damage was more commonly characterised by collapse of roof overhangs and verandas or damage that required roof cladding replacement. To estimate tephra loads received by each building we used Tephra2 inversion and interpolation of hand-contoured isopachs on the same set of deposit measurements. Combining tephra loads from both methods with our damage assessment, we develop the first sets of tephra fall fragility curves that consider damage severities lower than severe roof collapse. Weighted prediction accuracies are calculated for the curves using K-fold cross validation, with scores between 0.68 and 0.75 comparable to those for fragility curves developed for other natural hazards. Remote assessment of tephra fall building damage is highly complementary to traditional field-based surveying and both approaches should ideally be adopted to improve our understanding of tephra fall impacts following future damaging eruptions.

Psychological Impact Of Mount Kelud Eruption On Children In (Ring 1) Desa Kebonrejo Village, Kepung, Kediri District; Qualitative Research

Children who are a vulnerable group in disasters need special attention to reduce the negative risk of their life. This qualitative research with a phenomenological approach was conducted on children who survived the Mount Kelud eruption. Referring to the research aim and after analyzing the data with Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis (IPA), 6 (six) themes were found, namely: feeling the need to pray a lot, feeling afraid if the kelud volcano erupts again, the more affection for parents, feeling afraid of death, feeling slopes Kelud is the land of birth, and feels uncomfortable in the refuge. From all the themes can be concluded that the children who survived the 2014 eruption of Mount Kelud still felt frightened by the condition of Mount Kelud that might erupt, making them more prayerful and happy to help their parents because they didn't want their parents to be difficult.

Harmonic ionospheric oscillation by the 2010 eruption of the Merapi volcano, Indonesia, and the relevance of its amplitude to the mass eruption rate

Using continuous data from ground-based Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) receivers in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia, we studied the response of ionospheric total ionospheric electron content (TEC) to the 2010 Nov.5 eruption of the Merapi volcano in central Java. We then compared the results with the case of the 2014 Feb.13 eruption of the Kelud volcano, eastern Java. The TEC showed a quasi-periodic oscillation of a frequency ~4 mHz with average amplitudes of 0.9 and 1.8% relative to background values lasting for ~20 and ~ 120 min for the Merapi and Kelud eruptions, respectively. By comparing the two cases, together with the 2015 April eruption of the Calbuco volcano, Chile, we found the relative TEC oscillation amplitude may scale with the mass eruption rate. This suggests that the product of such TEC oscillation amplitude and the duration provides a new measure for the total volume of the volcanic deposits.

Soil collembola on land affected by pyroclastic material of Kelud Volcano, Ngantang Malang

A study of Collembola on land affected by pyroclastic material of Kelud Volcano, Ngantang Malang was conducted to elucidate the abundance and diversity of soil Collembola in a volcanic environment at various elevations. The study area was divided into two habitats, affected and unaffected by pyroclastic materials at each altitude of 900 m above sea level (asl), 1000 m asl, and 1100 m asl. The research was carried out in June 2019 using a stratified purposive sampling method. Soil Collembola was collected on litter and soil layers using a square frame, length and width of 20 x 20 cm to a depth of 5 cm. Litter and soil layer samples were extracted using Modified Berlese Funnel. Collembola was identified based on morphospecies up to the genus level. Each genus was found only one species, therefore genus was considered as a species. Results of the study showed that soil Collembola on land affected by pyroclastic has 20 species and an abundance of 8790 individuals/m 2 . In the pyroclastic unaffected areas, were found 33 species and an abundance of 3865 individuals/m 2 . Entomobrya sp. was dominant in the litter and soil layers of all the study areas. This indicates that Entomobrya sp. is a species that is easy to adapt and has high habitat tolerance.