Kelley's Ratio Research Articles

Numerical Verification of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation Around the Subsurface Dam Area of Miyako Island, Japan

The sustainable management of water resources is essential for agricultural productivity, especially in areas with scarce water availability. This study focused on assessing groundwater quality for irrigation near the subsurface dam area of Miyako Island, Japan. Water samples from three observation points were tested for various parameters, including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), permeability index (PI), Kelley's ratio (KR), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR). EC values ranged from 270 to 800 µS/cm, suggesting water quality ranging from doubtful to good. SAR values between 0.23 and 1.49 suggested excellent quality. SSP ranged from 7.90% to 31.71%, mostly indicating good to excellent quality. RSBC values fluctuated between -1.57 to 1.45 epm, largely within safe limits. PI values varied from 40.34 to 75.83, indicating good permeability. Total hardness (TH) ranged from 105.50 to 326.45 ppm, classifying the water as hard to very hard. MAR values were below 50, suggesting potential soil issues. A numerical model confirmed observed Ca²⁺ concentrations, showing an increasing trend due to enhanced CO₂ emissions and lower pH. The data analysis revealed strong positive relationships between SSP and KR (r = 0.984), SAR and SSP (r = 0.951), and SAR and KR (r = 0.960). Despite generally acceptable values, continuous monitoring is recommended, especially for hardness, to ensure sustainable crop production. This study underscores the need for regular assessment and management of groundwater quality in subsurface dam areas to mitigate potential adverse effects on soil and agricultural productivity.

Appraising water resources for irrigation and spatial analysis based on fuzzy logic model in the tribal-prone areas of Bangladesh.

The lack of quality water resources for irrigation is one of the main threats for sustainable farming. This pioneering study focused on finding the best area for farming by looking at irrigation water quality and analyzing its location using a fuzzy logic model on a Geographic Information System platform. In the tribal-prone areas of Khagrachhari Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh, 28 surface water and 39 groundwater samples were taken from shallow tube wells, rivers, canals, ponds, lakes, and waterfalls. The samples were then analyzed for irrigation water quality parameters like electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), magnesium hazard ratio (MHR), Kelley's ratio (KR), and permeability index (PI). Fuzzy Irrigation Water Quality Index (FIWQI) was employed to determine the irrigation suitability of water resources. Spatial maps for parameters like EC, KR, MH, Na%, PI, SAR, and RSBC were developed using fuzzy membership values for groundwater and surface water. The FIWQI results indicate that 100% of the groundwater and 75% of the surface water samples range in the categories of excellent to good for irrigation uses. A new irrigation suitability map constructed by overlaying all parameters showed that surface water (75%) and some groundwater (100%) in the northern and southwestern portions are fit for agriculture. The western and central parts are unfit for irrigation due to higher bicarbonate and magnesium contents. The Piper and Gibbs diagram also indicated that the water in the study area is magnesium-bicarbonate type and the primary mechanism of water chemistry is controlled by the weathering of rocks, respectively. This research pinpoints the irrigation spatial pattern for regional water resource practices, identifies novel suitable areas, and improves sustainable agricultural uses in tribal-prone areas.

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES: A CASE STUDY IN MALAJOYE, EPE AREA, LAGOS, NIGERIA

Proper management of groundwater and surface water resources is crucial for a variety of reasons. The groundwater quality in Malajoye Village in Epe area was assessed by collecting samples from 8 dug wells to determine its suitability for irrigation due to the variability in quantity and quality of water available for irrigation in Nigeria. The fitness evaluation involved determining pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, alkalinity, as well as significant cations (Na+ , K+ , Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3 - , Cl- , SO4 2- ). Of the 8 groundwater samples tested, 75% are classified as good water, while the remaining 25% are deemed unsuitable for irrigation. From these assessments, various irrigation quality parameters, including sodium absorption ratio, Kelley's ratio, residual sodium carbonate, and Mg hazard, were computed. Piper, and stiff diagrams shows the water type in the study area is freshwater while shoeller diagram indicates the water type is a combination of freshwater and seawater. The Gibbs diagram indicates water chemistry is primarily influenced by water-rock interaction, including mineral dissolution and chemical weathering. Evaluation of groundwater samples from the study area revealed that most of the water analysed is appropriate for irrigation use without endangering agricultural activities in Malajoye village, Epe, Lagos State.

Evaluation of the adaptation of groundwater quality in the Ketama Al-Hoceima region (Morocco) to agricultural irrigation

In the Ketama region, irrigation used to depend on rainwater and surface water. However, with drought and water shortages affecting the region, farmers are increasingly relying on groundwater. “Recognizing the critical importance of water quality in irrigation, a total of 164 water samples were collected from various points and subjected to physicochemical analysis. The assessment of groundwater suitability for irrigation encompassed several parameters, including chloride, electrical conductivity (EC), percentage of soluble sodium (% Na), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RCS), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), Kelley ratio (KR), potential salinity (PS), synthetic harmfulness coefficient (K), irrigation coefficient (Ka), chloro-alkaline indices (CAI-1 and CAI-2), and irrigation water quality index (IWQI).”. Results showed that 43.29% (EC), 82% (Na), 68.40% (SAR), and 68.29% (Ka) of groundwater samples were excellent and that 77% (PI) of samples were suitable for irrigation. The IWQI revealed that 21.96% of samples are considered to have high restrictions. This study aims to provide crucial information on irrigation water quality in the region, providing valuable data for various stakeholders to make informed decisions on agricultural practices and the sustainable use of water resources, particularly in the face of challenges posed by climate change and water shortages.

Assessment of Physico-chemical Properties of Soil and Irrigation Water Quality of Phulpur Blocks of Prayagraj District, Uttar Pradesh, India

We aimed to study nutrient status in Phulpur block of Prayagraj District of Uttar Pradesh, India. We collected representative soil samples covering nine villages of Phulpur division at depths like 0-15cm, 15-30cm and 30-45cm before sowing of crops. The soil samples were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties. Results show that the soil samples of the areas of the Phulpur division were found to be mildly alkaline and non-saline. There are many reasons leading to soil quality deterioration, including changes in land use types of forest to arable land and the consequences of intensive land use. The colour of soil changes between the three depths at all locations. There were differences in the colour of dry and wet soils was dark brown to dark yellowish brown. The soil bulk density varied from 1.22 to 1.41 Mg m-3, soil particle density varied from 2.291 to 2.452 Mg m-3, pore space from 41.6 to 48.2 %, water holding capacity from 36.60 to 43.30 % respectively. Soil pH varied from 7.26 to 7.84 and EC is 0.24 to 0.38 dS m-1. while soil organic carbon varied from 0.29 to 0.45 % and available nitrogen from low to medium (180 to 275 kg ha-1), available phosphorous from medium to high (10.80 to 22.5 kg ha-1), potassium was found to be medium range (132.00 to 231.00 kg ha⁻1), exchangeable calcium and magnesium low from (3.48 to 5.50 Meq 100g-1) and (1.66 to 2.72 Meq 100g-1) respectively. The water pH of varied from 6.24 to 7.50, the electrical conductivity of water ranged from 0.31 to 0.90 dS m-1, the bicarbonate of water varied from 7 to 18 Meq L-1, the chloride of water varied from 4.5 to 10.4 Meq L-1, the available calcium of water varied from 4.2 to 8 Meq L-1, the available magnesium of water varied from 2.5 to 3.6 Meq L-1, the potassium of water varied from 0.05 to 0.17 Meq L-1 and the sodium of water varied from 0.08 to 0.21 Meq L-1. The sodium absorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 0.03 to 0.1 Meq L-1, indicating low to moderate levels of sodium content in the water samples. The soluble sodium percent (SSP) ranged from 1.47 to 3.93 Meq L-1, providing further insight into the sodium content in the water. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) varied from -2.4 to 7.4 Meq L-1. The permeability Index (PI) ranged from 28 to 56 Meq L-1, serving as an indicator of the potential impact of water on soil permeability, the Kelley's ratio (KR) ranged from 0.08 to 0.024 Meq L-1. The KR is a measure of the sodium hazard in irrigation water, with lower values indicating a lower risk of sodium-related issues in soil and crops. The range of the irrigation water quality index value ranged from 44 to 157 Meq L-1 it was determined that 100% of the samples are in suitable range for irrigation.

Using groundwater quality index for categorizing the groundwater suitability for irrigation in the south Nile Delta region, Egypt

ABSTRACT Groundwater is considered one of the most important sources of water all over the world. It can be used for different purposes of life, depending on its quality. The quality can be categorized for irrigation based on many items such as sodium percentage, permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley ratio (KR), and water quality index (WQI). Those items can be expressed and presented in Geographic Information System (GIS) format. This study aims to compare the WQI with the other items for expressing the suitability of groundwater for irrigation in GIS format. This study is conducted in the south Nile Delta region, Egypt. Seventy-two groundwater samples are collected and analyzed for pH, EC, total dissolved solids, soluble cations and soluble anions, iron, and manganese. These parameters are used to calculate the WQI considering their permissible limits of FAO, while the other items were calculated using some parameters based on their equations. The results reveal that, due to sodium percentage, there are three orders from five orders, of which 53% are good, 39% are permissible, and 8% are doubtful. Considering PI, the results were 7% for class 1 and 93% for class 2. Regarding MH, the results ranged between 6% (not suitable for irrigation) and 94% (suitable for irrigation). Depending on KR, 82% of the samples are suitable for irrigation, while 18% are not suitable for irrigation. The results of WQI illustrate that 76.4% of the total studied samples are excellent for irrigation and 23.6 are good for irrigation. All the results are represented using ArcGIS 10.1 program to clear the spatial distribution of the groundwater suitability for irrigation. The use of WQI with GIS is considered the best tool to represent and categorize the suitability of groundwater for irrigation.

Assessment of Stormwater Quality in the Context of Traffic Congestion: A Case Study in Egypt

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of traffic congestion in urbanized areas (parking lots and highways) on stormwater quality. Three separate locations in Egypt’s heavily urbanized and populous Giza Governorate were picked for the purpose of monitoring and evaluating the stormwater quality: Faisal (A), El Dokki (B), and Hadayek El-Ahram (C), with catchment areas of 10,476, 7566, and 9870 m2, and with monthly average daily traffic (MADT) values of 47,950, 20,919, and 27,064 cars, respectively. The physio-chemical and heavy metal stormwater quality parameters of six water samples were investigated and compared with Egypt’s water criteria and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The water quality index (WQI) and the irrigation water quality indices were used to assess the uses of stormwater. The results showed that the WQI varied from 426 to 929, with an average of (661 ± 168), indicating that the stormwater was contaminated at each location under examination and needed pretreatment in order to be useful. As a result, the allowed stormwater quality standards were exceeded for heavy metals such as Al, Cr, Cd, Fe, and Cu. The indicators of the stormwater quality for irrigation—the total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), permeability index (PI), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), and Kelley’s ratio (KR)—show excellent stormwater for irrigation, while the total hardness (TH) and residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) indicate poor irrigation water quality. It is advised to sweep the streets to remove particle-bound pollution before it reaches storm drain water, and to put in place an adequate stormwater sewerage system to catch rainwater.

Assessment of hydrogeochemistry in groundwater using water quality index model and indices approaches

Groundwater resources around the world required periodic monitoring in order to ensure the safe and sustainable utilization for humans by keeping the good status of water quality. However, this could be a daunting task for developing countries due to the insufficient data in spatiotemporal resolution. Therefore, this research work aimed to assess groundwater quality in terms of drinking and irrigation purposes at the adjacent part of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP) in Bangladesh. For the purposes of achieving the aim of this study, nine groundwater samples were collected seasonally (dry and wet season) and seventeen hydro-geochemical indicators were analyzed, including Temperature (Temp.), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), total organic carbon (TOC), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), phosphate (PO43−), sulfate (SO42−), nitrite (NO2−), nitrate (NO3−), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The present study utilized the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment water quality index (CCME-WQI) model to assess water quality for drinking purposes. In addition, nine indices including EC, TDS, TH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (Na%), permeability index (PI), Kelley's ratio (KR), magnesium hazard ratio (MHR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), and Residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were used in this research for assessing the water quality for irrigation purposes. The computed mean CCME-WQI score found higher during the dry season (ranges 48 to 74) than the wet season (ranges 40 to 65). Moreover, CCME-WQI model ranked groundwater quality between the “poor” and “marginal” categories during the wet season implying unsuitable water for human consumption. Like CCME-WQI model, majority of the irrigation index also demonstrated suitable water for crop cultivation during dry season. The findings of this research indicate that it requires additional care to improve the monitoring programme for protecting groundwater quality in the RNPP area. Insightful information from this study might be useful as baseline for national strategic planners in order to protect groundwater resources during the any emergencies associated with RNPP.

Assessment, classification and mapping of groundwater quality for agriculture in selected farm settlements of southwestern Nigeria

Abstract Good water quality is very vital to the productivity and sustainability of irrigated agriculture. The suitability for irrigation of groundwater samples collected and analyzed during dry and wet seasons from Ajegunle, Akufo and Eruwa farm settlements of southwestern Nigeria were assessed using several irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs). The parameters were analyzed statistically and subjected to correlation. Seasonal spatial distribution maps were generated via GIS. All the water samples from the three farm settlements were found to be mostly soft, fresh, excellent, and suitable for irrigation in both seasons. Meanwhile, soluble sodium percentage (SSP) and Kelley's Ratio (KR) revealed them as unsuitable while other parameters showed different degrees of suitability for different samples from different farm settlements in different seasons. Significant correlations were seen between the selected parameters in both seasons. The distribution maps reveal the spatial distributions of selected parameters within Ajegunle and Akufo farm settlements. Utilizing these findings will enhance systematic groundwater exploitation for irrigation within the settlements. Furthermore, systematic irrigation management practices and crop choices, based on the concentrations and distribution of the parameters viz-a-viz crop requirements should be considered to limit potential dangers that may arise with the use of the water over a long period.

Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes at Al-Jouf Area in KSA Using Artificial Neural Network, GIS, and Multivariate Statistical Techniques

Groundwater is an essential resource for drinking and agricultural purposes in the Al-Jouf region, Saudi Arabia. The main objective of this study is to assess groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Al-Jouf region. Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater were determined, including total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electric conductivity (EC), hardness, and various anions and cations. The groundwater quality index (WQI) was calculated to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. The EC, sodium percentage (Na+ %), magnesium hazard (MH), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), potential salinity (PS), and Kelley’s ratio (KR) were assessed to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Effective statistical tests and Feed-forward neural network (FFNN) modeling were applied to reveal the correlation between parameters and predict WQI. The results indicated that approximately all samples are appropriate for drinking and irrigation uses except samples of the Al Qaryat region. The ionic abundance ranking was Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations, and Cl− > SO42− > NO3− for anions. Moreover, the groundwater is dominated by alkali metals (K+ and Na+) and controlled by the rock–water interaction process. The indicators of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking according to the following criteria (Na+ %, SAR, KR, MH, PS, WQI (WHO), and WQI (BIS)) can be predicted by the FFNN with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.136, 0.070, 0.022, 0.073, 2.45 × 10−3, 1.45 × 10−2, and 1.18 × 10−2, respectively, and R2 of 0.99, 1.00, 0.99, 0.99, 1.00, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively.

Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Geospatial Mapping for Assessing Groundwater Quality in West El Minia District, Egypt

The primary goal of this study is to analyze the hydrogeochemical properties and assess the groundwater quality for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes in West El Minia, Egypt. Major components were determined in 49 groundwater samples to evaluate water quality in the study area. Principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), geostatistics, and spatial mapping were used to identify the chemical components and processes that influence groundwater quality and highlight areas of health risks. According to the TDS values, about 22% of the groundwater samples are suitable for drinking. Due to the elevated values of hardness in the examined water, none of the water samples are suitable for use in a household. The majority of groundwater samples are acceptable for irrigation based on the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelley ratio (KR), magnesium hazard (MH), and permeability index, and some can be adequately treated. The study indicated that different groundwater characteristics (such as TDS, Na+, K+, HCO3−, Cl−, and SO42−) do not comply with WHO requirements in some regions, which may pose a threat to human health.

Fuzzy logic, geostatistics, and multiple linear models to evaluate irrigation metrics and their influencing factors in a drought-prone agricultural region

The quality of water used for irrigation is one of the major threats to maintaining the long-term sustainability of agricultural practices. Although some studies have addressed the suitability of irrigation water in different parts of Bangladesh, the irrigation water quality in the drought-prone region has yet to be thoroughly studied using integrated novel approaches. This study aims to assess the suitability of irrigation water in the drought-prone agricultural region of Bangladesh using traditional irrigation metrics such as sodium percentage (NA%), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), Kelley's ratio (KR), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total hardness (TH), permeability index (PI), and soluble sodium percentage (SSP), along with novel irrigation indices such as irrigation water quality index (IWQI) and fuzzy irrigation water quality index (FIWQI). Thirty-eight water samples were taken from tube wells, river systems, streamlets, and canals in agricultural areas, then analyzed for cations and anions. The multiple linear regression model predicted that SAR (0.66), KR (0.74), and PI (0.84) were the primary important elements influencing electrical conductivity (EC). Based on the IWQI, all water samples fall into the “suitable” category for irrigation. The FIWQI suggests that 75% of the groundwater and 100% of the surface water samples are excellent for irrigation. The semivariogram model indicates that most irrigation metrics have moderate to low spatial dependence, suggesting strong agricultural and rural influence. Redundancy analysis shows that Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, K+, and HCO3− in water increase with decreasing temperature. Surface water and some groundwater in the southwestern and southeastern parts are suitable for irrigation. The northern and central parts are less suitable for agriculture because of elevated K+ and Mg2+ levels. This study determines irrigation metrics for regional water management and pinpoints suitable areas in the drought-prone region, which provides a comprehensive understanding of sustainable water management and actionable steps for stakeholders and decision-makers.

Water quality assessment for River Mahanadi of Odisha, India using statistical techniques and Artificial Neural Networks

The present study is conducted on Mahanadi River, which is considered as the lifeline for the state of Odisha. There is a persistent outcry of the people in upstream reaches of the catchment, blaming the industries for pollution of water, air and adjoining land, whereas the industries have taken all steps to remain as zero effluent industries. Also due to presence of the Hirakud dam and its water reservoir, the major multipurpose water resources project, near Sambalpur of Odisha state in India, there is a boost in agricultural production. The farmers are using various fertilizers and pesticides to increase crop production, which has made the portion of Odisha, close to the Hirakud dam, a food bowl of Odisha state. The management, utilization and protection of the water resources is based on right assessment of pollutants released from both point and non-point sources. It helps in improving the health condition of the people, and irrigation water use by controlling the disposal of waste load. To address the issue scientifically, the demand for development of water quality models has increased manifold. The objective of the current study is to develop a model to assess the temporal and spatial variability in the quality of water of Mahanadi river basin lying in the state of Odisha and to evaluate with respect to municipal and agricultural use. Pollution of the river water is mainly due to releases of agro-chemicals and releases from the local industries. To take a stock of the situation, six different locations (gauging stations) are selected at different locations of the river and the water quality data such as pH, Temperature, PO4, SO4, TDS, EC, Nitrate, K, F, Cl, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Turbidity, T-Hardness, T-Alkalinity, TC, BOD, DO and BOD are collected from the year 2011–2019 for the purpose of analysis and modeling of water quality. To interpret the complex water quality data matrices and to identify the most influential water quality parameters, three different methods viz., Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Factor Analysis (FA), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were applied. Water Quality Index (WQI) for different seasons were calculated to evaluate the quality of water. The parameters such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Permeability Index of soil, Percent Sodium, Magnesium ratio, Kelley's ratio, Residual sodium carbonate and Exchangeable sodium percentage were used to evaluate the quality of water from view point of irrigation.The PCA and ANN are applied jointly to predict the water quality parameters. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to interpret the complex water quality data matrices and to choose the parameters which have major influence on water quality. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were used to develop a model and to simulate as well as to predict the water quality parameters. It is observed that ANN model predicts the water quality with an appreciable accuracy. Scatter plots between actual and predicted WQI for training and validation phases showed high degree of co-efficient of determination (R2) with the values 90.14% and 98.2%. Hence it is observed that Back-propagation Neural Networks (BPNN) is able to predict the water quality one month ahead, thereby giving sufficient time to take preventive measures to keep river water free from pollution.

Natural carbon mineralization and its control on the geochemical evolution of coal-based aquifers in the Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan.

Hydrochemical analysis of the Salt Range was conducted to understand carbon weathering and its impact on groundwater evolution within the complex geological framework of Punjab. Our results showed that groundwater samples were alkaline with a pH range of 7.0-8.6 and 7.8-8.8 for the eastern Salt Range (ESR) and Trans-Indus Salt Range (TSR), respectively, while that of the Central Salt Range (CSR) was acidic to moderately alkaline ranging between 5.7 and 7.5. The water types of Ca-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Mg-Cl, and Ca-Cl2 were the dominant hydro-chemical facies in ESR and CSR sites. However, groundwater of the TSR site falls under Ca-Mg-Cl, Ca-Cl2, and mixed types of Ca-Mg-SO4. Our new findings suggest that groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by rock dominance and reverse ion exchange reaction, followed by evapotranspiration processes. The wells of ESR, CSR, and TSR were reported with higher levels of Fe and Zn. Regarding the suitability for irrigation, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Kelley's ratio (KR), and potential salinity (PS) at all three sites (ESR, TSR, and CSR) had the potential to become a salinity hazard. The conceptual model of geochemical evolution shows that both local and regional salinization is driven by local geology and intensive coal mining activities. The neutralization capacity of the parent geological formation buffers the acidity and lowers the overall trace element enrichment. The potential of natural weathering could be further explored as a solution to coal mining's impact on the environment.

Hydrochemistry, water quality and health risk assessment of streams in Bismil plain, an important agricultural area in southeast Türkiye

In this study, the water quality of Ambar, Kuruçay, Pamuk and Salat streams, which are the important tributaries of the Tigris River in the Bismil Plain (Diyarbakır, Türkiye) was assessed using 19 physicochemical parameters. Except for a few exceptions, all parameters in the water samples taken from the streams were below the drinking water limit values. Kuruçay Stream had significantly higher TOC, Na+, NO3−, NO2−, Cl− and SO42− levels and lower DO levels than other streams (p < 0.05) due to sewage water discharges, animal manure storage areas near the stream and irrigation return flows. In all streams, Ca–HCO3 was dominant water type. Gibbs diagram indicated that rock weathering is the major factor controlling the hydrochemistry of the streams. According to the results of water quality index (WQI), all sampling stations of Ambar, Pamuk and Salat streams and K1 station of Kuruçay Stream had “good” quality water for drinking purposes, while K2 station of Kuruçay Stream had “poor” quality water. Irrigation indices (permeability index, sodium percentage, magnesium hazard, residual sodium carbonate, Kelley's ratio, sodium adsorption ratio and potential salinity) revealed that all water samples taken from the streams were suitable for irrigation. The water samples from Ambar, Pamuk and Salat streams were in the C2S1 (medium salinity and low alkalinity) category, while the samples from Kuruçay Stream were in the C2S1 and C3S1 (high salinity and low alkalinity) categories. Both hazard quotient and hazard index values of NO3–N, NO2–N and F− for children and adults were found below 1, indicating that adverse health effects are not expected from exposure to these contaminants via water ingestion and dermal contact. The findings of this study showed that the water quality status of Kuruçay Stream is worse as it receives large amounts of irrigation return flows compared to other streams.

Water quality assessment and hydrogeochemistry of a sedimentary basin in a semi-arid area under increasing exploitation: Insights from multivariate statistical analyses, GIS, and modeling

The Paleozoic to Cretaceous sedimentary multi-layered aquifer systems of the sag-Jatobá Basin in semi-arid northeastern Brazil have been studied for quality assessment and screening of the factors controlling the groundwater chemistry evolution. Groundwater samples at 151 sites, maximum depth of 730 m, coupled with hydrological data characterizing the hydro-geological units were used to perform ionic ratios, GIS maps, modeling, and multivariate statistical analyses. The integrated statistical, GIS, and graphical techniques have shown the presence of five groups (i.e., C1 to C5), which increase salinity along the flowpath. C1 to C3 are mainly related to preferential recharge areas under unconfined conditions. The majority of these samples are Na+–HCO3− to Na+–Cl−. C4 samples are more evolved Na+–Cl− to Na+–mixed water roughly following flow path, likely related to areas of an aquifer system under semi-confined conditions. C5 samples have the highest TDS values with a typical Na+–Cl− groundwater type which coupled with the identified lithology reveals a greater degree of confinement. Groundwater chemistry evolution is controlled by climatic, geogenic, hydrologic, and anthropogenic factors mainly governed by evapotranspiration with subsequent cyclic salts dissolution and rock weathering in conjunction with the ion exchange, mixing with saline water, and nitrate contamination. The physical-chemical parameters of ∼85% of groundwater samples are within the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking purposes. Conversely, irrigation ion-based indices such as salinity, Kelley Ratio, and Permeability Index showed that most groundwater is not suitable for irrigation if left untreated. The hydrogeochemical investigation contributed to the characterization and understanding of the flow and long-term geochemical evolution of the complex multi-layered aquifer systems of the Jatobá Basin. In this research, some guidelines are being proposed to be followed that may lead to a saving in global water resources while maximizing food production in similar arid to semi-arid areas.

Determination of pollution status of Nilüfer river by water and bottom sediment analysis

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the Nilüfer river in terms of water quality standards. Bottom sediment and water samples were taken from six different locations. The analysis of the physicochemical parameters of water compared with FAO for irrigation water quality standards. In addition, the SAR (sodium adsorption ratio), % Na, MAR (magnesium adsorption ratio), RSC (residual sodium carbonate), KR (Kelley's ratio) and % PI (permeability index) parameters were evaluated in water samples. The bottom sediment pollution situation was evaluated in terms of pollution index such as TEC (threshold effect concentration) and PEC (probable effect concentration). According to the results of the study, the irrigation water classes of the samples were determined as C2S1 and C3S1. Especially, sample sites S4, S5 and S6 were not suitable for irrigation in terms of RSC, KR. The bottom sediment exceeded the TEC and PEC limit values in terms of Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni contents. This may cause adverse effects on the majority of sediment-dwelling organisms.The use of alternative water sources should be preferred. The river can be used for irrigation with precaution but extensive treatment is required before use for irrigation purposes to prevent adverse public health effects.

Isotopic, Geophysical, and Hydrogeochemical Investigations of Groundwater in West Middle Upper Egypt.

The groundwater of the west Assiut and El-Minia districts was evaluated in this paper using geoelectrical, hydrogeochemical, and stable isotope (oxygen-18 and deuterium) studies. In the studied localities, 42 vertical electrical soundings (VES) were taken to evaluate groundwater potential, and the analysis, as well as collection, of 74 samples of Eocene groundwater was carried out. In accordance with the vertical electrical soundings' interpretation, there are four geoelectrical formations and two major water-bearing units that act as aquifers (Pleistocene and Eocene). To determine irrigation suitability, the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), sodium percentage (Na %), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelley's ratio (KR), and permeability index (PI) were evaluated as irrigation quality parameters. The EC, Na %, and the diagram of the US salinity laboratory indicated that most of the collected samples of groundwater were suitable for irrigation, whereas the RSC and PI pointed out that all of the collected water samples were safe for irrigation. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope values in groundwater samples showed that the Eocene aquifer was recharged by both surface water and the Nubian aquifer.

An evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation uses under the GIS framework

Abstract This study reported the results of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India. Twelve parameters, namely pH, TDS, TH, sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), sulfate (SO42−), bicarbonate (HCO3−), nitrate (NO3−), and fluoride (F−) were evaluated and the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated. Based on the WQI, 31.57% and 68.43% of samples fall in excellent and good drinking water quality. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR: 5.75–33.8), magnesium hazard ratio (MHR: 0.21–0.75), percent sodium (%Na: 31.34–72.84), residual sodium carbonate (RSC: 139–770), potential salinity (PS: 18.5–90), and Kelley Ratio (KR: 0.9–3.13) were calculated. The SAR, %Na, MHR, and KR indicated that most of the groundwater is suitable for irrigation. In addition, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method was also employed to determine the spatial distribution of groundwater quality in the form of maps using ArcGIS software. The Pearson correlation matrix has been calculated to analyze the relationship between the water quality parameters. Gibbs plots have shown that evaporation and rock weathering are primary processes responsible for affecting the hydrochemistry of groundwater. Piper plots suggested that maximum groundwater samples are (HCO3−–Na+), (Na+), and (HCO3−) types.

Hydrogeochemical assessment of streamwater quality for its suitability for irrigation: the case of Manthong village, Kanglung (Bhutan)

Abstract Mountain streams/springs are the primary irrigation water resource in Bhutan Himalaya, besides supporting drinking and other domestic needs. Successful crop production implies an adequate supply of high-quality irrigation water, among other factors. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the suitability of spring-fed streamwater for irrigation use and evaluate hydrogeochemical processes that regulate streamwater chemistry at the Manthong village in Kanglung, Bhutan. The water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solute (TDS) and major ions. Piper and Durov diagrams indicated that most samples are of the intermediate type and simple dissolution or linear mixing is the primary hydrochemical process regulating streamwater chemistry. All the measured physicochemical parameters were within the acceptable thresholds of the FAO guidelines recommended for agricultural use. Analytical results of the streamwater water quality indices, including EC, %Na, residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kelley's ratio (KR) and permeability index (PI), revealed its suitability for irrigation use except for magnesium hazard (MH). The Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) results confirmed that the WS-1 has no restriction as irrigation water; however, WS-2 falls under the high-restriction category. The findings of this study will serve as the baseline data and guide irrigation water management and sustainable irrigation development in the region.