Economy Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Parity in Developing Asia

The traditional fiscal decentralization theorem claims that decentralized government can provide the goods and services at local level more efficiently. However, empirically it is still to explore that how fiscal decentralization affects gender parity. This study empirically investigates the impact of fiscal decentralization on gender parity in developing economies of Asia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand and Turkey. The study used dynamic penal da ta technique namely system GMM over the period of 2006-2020. The multidimensionality of fiscal decentralization is captured through three measures of fiscal decentralization i.e. expenditure decentralization, revenue decentralization and composite decentralization. Further, it also examines the complementarity between fiscal decentralization and control of corruption to increase the gender parity. The results of the analysis show that expenditure decentralization is increasing the gender parity in developing economies of Asia. Additionally, control of corruption is a necessary reform to get the desired fruits of fiscal decentralization. Countries must focus on corruption aspect of local governments in implementing the expenditure, revenue and composite decentralization.

Analysis of Food Production and Consumption Based on the Emergy Method in Kazakhstan.

The imbalance in the supply and demand for resources is a thorny issue that many countries have to face. Food is a basic resource throughout the world. Understanding the exact situation of food production and consumption is an important foundation for sustainable development. This paper aims to explore the quantity and pattern changes in food production and consumption in Kazakhstan. This can reflect the level of residents’ standard of living and the situation of natural resource use. This paper focuses on the quantitative relationship between animal-based food and plant-based food and the tendency towards changes in urban and rural residents’ food production and consumption in Kazakhstan based on the emergy analysis method. The data of food production and consumption were mainly obtained from the official statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Bank, Statistical Commission of the Ministry of National Economy of Kazakhstan, and literature. The research results showed that, over time, Kazakhstan residents’ food consumption patterns have become more varied, and the proportion of meat consumption to total food consumption has increased. Although the rural per capita food consumption is significantly different from that of urban residents, this gap decreased in 2019. In Kazakhstan, the consumption of several types of food still relies on imports. Food production and consumption are affected by economic, social, and ecological factors. The results of this research can provide scientific support for reasonable and sustainable production and consumption strategies in Kazakhstan.

Integration processes – the component of the effective implementation of public-private partnerships

The aim is to justify proposals for improving public-private partnership for the development of grain product sub-complex. The implementation of effective forms of production and economic activity requires an increase in the volume of products in various sectors of economy of Kazakhstan. Research methods contribute to the integration of commodity producers, combining the links of reproduction cycle in technological chain into a single complex from the availability of raw materials to production of finished goods. Results – it was noted that integrated entities, formed on the basis of the principles of public-private partnership, achieve a high level of efficiency and competitiveness. It is shown that in modern economic conditions, the functioning mechanism of PPP in sectors of agriculture, industry, providing production, transportation, storage and processing of grain in the republic, does not allow to fully systematically carry out largescale innovation processes. The in-depth systematization and analysis of the experience of using the mechanism of public-private partnership in grain complex, both by domestic and foreign producers who have achieved high results in this area, are required for the successful implementation of such projects, since grain industry has its own specific features. Conclusions – during the functioning of economic entities at the stage of grain processing, inter-industry relations in technological interaction are improved from product output to sale with distribution of value added. At the same time, an important direction of economic policy for activating the innovative vector of development, creating a competitive business is to ensure an equivalent intersectoral exchange, the formation of a pricing policy. The public-private partnership model greatly contributes to the achievement of the strategic goals of the regions, creating positive trends in the economic development of the territories.

Some aspects of the "dutch disease" in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The fundamental structural transformations that have taken place in the country's economy have led to a deterioration in the quality of the economic system and increased dependence of the national economy on the conjuncture of world markets. Our previous research was concerned with determining what triggered the change in the structure of the economy, how effective the changes were, and what changes in sector proportions they led to. In this article, we tried to analyze whether we are facing the consequences of the "Dutch disease", which led to structural transformations in the economy.The purpose of the study is to confirm our assumption that the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is subject to the "Dutch disease".Methodology of the study. The authors relied on the cointegration analysis of time series using the Engle-Granger tests, the analysis of the stationarity of the Dickey-Fuller methods in order to determine cointegration, to assess the degree of interrelation between the values of mining and manufacturing production volumes on GDP indicators, as evidence of the presence of "Dutch disease".Originality / value of the research. The originality and value of the study lies on the fact that the authors tried to analyze the economy for the presence of "Dutch disease" in the economy of Kazakhstan using time series analysis methods.Findings. There is an assumption that the economy of Kazakhstan has certain symptoms and signs of the "Dutch disease", but it is not possible to say unequivocally that it was the main catalyst for structural changes, due to the fact that we could not prove the existence of a negative relationship between the growth rates of the mining industry and the manufacturing industry.

Influence of innovative development and scientific research activities on the growth of Kazakhstan economy

The purpose of the article is to consider the impact of innovative development and research activities on the growth of the economy of Kazakhstan. During the period of globalization, competition between countries in the world was increasingly observed in the field of science, production and technology. In this context, research and development (R&D), effective use of information and communication technologies and the technological infrastructure of the national economy are important. In recent years, the ratio of R&D to economic growth has been an urgent problem. The article emphasizes that research work, which is the result of a new product, process, or education, is a source of technical development. This article assesses the level of innovation and R&D development that positively affect the growth of the country's economy, compares it with the indicators of other developing countries in the world, and considers recommendations for achieving success in the industry. According to the authors in order to achieve the production of innovative enterprises, the growth of the country's GDP, it is necessary to turn to the knowledge-intensive economy, for the purposeful formation of their market through state orders and it is necessary to conduct a stimulating policy. In order for the economy of Kazakhstan to be competitive, it is possible to carry out innovative activities, including by providing small enterprises with production spaces, promoting the development of entrepreneurial innovation centers, technology parks, technology support centers, providing legal, financial, marketing, economic and other services.

Ecological tourism as a factor of rural region development of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The study was carried out within the framework of program-targeted funding by the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan ("Development of the concept and mechanisms of balanced territorial development of the economy and society of Kazakhstan"). The purpose of the study is to determine the role and significance of the development of ecological tourism in the Republic of Kazakhstan as a factor in the diversification of the sectoral structure of the country's rural economy. The study used a structuralfunctional approach, a review of scientific publications, including foreign authors from the Scopus, Web of Science databases; state programs and regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on this issue in the Republic of Kazakhstan, statistical data. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations of economic diversification and its benefits. The theoretical and methodological aspects of the development of ecological tourism as a factor in the socio-economic development of rural areas have been studied. As part of the state program for the development of the tourism industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2019–2025, tools have been proposed for transforming tourism into a highly profitable sector of the economy, the tasks of which include the creation of 75 thousand jobs in remote rural areas. The authors of the article consider the issues of priority of the development of rural areas, the need to find ways to normalize living conditions and economic growth, which should be the diversification of the economy. Tourist and recreational resources that provide the regions of the country necessary for the development of ecotourism were identified and substantiated.

Development of digitalization in the management system of a logistics complex

The purpose of the article is to study the features of the development of digitalization in the management system of the logistics complex. The transport complex serving important sectors of the economy is considered, with special emphasis on the development of the unified transport system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, modernization and efficiency improvement of all its elements in the resolutions of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other state documents. It was also noted that the transport sector of the republic plays a special role in ensuring the further dynamic and sustainable development of the economy of Kazakhstan, the implementation of the state strategy for its integration into the world economy. The development of the transport sector should take into account the current state and prospects of economic development, as well as the best international practices in the development of transport and logistics systems. Hence, the high relevance of solving issues aimed at the development of transport and logistics, which led to the importance of choosing the author's research and research in this area as a real sector of the economy of Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors considered the stages of implementation of the state program “Digital Kazakhstan” on the basis of the basic principles, identified goals and objectives. The system nature of the design work of the intelligent transport system is shown. The solution of tasks for the implementation of the program “Roadmap for the formation of the food belt of Astana for 2017-2018” is justified. Based on the results of a study of the transport sector in the context of the modern development of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the authors identified problematic issues and made appropriate conclusions.

МЕХАНИЗМЫ СНИЖЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ РИСКОВ В РАЗВИТИИ МАЛОГО И СРЕДНЕГО БИЗНЕСА РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН

The economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan has been operating in recent years in terms of uneven development of the world economy. The active course of radical transformations in the economy of Kazakhstan, embraced all spheres of Kazakhstani society life and the state. The transition from a centrally managed to a market system of business and management has led to the development of business and, accordingly, to the emergence of various types of economic risks in this area of activity, which especially affects small and medium–sized businesses, as well as the country's economy as a whole. A significant increase in unprofitable enterprises allows us to conclude that they functioned without taking into account the risk factor in the activities of business structures, without which it is difficult to obtain the expected results of activity that are adequate in real conditions. Creating an effective mechanism for the functioning of the enterprise on the basis of the concept of risk–free management is impossible. Therefore, an indispensable condition for small and medium–sized businesses (hereinafter referred to as SMEs) is the freedom of search, mobility and the choice of methods of economic actions with their diversity, taking into account the minimum reduction of risky situations in their activities. It follows that it is necessary not to avoid risk, but to be able to assess the degree of entrepreneurial risk and be able to manage it in order to reduce it, to find effective ways to minimize them in the economy of Kazakhstan, including for small and medium–sized businesses.

Analysis of the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Kazakhstan

The most important contribution expected from foreign investments for developing countries is thatit helps to ensure the commercial balance and economic growth of the country. Empirical studies investigatingthe relationship between foreign investments and economic growth have shown that capitalmovements have led to a high rate of economic growth in some developing countries, and also pavedthe way for economic crises in some countries. In this study, the effects of foreign direct investments oneconomic growth in Kazakhstan are tried to be revealed. For this purpose, the relationship between internationalforeign investments and economic growth in Kazakhstan has been tested by using quarterly dataon GDP, gross fixed capital formation, public expenditures, openness and foreign investments between2005-2020. Beginning with the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, the analysis ended withthe Granger causality test, the VAR analysis. According to the results of the Granger causality test, theonly reason for the growth of the Kazakhstan economy in the sense of Granger is openness. Examples offoreign investment affecting growth have not been found in the causality test. On the other hand, therewas no statistically significant effect of foreign investments on economic growth.Key words: foreign direct investment, economic growth, Kazakhstan economy, VAR analysis, Grangercausality.

Economic transformation of Kazakhstan in three decades of independence

The article traces the path of transformation of the economy of Kazakhstan over the years of independenceand marks the critical points in its development. The analysis of the stages from the first stepsin the role of independent state to the current period of the pandemic is carried out. It is based on internationalorganizations’ research on Kazakhstan, strategic development plans, messages of the Presidentof country, as well as statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for StrategicPlanning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The turning points in the country’s developmentare indicated: the resumption of ties with the former Soviet republics, the inflow of foreign investmentand rapid economic growth in the early 2000s, the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, the deepeningof Eurasian integration, a sharp drop in the world oil price in 2015-2016 years, the COVID-19 pandemic.The article concludes that revenues from the export of raw materials ensure economic growth only inthe short term, and long-term sustainable growth requires diversification of the country’s economy andexports, in particular, development of service sector, development of human capital and industries withhigh added value. It is also important to increase the productivity of basic sectors of the economy, suchas industry, agriculture, transport.Key words: economic growth, export, foreign direct investment, government programs, diversification,competitiveness.

Foreign investment in the economy of Kazakhstan

Foreign investment in the economy of Kazakhstan

Current state and directions of small and medium-sized businesses development in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article analyzes the current state of small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author reveals the essence of business through the prism of public administration and defines its role in the economy of Kazakhstan. As a result of the study, the features and systemic problems in the functioning of small and mediumsized businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan were studied. When analyzing the current state and development of SMEs in the Republic, the method of collecting information and, in part, the method of abstraction were used for effective search, grouping, processing and generalization of the necessary material. The study of the economic dynamics of indicators by means of a comparative method to establish cause –and-effect relationships and identify systemic problems of state regulation and development of small business. Through the application of appropriate general and private economic methods, promising directions for further development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Kazakhstan were developed, which include: improving the strategy and tactics of interaction between representatives of SME and the authorities; improving legislation (tax, financial and innovation) in the field of SME support; improving mechanisms that ensure access to financial resources for SME; creation of Centers financed by state for the training specialized personnel and intensification of the development of modern forms of business integration.

New directions of funding the activities of small and medium-sized enterprises in Kazakhstan

The development of small and medium-sized enterprises is of great importance for the economy of Kazakhstan. Despite the fact that state support largely contributes to positive changes in this area, the competence and interest in promoting the business of entrepreneurs themselves is crucial, which implies using all the opportunities that the market provides. The article emphasizes that currently, leasing and factoring are often an alternative to bank loans for entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan. However, these types of financing are characterized by high cost and do not have obvious advantages as a funding tool for small and medium-sized enterprises compared to bank loans. It is suggested that an alternative to this method of raising funds can be P2B lending, which involves the flow of funds from the investor to the borrower without the participation of intermediary financial institutions. In addition to finding optimal sources of financing, SMEs should pay attention to the use of alternative business methods. In this sense, franchisors have great prospects.

Mechanisms for supporting "Green Finance" in the world practice and in Kazakhstan

Object: To study the necessity of strengthen the role of "Green" financing in the economy of Kazakhstan, the most successful examples of financing and implementation of tools to support "Green" projects in more developed countries. Accordingly, the subject of the study is the financing of the "Green" economy in the world practice and in Kazakhstan.Methods: Abstract-logical, system analysis, comparative analysis.Findings: As a result of the study, development state of "Green" financing in Kazakhstan is assessed and the experiences of advanced countries are identified. Thus, in the course of analysis more advanced countries were identified, such as China, Korea, the United Kingdom, Canada and others, which have made some progress in the release of " Green tools implementation of electricity production from renewable sources, recycling of household waste and reduction of biodegradable landfills and formation of targeted environmental investment funds, etc. Obtained results indicate that Kazakhstan has not sufficiently addressed the aspects of economy related to sources of "Green" financing that contribute preservation of environmental quality in conditions of financial resources shortage and bringing it in line with the principles of sustainable development of the country. Also, the issue of "Green economy" is not sufficiently activated, which covers such categories as "Green" economy, "Green" credit, "Green" thinking, etc.The reached conclusions outlined in the study framework are in general nature, we simply set the task-to find out the current situation on this issue and continue to rethink the modern concepts of scientific approaches in this area.Conclusions: The development of Green finance in Kazakhstan and government support the Green incentives should be aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of the Green economy through:- creating an effective mechanism for implementing "Green" finance;- formation of management system for development of "Green" finance and its consolidation in legislative and regulatory acts.

Methods of State Support of Innovative Entrepreneurship. The Example of Rural Tourism

The relevance of the article is determined by the need to develop the potential of small business for the purpose of an innovative breakthrough in the economy of Kazakhstan. Countries that have been fully engaged in supporting innovative entrepreneurship have become leaders. The problem is that the development of small innovative business is not facilitated by a complex state system of regulation and support that is inadequate to the needs of entrepreneurs. However, this is not the main problem of the development of innovative entrepreneurship, which is presented in the most detail in the study. The directions of increasing the effectiveness of the influence of state support programs on the development of innovative entrepreneurship, which are largely borrowed from the foreign experience of developed countries, have been substantiated. The authors propose not only some ways of innovative development of entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan, which, according to the authors, will accelerate the implementation of the innovation process in rural tourism and in the country as a whole. But they also proposed some features that will help overcome the mental barrier and national traditions, both in Kazakhstan and in the post-Soviet space, since due to the lack of an effective legal framework, the problem of corruption is threatening a social explosion. In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the most affected in a difficult epidemiological situation, such organizations that operate in the field of culture, sports, additional education, tourism, hospitality, etc.

РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕЙДЕРСТВА В КАЗАХСТАНЕ

В умовах сучасної ринкової економіки в Казахстані кримінальні елементи активно практикують використання механізму рейдерських захоплень фірм і підприємств. Незважаючи на те що рейдерство було популярно в XX столітті, в даний час воно перетворюється, методи рейдерських захоплень удосконалюються, і деколи складно розмежувати їх і цивільно-правові спори. Сучасна практика показує, що для рейдерських захоплень широко використовується недосконале законодавство, особливо законодавчі прогалини. У статті проаналізовано виникнення рейдерства в Казахстані, його розвиток, нинішній стан, а також відображені державні заходи з протидії рейдерству на всіх його етапах.

Evaluation of Import Substitution Potential of Products from Secondary Raw Materials of Animal Husbandry

Animal husbandry is one of the main sectors of the country's economy, which can demonstrate significant results of import substitution shortly. In article dynamics of such relative indicators characterizing scales of industrial activity in the sphere of animal industries, as a share of the branch in the Kazakhstan economy and volumes of production of animal industries per capita of Kazakhstan is considered. For example, the average annual growth rate of this indicator is compared with countries with a high level of development of this industry. It was found out that the use of secondary raw materials of animal husbandry will promote the development of new industries and import substitution of both raw materials and finished products, which will attract innovative technologies in the agro-industrial complex. The article presents a step-by-step algorithm of research of the import-substituting potential of the industry, as well as its practical testing (by the example of the Republic of Kazakhstan). Volumes of production on branch "animal industries" are defined, connections of import dependence and the agrarian production made abroad are established.

Evaluation of regional competitiveness in economic conditions of Kazakhstan

Main problem: Issues of evaluating regional competitiveness, search for competitive territories’ advantages, especially by improving human resources’ quality, remain insufficiently studied. In this regard, in article it is presented existing models for evaluating regional competitiveness in Kazakhstan economy. In addition, in article authors carried out regional classification according to analysis of main socio-economic indicators of Kazakhstan regions, originating in Concept of regional policy. Authors calculated main indicators of Kazakhstan regions’ competitiveness with aim of determining level of region’s competitiveness in comparative perspective. Purpose: Purpose of the research is comparative analysis and evaluation of the competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s regions in modern conditions. Methods: The article uses rating model for evaluating competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s regions based on indices, developed by Agency for research on investment profitability, operating at National chamber of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan (rating of competitiveness of Kazakhstan’s regions). Results and their value: Value of the paper considered in that classification of regions is carried out according to analysis of main socio-economic indicators of Kazakhstan regions, which originates in Concept of regional policy. The authors also calculated main indicators of competitiveness index of Kazakhstan regions according to National chamber of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan in order to determine the specifics of regions and identify directions for developing regional strategies. Based on results of the study, analysis was carried out that allowed to reveal strengths and weaknesses of regions of Kazakhstan. It is emphasized that a high level of regional competitiveness cannot be achieved without development of human resources and their rational use. In general, directions of regional policy are determined by chosen development scenario. The approach proposed by authors to methodology for evaluating regional competitiveness has a number of advantages - it reflects the specifics of regions, allows seeing the nearest competitors and determining directions of the region’s development strategy.

Development of agricultural market as a factor in the increased competitiveness of the economy of Kazakhstan

As the research aim, the authors analyze theoretical and practical directions of increasing the competitiveness of products of agro-industrial complex of the republic and give recommendations on the formation and development of its competitive advantages. The article shows the problems of the industry that require accelerated decision-making. The key task is, first of all, refusal from the raw material orientation in agricultural sector, production of high-quality exportoriented agricultural products. In a pandemic, the public support of the regions largely determines the level and quality of life of their population. Food import and export volumes are considered. The conclusion on the need to improve measures aimed at increasing export potential of agricultural enterprises is made. Forecast of production of ready-made feed for farm animals is presented, taking into account the use of innovative technologies, which will contribute to the increase in the population number of cattle and its productivity. It is noted that in order to establish mutual interests of the State and small businesses, the growth of regional economic potential, efficient use of resources of local and republican budgets, consulting services are important, in particular, holding of consulting and training workshops, training programs. The necessity of a wide range of scientific research on the issues of development of country's agro-industrial production and ensuring the availability of knowledge of modern technologies through scientific and information support for agricultural producers, which allows to increase the competitive advantages of agri-industrial complex on domestic and foreign markets, has been justified. The forecasts of production and demand for agricultural products are calculated according to scientifically grounded norms per capita.

REGIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM AS AN INSTITUTION IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

The study is devoted to the issues of the regional system, the effective and sustainable development of which is of particular importance in the vast space of the national economy of Kazakhstan. Originality of the research. When considering the transformation of economic systems, due attention is not always paid to the interconnection and complementarity of the processes of forming economic relations and developing institutions. Institutional, socio-cultural, and post-industrial characteristics are very difficult to penetrate into the existing overly economized models of economic transformation. The issues of adaptation of economic development trends in highly developed countries to the national, socio-cultural conditions of post-socialist States undergoing a systemic transformation are relatively poorly developed. The results of the research consist in a conceptual analysis and theoretical definition of the transformation of economic systems in the context of globalization processes, taking into account current trends in the development of the national economy.