Kapuas River Research Articles

Risks of sanitation and water supply in Pontianak City poorer areas settlements

Abstract The availability of sufficient and safe drinking water is one of the criteria for a settlement to be declared as a poorer area. Areas declared as poorer areas by the city government have water supply problems that require intervention. The Sanitation Risk Index is calculated using a questionnaire on households regarding sanitation conditions and water supply. This research examines the relationship between the Sanitation Risk Index and its effect on water use, as well as the strategies implemented to reduce sanitation risks in water supply in poorer areas in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan. The city of Pontianak is located downstream of Kapuas River. Many settlements grow along riverbanks and require clean water and adequate sanitation facilities. This study began with an assessment of sanitation conditions and clean water supply with a sanitation risk assessment using a questionnaire in poorer areas. The results of the questionnaire led to calculation of the Sanitation Risk Index (IRS). Descriptive and statistical analyses show the relationship between IRS and water supply. In obtaining the water supply strategy carried out here, it was found that more than 50% of the population uses refillable water for drinking; however, rainwater and river water are still used by poorer area settlements for daily activities. The sanitation risk index was 350, indicating the influence of sanitation risk on the quality and supply of water in Pontianak City poorer area settlements. There are urgent problems that must be resolved in the clean water supply sector in the studied poorer areas.

A City Image Study by Kevin Lynch’s Theoretical Approach: A Case Study of Pontianak City, West Kalimantan Province of Indonesia

Pontianak City is the capital city of West Kalimantan Province reaches area coverage of 118.31 km2.This city has multiple functions as the government and economic centrals of the West Kalimantan Province of Indonesia. It is also known as the Equatorial city because it is located on the equator line and by the end of 2023, its population will reach 679.818 people and will become the 26th most populous city in Indonesia. The City of Pontianak located on the equator line with altitude height ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 meters above sea level, and from administrative divisions, Pontianak City consists of several district areas: (a) North Pontianak District, (b) East Pontianak District, (c) South Pontianak District, (d) Southeast Pontianak District, (e) the Pontianak City District, and (f) West Pontianak District, whether from geographical perspective, City of Pontianak is traversed by the longest river in Indonesia, the Kapuas River which has become a life support for the surrounding community. The analytical method applied in this research to study the city image of Pontianak is the triangulation method where it is used to compare information obtained through field observations with theoretical perspectives that have been studied previously. The result found in this article is the City of Pontianak has fulfilled the requirement of 5 elements of city image according to Kevin Lynch’s theory and it has Tugu Khatulistiwa or Equator Monument as a symbol or the icon of Pontianak City.

Utilization of Sentinel-1 Imagery for Mapping the Distribution of Floods in the Putussibau Kota Subdistrict and Surrounding Areas

Floods are a disaster that often occurs in the Putussibau Kota sub-district, West Kalimantan, because of its location where the Kapuas River passes. However, flood disaster mitigation efforts in this area are often hampered by the lack of information on flood distribution maps and impact predictions. This research utilizes the change detection and thresholding (CDAT) method applied to Sentinel-1 SAR data to map the distribution of floods in the Putussibau Kota sub-district and its surroundings, as well as analyze its impact on infrastructure and population. Next, the impact of the flood is calculated using an overlay technique between the flood map and the exposure map. The research results show that the flood distribution map for the August 2021 event had an accuracy of 0.76 and a kappa coefficient of 0.52. Next, the results of the flood impact evaluation showed that 37 km of roads, 2,700 buildings, and 11,700 people were affected by this incident. This analysis can be used to assist local governments in future flood mitigation efforts.

Environmental Communication of the Kapuas River Clean Action by the Pontianak Young Generation

This article aims to increase the perception, experience, and communication of the young generation of Pontianak City in maintaining the cleanliness of the Kapuas River. The most considerable pollution of the river comes from household waste. River hygiene socialization often involves the people of riverside areas, as if they are the ones responsible for river cleanliness. The river cleanup action so far is also considered just ceremonial. This P.K.M. (community service) focuses on two activities: the digital campaign and the collective movement #AksiBersihSungaiKapuas. The digital campaign is carried out ten days ahead of World Environment Day. It contains education and recordings of the actual actions of Pontianak’s Young Generation. 134 digital campaigns are using the hashtag #AksiNyataBersihSungaiKapuas. Meanwhile, the Collective Movement is held on World Environment Day every June 5. A total of 2 tons of garbage was collected in the Kapuas River clean-up action. Plastic waste, water hyacinth, and household waste are the most common. The young generation of Pontianak City is not only a spectator but a subject in education and disseminating the habit of maintaining the cleanliness of the Kapuas River environment.

High endemic freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Unionida) diversity in western Borneo, with description of three new species

Abstract The freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) of the biodiversity hotspot Sundaland are experiencing severe anthropogenic threats, whilst their diversity and distribution remain poorly understood. Here, we present the first modern-day data on Unionida diversity and distribution across western Borneo. Mussels were surveyed and collected in the upper Kapuas and Pawan river basins in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the Sambas Besar, Sarawak and Batang Sadong river basins in Sarawak, Malaysia. DNA sequencing (COI + 16S + ND1 + 18S + 28S) and morphological analyses were conducted to delineate and identify species, and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and population genetics. Specimens belonged to six native genera and nine species, of which seven are endemic to Borneo and three are new to science, i.e. Ctenodesma mawonae Zieritz et al., sp. nov., Sarawak basin, and Ctenodesma bersinara Zieritz et al., sp. nov., and Rectidens lauris Zieritz et al., sp. nov., both Pawan basin. The monotypic genera Caudiculatus and Discomya were phylogenetically highly divergent from other known Gonideinae taxa, potentially indicating a separate tribe (for Caudiculatus) and subfamily (for Discomya). In addition, we report new records of the non-native Sinanodonta pacifica Heude, 1878 in the Batang Sadong and Kapuas river basins.

Pasang Surut dan Arus di Muara Sungai Kapuas Sepok Pangkalan, Teluk Bengkolan, Kalimantan Barat

Tides and currents influence the dynamics and biochemical circulation in a bay or estuary. This research aims to conduct an initial study of tides and currents in Bengkolan Bay, which is home to the mangrove ecosystem in West Kalimantan Province. Elevation and current measurements were carried out for 15 days at the mouth of the Kapuas River Sepok Pangkalan (north side of Bengkolan Bay) using tidal palms and drifters. The measurement results show that the pattern of water surface movement and currents at the research location is very dependent on ocean tidal patterns. Diurnal tides play a very large role (10 times) compared to semidiurnal tides. This big role causes the type of tides in Bengkolan Bay to be diurnal. Although semidiurnal tides have a small contribution, shallow water tidal constituent are actually caused by semidiurnal tidal energy dissipation.

Adaptasi Sosial Orang Melayu dalam Bermukim di Bantaran Sungai

Malay is one ethnic that lives on riverbank of Kapuas. Settlements on riverbanks consist of physical elements such as buildings, river flow patterns, and their inhabitants, as well as non-physical elements in the form of rules and local wisdom. Rivers are environmental elements that shape settlement patterns in Mendawai and Bansir villages. Riverbanks are a place for social and cultural activities that illustrate a harmonious balance between humans and the natural environment. Natural conditions and physical/non-physical elements make residents in both villages adapt to current needs. This research explores forms of social adaptation in the settlement of Malay people on riverbanks. The method used in this research is a descriptive and qualitative approach, which describes the existing conditions of two Kampung, Mendawai and Bansir, in the Bansir Laut Subdistrict using the adaptation strategy theory. Data was collected by field observation, literature study, and digital tracing. The results of this research illustrate the social adaptation of the people in Mendawai and Bansir villages according to the environmental conditions on the riverbanks. The village circulation route of both Kampung is maintained with Gertak and Steher as essential elements of the environment, which is experiencing changes as a manifestation form of the social adaptation of the Malay people on the banks of the Kapuas River.

Water Quality Assessment and Determination of Water Quality Status in Kapuas River for Sustainable Water Resources, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan.

Water Quality Assessment and Determination of Water Quality Status in Kapuas River for Sustainable Water Resources, Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan.

EROSION HAZARD LEVEL PREDICTION IN LAKE OF SENTARUM AREA

The Sentarum Lake region, a conservation area in Kalimantan, is integral to the Kapuas River Basin, which is recognized nationally. Ensuring its sustainability demands diverse studies, including erosion risk assessment. Accurate predictions are vital due to the region's ecosystem role in West Kalimantan. Estimating erosion magnitude provides crucial data on sedimentation, which impacts the sustainability of endemic flora and fauna. This study aims to (a) pinpoint erosion factors in Lake of Sentarum, (b) assess erosion hazard levels, (c) create an erosion hazard map with ArcGIS, and (d) prescribe soil conservation measures. Methods encompassed (a) field and institutional surveys for data gathering and (b) the USLE method for erosion hazard analysis. Identifying erosion factors in the Sentarum Lake area reveals rainfall, soil type, slope, and land cover as significant influencers. Analysis indicates heavy erosion hazards for Inceptisol and Utilosol soils, except in areas with primary dryland forest or flat-sloped dryland agriculture where hazards are heavy. Peat-containing soils are especially prone to erosion. Oxisol soils on flat slopes with agricultural land cover face heavy hazards, while moderate hazards occur in dryland agriculture on steeper slopes. The region faces considerable erosion risk, particularly in specific soil and land cover conditions, emphasizing the need for targeted soil conservation measures. Thus, the Sentarum Lake area is highly susceptible to erosion, necessitating specific soil conservation measures. Structural methods like constructing bench terraces prove more effective than non-structural ones, such as tillage and contour line planting, reducing erosion hazard by approximately 96%.

Artificial House for Swiftlets (COLLOCALIA FUCIPHAGA) Based on MAMDANI FIS (Fuzzy Inference System)

Indonesia is an archipelagic country crossed by the equator, surrounded by the ocean, and traversed by many rivers, with a high level of rainfall. One of its islands is West Kalimantan, which has the longest river in Indonesia, the Kapuas River. In addition to the Kapuas River, there are also several tributaries scattered across this island, ensuring a constant water supply in the region. A natural condition surrounded by water, creates an environment with temperature and humidity that is ideal for the habitat of the swiftlets (COLLOCALIA FUCIPHAGA). The swiftlets initially inhabit caves with humidity levels around 80-95% and temperatures between 25-27°C. The nests of these swiftlets contain valuable substances, especially for health and cosmetics purposes, making them highly valuable in the market. Due to their high economic value, many farmers construct artificial houses for swiftlets of various sizes. The main challenge in a swiftlet house is to maintain humidity and temperature conditions close to the ideal habitat. This research aims to create a prototype control and monitoring system based on Mamdani FIS to maintain humidity and temperature inside the swiftlets house close to the ideal conditions, achieved by implementing an effective timing mechanism for humidifier machines and fans. Experiments results of the prototype show that the average humidity produced is 87.06%, and the temperature is 25.19°C. The placement of this prototype within an Artificial house for swiftlets should be movable within certain rooms and positioned according to the swiftlets' needs to ensure that the location is favored by the birds. This prototype can be operated manually and automatically, thus providing flexibility for Swiftlet farmers to control and monitor the Swiftlet’s house condition. This automatic control can be done globally via smartphone devices, so it is also able to provide great convenience for Swiftlets farmers to change and monitor the temperature and humidity.

INFLUENCE OF LAND USE CHANGE ON THE MAGNITUDE OF THE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT IN THE UPPER KAPUAS RIVER BASIN

The increase in population in the upper Kapuas Hulu River Basin will also increase the need for land. This increase in land demand can cause land use changes, affecting the runoff coefficient. Based on the reasons above, research was conducted to determine the effect of changes in land use on the magnitude of the runoff coefficient in the upstream part of the Kapuas River Basin from 2012 to 2017 and 2017 to 2022.The runoff coefficient calculation uses the U.S. Forest Service, Hassing, Kodoatie, and Syarief methods. Each method uses different parameters to determine the results. Data processing is carried out using a Geographic Information System (GIS).The analysis and calculations show that the runoff coefficient values obtained in the Upper Kapuas River Basin using the U.S. Forest Service method in 2012, 2017, and 2022 are 0,133, 0,136, and 0,145. The Hassing method results are 0,308, 0,309, and 0,312, and the Kodoatie and Syarief method results are 0,156, 0,167, and 0,173. This value shows that the Upper Kapuas River Basin is in reasonably good condition because the runoff coefficient value is far below 1.

Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor Channa Marulioides (Bleeker, 1851) In Kapuas River – West Kalimantan as a Conservation Aquatic Resources Effort

Channa marulioides is one of the species that is facing a population decrease due to high fishing activity. This study aims to determine the value of the length-weight relationship and condition factors of C. marulioides in the Kapuas River as a relevant conservation effort. Several sampling areas in this study were used to represent the Kapuas River, including Kapuas Hulu River in Kapuas Hulu Regency, Putussibau District; The central part of the waters area of ​​Sintang Regency in Sintang Regency; and in the downstream waters of Pontianak City. The study carried out the sampling by analyzing the criteria for specimens with a dimension weight > 500 grams and length > 30 cm, with the same amount for each sex. The results showed that the growth type in the upper and middle waters was positive allometric with a value of b 3.1; however, it is negative allometric in the middle and upstream waters with b values ​​of 2.5 and 1.7. After research, the condition factor of the upstream and middle waters was observed to be in good condition with a value of 1. However, in the downstream waters the condition of the fish was rather bad with a value below 1, namely 0.99. The study concludes there is a decrease in the quality of the aquatic environment and the food availability from the middle waters to the downstream. This is what underlines conservation efforts in the form of domestication activities within the scope of structured fish farming.

Peningkatan Keterampilan dan Perekonomian Masyarakat Desa Mekar Baru Melalui Pelatihan Pengolahan Ikan Nila

The people of Mekar Baru Village, who live along the banks of the Kapuas River, generally earn their living as farmers cultivating tilapia, goldfish and snakehead fish and tilapia. With the community's low level of education, this has an impact on their lack of understanding about the benefits of consuming fish and their lack of skills in processing fish which can increase the economic value or selling price of the cultivated fish commodity. This community service activity (PKM) aims to improve skills in processing floss and nuggets made from valuable fish meat, so that it can help the family's economy. The activity was attended by 20 activity participants consisting of housewives. This activity was divided into 2 activities, namely a scientific lecture about the benefits of fish and its various derivative preparations in improving family health and direct practice in making tilapia fish shreds and nuggets. The results of the evaluation of this PKM activity show an increase in participants' understanding regarding the benefits of consuming fish or its processed products, as well as improving skills in making shredded tilapia fish floss and nuggets.

Implementasi Multibeam Echosounder sebagai Alat Bantu Pencarian Rambu Penuntun yang Runtuh di Alur Pelayaran Sungai Kapuas Pontianak

The Pontianak Kapuas River has a narrow shipping lane with a one-way route system. To reduce the danger in sailing in the shipping channel, a navigation tool is needed in the form of cardinal buoy. Based on the information obtained, there is a cardinal buoy 1 that has collapsed and endangered the shipping lanes. So it is necessary to carry out a hydrographic-bathymetric survey using the Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) technology. This survey aims to identify the coordinates and direction of the cardinal buoy object. The sounding method is a method used to obtain water depth data in the survey area. After processing the data, it was found that the coordinates of the cardinal buoy that collapsed were 0°4'29" N - 109°10'02" E and experienced a position shift of around ± 38 meters. The cardinal buoy that have been found do not block the shipping lanes because of their position as far as 240.39 meters from the shipping lanes. For this reason, the cardinal buoy that has collapsed does not need to be lifted, only a marker bouy is given,

From Thousand Canals to Roads: The Transformation of Transportation Mode in Pontianak

Pontianak City was established in 1771 on the the Kapuas River and Landak River riverbanks, the latter being the longest river in Indonesia. The city was once known as the City of a Thousand Canals. However, in its development, people shifted to land transportation modes, leaving the canals in an extinction process. This study aimed to uncover the factors and impacts of the inland water transportation network fading from the Pontianak urban structure. The research used a sequential explanatory design, combining qualitative methods in the form of literature review and quantitative methods using space syntax analysis. By comparing the spatial configuration of the canals and roads in a diachronic approach, the study found proof of the importance of the canals’ existence in the Pontianak urban structure. Water transportation can be the answer to fixing environmental issues, flood hazards, and traffic congestion. Revitalizing the canals can help bring a healthy water environment because the people will change their perception of the canals from sewage routes to transportation routes. Revitalizing the canals can also bring back waterside activity, generate a sense of belonging, and bring back part of the former identity of Pontianak City.

The stakeholder analysis of sanitation management in Pontianak City Slums

The development of slum settlements is increasing in Indonesia, one of which is in Pontianak City where most of the slum settlements are on the banks of the Kapuas River. The sanitation conditions are poor and inadequate health services. This study aims to identify stakeholders and their roles and classify stakeholders based on the power-interest matrix for sanitation management in Pontianak’s slum settlements. Data collection was carried out through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and questionnaires to stakeholders from the government, private sector, civil society, and academics related to sanitation. This research is important for stakeholder to handling sanitation problems in slum settlements. Stakeholders related to sanitation had various roles and different levels of involvement. The Stakeholder analysis was succesfully identified 47 stakeholders involved in sanitation management in Pontianak slums, classified as 15 subjects, 6 key players, 17 crowds, and 10 context setters. The existence of these stakeholders can influence the handling of sanitation in slum settlements and need collaborate among the stakeholders.

Upaya Kampung Beting untuk Mencapai Ketangguhan terhadap Bencana Alam dan Sosial Berbasis Sistem Kekerabatan dan Gender

Title: The Efforts of Kampung Beting to Achieve Resilience to Natural and Social Disaster Based on Kinship System and Gender
 Kampung Beting in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, is an informal settlement area formed spontaneously in a community. This village has existed since establishing the Kadriyah Palace of the Pontianak Sultanate in 1771. Over time, Kampung Beting has changed from being used as a trading center to an informal settlement inhabited by migrants. Various problems accompany this development, including environmental sanitation problems that trigger natural disasters such as floods and social problems, especially crime in the settlement environment. This research aims to find out the resilience strategy of the Kampung Beting community in realizing a resilient environment against natural and social disasters based on the kinship system and gender. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method with content analysis, which discusses data using relevant theories to the research objectives. Data were obtained through field observations and interviews with the Kadriyah Palace tourism manager and the Kapuas River tourism cafe manager. The respondents were selected based on their knowledge of Kampung Beting and the tourist café business. The results showed that the resilience of Kampung Beting in facing natural and social disasters was carried out through community adaptation to the environmental conditions of flood-prone homes due to poor sanitation and social inequality due to the increasing poverty rate.

IDENTIFICATION OF SEA LEVEL RISE BASED ON TIDAL DATA USING THE LEAST SQUARE METHOD

Flood occurs when water overflows its banks due to inadequate channel capacity. Flooding typically results from too much precipitation, which prevents the channel from handling the water flow and results in a deluge. Pontianak City frequently faces severe and protracted flooding when it rains. Both high rainfall and rising sea levels, which impact the Kapuas River, might result in flooding. This argument states that this study was done to anticipate sea level rise for the next six years, which will impact Pontianak City's water flow height using tidal data from Pontianak's Climatology Maritime Station from 2016 to 2021. The average rate of sea level rise, calculated using the least squares approach, is 1.579 cm/year. With an increase rate of 0.017 cm/year, the average sea level rise forecast for the Kapuas River for the next six years is 1.789 cm. It will be necessary to reduce floods in the future to avoid the effects of water flow.

Review of water quality index models as river quality evaluation tool: insight from various rivers in Indonesia

As industrial activities grow and increase, it is directly proportional to the wastewater produced, which is disposed of into the river. One of the calculation models commonly used for evaluating surface water quality is the water quality index (WQI). The method produces uncertainty in the conversion and is site specific dependent. The data collected for the last five years used a comparative method to assess the status classification of those rivers’ quality. In addition, this study also aims to classify the river quality status and evaluate the WQI model in determining the impact of industrial activities on Sumatra Island and Kalimantan Island, the five longest rivers in Indonesia. This paper uses the WQI to review the water quality condition of Indonesia’s five longest rivers, i.e., Kapuas River, Mahakam River, Barito River, Batanghari River, and Musi River, where the community heavily uses these rivers for their daily needs. This review study concluded that the WQI of a river could vary depending on the measurement data used in calculating the WQI value. The data describing the WQI of a river is a momentary WQI or periodic WQI. The study is expected to be used as a basis for developing a sustainable water pollution control strategy to maintain the grade status of a river according to its classification.

Land Cover Change and Fragmentation Analysis in Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

The increasing number of human populations and their needs have driven changes in forest cover to become infrastructure, agricultural land, and plantations. Sintang Regency has a natural forest structure upstream of the Kapuas River and the Kayan River, which the local community uses for transportation and sources of livelihood. In this study, we wanted to analyze the level of fragmentation in Sintang Regency. We used landcover data in the mapping periods of 2010, 2015, and 2020, with MoEF classification—fragmentation analysis using ArcGIS 10.6 and FRAGSTATS v4.2.1 software at class and patch levels analysis. The result showed decreased natural forest while estate crop and mining increased. As an impact of decreasing forest area, it also reduced the total core area and connectivity; the intact forest > 50,000 ha was isolated in 2020. The fragmentation of forests will impact reduced habitat for wildlife and loss of ecological function of the landscape.