Kamchatka Region Research Articles

Comparison of Regional Climate Model Performances for Different Types of Heat Waves over South Korea

AbstractSouth Korea’s heat wave events over 39 years (1980–2018) were defined by spatiotemporal criteria, and their quantitative characteristics were analyzed. The duration and intensity of these events ranked highest in 2016 and 2018. An examination of synoptic conditions of heat wave events in 2016 and 2018 based on a reanalysis dataset revealed a positive anomaly of 500-hPa geopotential height, which could have induced warm conditions over the Korean Peninsula in both years. However, a difference prevailed in that there was a blocking high over the Kamchatka Peninsula and a continental thermal high over northern China in 2016, while the expansion of the western North Pacific subtropical high was mainly associated with 2018 heat wave events. Numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were conducted to 1) evaluate how distinct meteorological characteristics of heat wave events in 2016 and 2018 were reproduced by the model, and 2) investigate how they affect extreme temperature events. Typical synoptic features of the 2016 heat wave events (i.e., Kamchatka blocking and continental thermal high) were not captured well by the WRF Model, while those of 2018 were reasonably reproduced. On the contrary, the heat wave event during late August 2016 related to the Kamchatka blocking high was realistically simulated when the blocking was artificially sustained by applying spectral nudging. In conclusion, the existence of a blocking high over the Kamchatka region (i.e., northern Pacific region) is an important feature to accurately predict long-lasting heat waves in East Asia.

Estimation of the Epicenter Position of Kamchatka Earthquakes

In this article, we describe a method for predicting of the epicenter location region of Kamchatka and Commander earthquakes (EQs). It is based on the properties of the precursory atmospheric ULF/ELF (1–30 Hz) radiation and the spatial statistics of local EQs in relation to the Kuril-Kamchatka and Aleutian trenches. From this statistics, it follows that more than 90% of events with magnitude (ML) of more than 5 occur in the gap ~ 150 km west of the Kuril-Kamchatka trench and north-east of the Aleutian trench. Additionally, we obtain the approximate location of the epicenter by determining the position of the radiation source. We suppose that it is caused by gas eruption from the hearth of the EQ to the trench and has the nearest location to the EQ epicenter. Further, we obtain other parameters of supposed position of the epicenter from spatial statistics of EQs relative to the projection of radiation source, which approximately coincides with gas emanation area in the ocean surface. The main drawbacks of the method are the dependence of its accuracy on the industrial interferences and the ambiguity of determining the epicenter location in the case of single-point registration of radiation when the main lobe of the azimuthal distribution of radiation crosses both trenches.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГЕТИКИ КАМЧАТСКОГО КРАЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЕЕ РАЗВИТИЯ

Sustainable socio-economic development of any region is determined by the efficiency of its energy supply system. For isolated power systems, which include the Kamchatka region, it is particularly important to ensure energy independence by maximizing the use of domestic energy resources in electricity production. The article deals with the structure of the electric power industry of the Kamchatka region, presents the composition of generating capacities in the power supply system of the region and an assesses the impact they have on the electricity tariff. The dynamics of electric energy consumption and the structure of consumers are considered. The largest consumers in the Main Energy hub of the region are identified and the efficiency of this structure is assessed. Data on the power supply in remote isolated energy hubs of the Kamchatka region are presented. An overview of the quantitative and typical composition of the turbine equipment of Kamchatka power plants is presented, and an assessment of the residual resource is made. Based on the analysis of the power supply structure and taking into account the technical condition of the power equipment and the experience of operating the main generating capacities the article assesses the regional energy system development prospects. The artic¬le also presents an approach based on transferring the main energy capacities to internal hydro resources to ensure the reliability, safety and efficiency of the Kamchatka Territory's energy.

ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ АЛЬГИНАТСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ГЕЛЯ ИЗ КАМЧАТСКОЙ БУРОЙ ЛАМИНАРИЕВОЙ ВОДОРОСЛИ EUALARIA FISTULOSA

The giant kelp Eualaria fistulosa forms underwater forests in different regions of the Northern Pacifics in-cluding Kamchatka, but still is not an object of commercial gathering. In this paper, we present data on its anatomical structure and results of experiments aimed at developing technology for preparing algal gel. The rate and condition of tissue and cell wall degradation occurring during thermal-alkaline treatment of different parts of E. fistulosa thallus was checked using microscope. Because of different histological organization, pigmentation, and density of E. fistulosa blade and midrib, the gels obtained from them had different organo-leptic characteristics and required different amount of chemical reagents and different times of thermal-alkaline treatment for production at the same temperature and hydromodule (60оС and 1 : 10, respectively). The midrib macerated longer, and more sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) was required for its maceration. In general, it was shown that the algal gel obtained from E. fistulosa was characterized by a high viscosity. In different experiments, being measured on a viscometer with a nozzle «5», the viscosity made 75–85 mm2/s for a gel prepared from blades and 79–85 mm2/s for a gel prepared from midrib.

The fishery in the northern regions of the Far East of the USSR in the context of late Soviet modernization

The article describes the development of the fishing industry in Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Magadan regions in 1965-1985. In a general historical context, the article pays attention to the modernization processes in the fishery of the northern regions of the Far Eastern territory, emphasizing general trends and differences in their dynamics. The special importance and level of development of the material and technical base of the fishing industry is noted. The article reveals the working conditions of ship repair enterprises and the reasons for the financial deficit of ship repair. Statistical data on the accident rate of fishing vessels of the branch administrations of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Magadan are analyzed. The results of the introduction of 200-mile economic zones that complicated the fishing activities of enterprises and the fleet of the fishing industry in the northern regions of the Soviet Far East are shown. It was found that social and economic experiments in the late Soviet period and modernization, which was carried out from above by the political elite, did not eliminate disproportions in the development of the fishery. Territorial remoteness, difficulties of timely material and technical supply and ship repair and maintenance problems were difficult-to-overcome challenges which accelerated the systemic crisis in the fishery.

НОВЫЙ КАТАЛОГ ЛЕДНИКОВ РОССИИ ПО СПУТНИКОВЫМ ДАННЫМ (2016-2019 ГГ.)

The new Inventory of the Russian glaciers has been created at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences mainly on the basis of the Sentinel 2 satellite images for 2016–2019 with the aim of assessing the current state of glacier systems and as a basis for monitoring and re-inventorying. Delineation of glacier outlines was manually made to reduce uncertainties, especially for small glaciers. The database structure is compatible with the global and national glacier archives and includes the main glacial parameters. Additionally a classification of possible catastrophic phenomena of glacial genesis was developed: dynamically unstable glaciers, glacier lakes, icebergs, etc. The data base is available online (www.glacrus.ru). At present, there are 22 glacial systems in Russia with a total area of 54,518 km2. The largest glacial systems by area are located in the Arctic archipelagos: Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land. The glacial systems of the Caucasus, Kamchatka, and Altai are the largest by area in the continental part of Russia. The main group consists of 13 small glacial systems, the area of which does not exceed 100 km2. They are located in different glaciological zones: from the De Long Islands in the Arctic to the Eastern Sayan in southern Siberia. Since the compilation of the USSR glacier Inventory (1965–1982), the area of glaciers has decreased by 5,594 km2, or 9.3%. The area of polar glaciers has decreased in smaller degree than that of glaciers in mountainous regions. The results of our research confirm the trend of reducing the area of glaciers throughout the Russian territory. The magnitude and rate of changes depend on local climatic and orographic features. The exception is the glaciers of the volcanic regions of Kamchatka, the area of which has increased or remained unchanged.

Результаты полевых исследований в Северном Приохотье и на Камчатке в 2021 году

The article presents the main results of field research in Northern Okhotsk Sea shore and Kamchatka in 2021. The research was focused on Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Paleometal, and Iron Age sites located in the Olsky District of the Magadan Region and the Bystrinsky District of the Kamchatka Region. Archaeological works were carried out at Astronomicheskiy and Bratiev Capes in Babushkin Bay in the northern Okhotsk Sea. Samples for AMS dating have been collected at all the sites under study. Materials attributable to the terminal Upper Palaeolithic were found in the vicinity to the Anavgai village in the central Kamchatka; these finds provide an insight into the processes of human habitation on the Kamchatka in the Late Pleistocene. The exact coordinates and boundaries of previously established archaeological sites at Bratiev Cape in Babushkin Bay have been determined. The archaeological collections from the Northern Okhotsk region include various types of stone, bone, and wood implements and anthropological fings attributable to the Ancient Koryak culture in Babushkin Bay. The unique finds including fragments of bronze ornaments and a glass bead are significant for the cultural interpretation of the identified burial complexes. New types of artefacts including wooden objects and ornamented bone items were found. These collections add information of the material complex of the Ancient Koryak culture , which probably existed in the Babushkin Bay area synchronously with the Atargan settlement (10th-13th centuries AD). Clarification of the age and characteristics of the main periods of development of the Ancient Koryak culture remains an urgent problem.

Estimation earthquake occurrence probability in Kamchatka region based on seismological and complex of ionospheric precursors

In this paper the authors present the method of estimation of a region, waiting period and probability of strong earthquakes with KS ≥ 13.5 (M ≥ 6.0) in Kamchatka region based on the combination of mid-term and short-term predictive signs accompanying earthquake formation. The seismological predictive parameter ξP was taken as a mid-term precursor. It was calculated on the basis of the probabilistic model of seismic regime. A complex of ionospheric parameters was considered as short-term predictive signs with an earthquake waiting period of up to 5 days. It includes the K-layer, the sporadic Es layer of the r type, the critical frequency foF2, and the frequency stratification of the F2 layer. The probabilities of strong earthquakes with KS ≥ 13.5 (M ≥ 6.0) that occurred over the period 2019–2021 in an expected zone, determined by the parameter ξP, were estimated on the basis of Bayes method provided that a complex of anomalous parameters of the ionosphere was identified.

The Phenomenon of Loneliness in Old Age.

The issue of solitude is fragmentary in gerontological investigations, and is generally interpreted as loneliness: a negative experience of lack of relationships with other people.Ageing people have many variants of loneliness, often connected with their own prejudices or satisfaction with their social contacts.In loneliness, opportunities and rights to the sovereignty of one's life space can be preserved. To study loneliness as a fact of life, a multi-dimensional phenomenon, including the feeling of loneliness itself, lack of communication, and ability to be alone. We suppose that senior adults with different levels of psychological well-being are specific in this acceptance of loneliness and ability to find resources in this situation. The participants comprised 129 residents of Kamchatka Region aged 60-82. In the first stage, using C. Ryff's "Psychological Well-Being Scale" with mid-values cluster analysis, the respondents were divided into groups with different levels of psychological well-being.In the second stage, the data of the "Differential Questionnaire on Experiencing Loneliness" and "Subjective Perception of One's Own Life" questionnaire were used for correlation analysis of interrelations between psychological well-being and the "positive loneliness" subscale, revealing the participants' ability to find resources in loneliness. The research shows that experiencing loneliness in the gerontological cohort is non-homogeneous; it is interconnected with personal attitudes towards positive loneliness, with psychological well-being. It changes the activities of the elderly and the extent of experiencing loneliness. There is cultural mitigation of loneliness in gerontological cohorts and also in their shift from a negative mindset towards an existential one.

An Analysis of the Generalized Vicinity of a Large Earthquake Using Regional Data: The Kuril–Kamchatka Region

The method for constructing the generalized vicinity of a large earthquake as put forward and implemented in (Rodkin, 2008, 2012, 2020; Rodkin and Tikhonov, 2016) was previously used for analysis of world earthquake catalogs only. The use of this method for the analysis of regional catalogs presupposes a lower magnitude threshold for classification of large events and incorporation of regional seismicity peculiarities. We constructed the generalized vicinity from regional data for the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. The same seismicity features have been identified as those for the generalized vicinity based on worldwide data; in particular, we identified the effect of earthquake hypocenters getting shallower in the near vicinity of a large earthquake. However, the regional data revealed the unexpected effect of a temporary clustering of large earthquakes, including those cases where they were far from each other. The volumes of higher activity involve considerable parts of the subduction zone far from each other both along the trench and over depth. We have estimated characteristic parameters of these clusters and the fraction of statistically dependent and independent large events. The mutual influence of seismicity at different depths has been discussed.

Overview of the Epizootiological Situation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Russia in 2019

This review describes the current situation on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in 2019 and predicts the possible further spread of avian influenza in Russia. In 2019 outbreaks were reported among wild birds and poultry, as well as human infections with influenza viruses of the subtypes H5Nx, H7N9 and H9N2 in several countries. In 2019, only two outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in Russia occurred. Both outbreaks were recorded in January at poultry farm in the Rostov Region. In addition, in May 2019 avian influenza virus of H14N7 subtype was isolated from a wild bird during the avian influenza virus surveillance in Tomsk Region. In June 2019, a strain of H13N2 subtype was isolated in the territory of Kamchatka Region, then, in August 2019, an influenza virus of H13N6 subtype was isolated in the Saratov Region. It was revealed that some strains of avian influenza virus isolated in Russia have a high degree of identity with strains circulating in South-East Asia. This was shown by the phylogenetic analysis of A/ H5Nx influenza viruses previously isolated in the Saratov Region and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam during the avian influenza virus surveillance. Thus, it was demonstrated again that the territory of Russia plays a key geographical role in the global spread of avian influenza virus.

Высшее педагогическое образование на Северо-Востоке СССР: история создания

The paper reveals the history of the creation of pedagogical institutes in the North-East of the USSR on the basis of archival data entered into scientific circulation. The work considers the reasons for the emergence of pedagogical institutes in Kamchatka and Magadan regions, the structure of the created institutions and the specifics of the formation of the student body in the first five years of their operation. The author concludes that both pedagogical institutes had similar starting opportunities: they were created on the basis of teacher training schools at the same time and with similar regional features, including the lack of an applicant base for the formation of the student body. But even in the first years of their existence there were differences that allowed the formation of two independent centers of education and science in the territories of Magadan and Kamchatka regions.

Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic Geodynamics of the Olyutorka–Kamchatka Accretionary Zone

Within the Olyutorka–Kamchatka accretionary zone, several terranes of an island-arc, marginal-sea, and oceanic nature are distinguished. The igneous complexes of these terranes were formed within the active margin of the Western Pacific type. New data on the opening age of the marginal basins, as well as on the composition and age of the volcanic and terrigenous lithologic complexes of the terranes composing the Olyutorka–Kamchatka region, give grounds to propose a new refined model of the evolution of this region. The geodynamical reconstructions for the K2st-km1, K2km-m, and ₶1–₶2 times are presented.

The Coda-Based Earthquake Energy Class

This paper describes a method for calculating the earthquake energy class for the Kamchatka region from coda records in the 0.8–1.8 Hz frequency band. The method is based on an empirical correlative relationship between the coda level and the Fedotov earthquake class. The coda level is found as the mean power of the ground velocity in an interval of 30 s. Five seismic dipping zones have been identified in Kamchatka, each having its own expression for converting the coda level to the energy class.

«У природы нет плохой погоды...»: 1930–1940-е годы. К вопросу о Камчатской службе погоды.

Introduction. The modern development of society clearly demonstrates that in it all processes are compatible and proportionate, and therefore it is no coincidence that a particular area is given such a direction as the weather service, determining it as an important factor in organizing the life of people and the state. Analysis. In modern conditions, the problem remains relevant. This is primarily due to changes in our being, which requires a timely response to those changes in the atmosphere that we observe in conditions of systemic transformations, in an urbanization environment, due to global warming and the unpredictable consequences of such a phenomenon, and the lack of an answer to a vital question, why is this will result in the end. What is the role of weather service specialists in the state? In this regard, it would be useful and appropriate to determine the role and place of this sphere of development of society, to learn the path of formation, including the example proposed in the study of the Kamchatka Territory. The introduction reveals the question of studying the problem as a whole and interprets the inconsistency of reality with the assertion that supposedly "nobody needs yesterday's weather." A scientific study based on the results of one day is a complex of generalized observations, the results of processes in order to identify the role of a particular atmospheric phenomenon, and forecast the upcoming situation. An analysis of the situation with the formation and development of the weather service on the Kamchatka Peninsula shows that it is still poorly studied in the field of economic activity in relation to the Kamchatka Territory. The role and place of the regional teams of specialists of the hydrometeorological network, including the UGMS of the Kamchatka Region in the past, since its establishment in the Soviet period, its structural changes, accumulated experience and many other aspects of the problem are not disclosed. Results. As a result, the main areas of activity of the weather service on the Kamchatka Peninsula were clarified and presented, the process of forming a weather service collective was revealed, the specifics of activity, the formation of a network of hydrometeorological stations and posts, interaction with neighboring regions, conducting research, generalization of learned data and their transmission to the public sphere were revealed economy (fishing industry, aviation, etc.), shows the forms and methods of activity in emergency conditions of the war of 1941–1945.

Statistics and Spatial–Temporal Structure of Ground Acceleration Caused by Earthquakes in the North-Western Pacific

The possibilities of statistical estimation of quantiles of predicted maximum peak ground acceleration are discussed. The estimation is based on the theory of extreme values. The quantiles of maximum peak ground acceleration are calculated for a spatial grid covering the territory of high seismicity regions of Japan, Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka. A new phenomenon is observed: spatial spots of increased ground acceleration showing essential inhomogeneity not only across the deep ocean trench, but as well along its extension. Some spots exist during all observation time (130 years), whereas some other can disappear or appear during this time interval. The position of majority of spots is correlated with the concentration of underwater sea mounts at the adjacent part of the oceanic plate. The subduction of these sea mounts could induce an increased seismicity. A correlation of spots with sites of increased (Mb − Mw) values is observed also, which can be caused by an increased friction between the plates. Stable spots of higher acceleration are observed for different earthquake catalogs and various time periods. Our results make advisable using the extreme values theory technique for statistical estimation of seismic hazard, in particular, for characterization of seismic activity spots.

Some features of acoustic and electric responses of near-surface sedimentary rocks during deformations by seismic waves from strong earthquakes (Mw > 6.5)

Acoustic and electric responses of near-surface sedimentary rocks are considered. They were recorded during the deformations by seismic waves from six earthquakes with magnitude Mw = 6.6-7.7 at the distances of 131-728 km from epicenters in Kamchatka region. Behavior of both responses during soil displacement and displacement velocity during wave propagation are un-der the analysis. The dependence of intensity and character of the responses manifestation on earthquake magnitude and the distance to its source had been discovered by the authors earlier and is confirmed in the work. It was discov-ered that the occurrence of acoustic response in kilohertz range correlates well with the behavior of soil displacement velocity vector and its spectrum.

РАЗРАБОТКА ТЕХНОЛОГИИ БАЛЬЗАМА НА ОСНОВЕ СПИРТОВАННЫХ НАСТОЕВ ИЗ ДИКОРОСОВ КАМЧАТСКОГО КРАЯ

A recipe and technology for the production of balms from plant raw materials from Kamchatka region are discussed. A panel of descriptors as well as taste and aroma portraits of the ‟perfect” balm was developed. A sample that matches the profile of the ‟ideal” drink was identified. It is shown that the developed balm fully meets the requirements of the standard. The study results of the biological value of the drink were men-tioned. The product contains 0.27 g/100 cm3 of acids, iodine is in the amount of 1.52 mcg/100 cm3 and vita-min C is 0.1019 mg%.

ИЗОТОПНО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ НЕОДНОРОДНОСТЬ ПЛИОЦЕН-ЧЕТВЕРТИЧНЫХ ВУЛКАНИТОВ КАМЧАТКИ И ПРОБЛЕМА АСТЕНОСФЕРНОГО ДИАПИРИЗМА

Isotope-geochemical material for Pliocene-Quaternary volcanoes of the Kamchatka region is generalized on a cartographic basis. The Sr-isotope anomalies of moderate and elevated radiogenicity, geochemically confirmed, are spatially conjugated. This made it possible to interpret these anomalies not only as a reflection of mantle plume material in the composition of volcanic rocks, but also of its hybrid environment, as a consequence of plum-lithosphere remobilization. The presence of multi-directional geochemical trends made it possible to propose the concept of moving boundary values for the composition of indicator rocks of the intraplate type and adakites, which significantly expanded the possibilities of their diagnostics. The isotope-geochemical heterogeneity of basaltoids of the region is generally determined by the peculiarities of concentration of rocks with intraplate and adakite geochemical characteristics, which allows considering the asthenospheric diapirism as the main factor of petrogenesis of Pliocene-Quaternary volcanism in Kamchatka.

Search for anomalies in pulse flows of acoustic and electromagnetic emissions

Timely warning of disasters caused by earthquakes ensures life safety. Therefore, the search for markers of pre-seismic events preceding earthquakes remains an important research task. The article presents experimental methods for assessing seismic activity in the Kamchatka region based on the results of processing and analysis of geoacoustic and electromagnetic emission signals. The research is aimed at detecting anomalies in quantitative and qualitative indicators that characterize the pulse streams of acoustic emission of near-surface rocks and electromagnetic emission in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Signal processing and analysis are carried out using special algorithms that take into account the structural features of the variety of pulse shapes and their distribution over time.