Kamchatka Krai Research Articles

О ЦЕЛЕСООБРАЗНОСТИ ВКЛЮЧЕНИЯ HETEROCERUS KAMTSCHATICUS EGOROV, 1989 (COLEOPTERA: HETEROCERIDAE) В КРАСНУЮ КНИГУ КАМЧАТСКОГО КРАЯ

The article discusses the expediency including of Heterocerus kamtschaticus Egorov, 1989 in the regional list of rare species. Because this species is a junior synonym to the Holarctic Heterocerus fenestratus (Thunberg, 1784); a taxon «Heterocerus kamtschaticus» is recommended to exclude from the Red data book of Kamchatka krai.

The history of the Revolution and Civil War in Kamchatka in the archival funds of the Kamchatka Krai State Archive: a source-study review

This article is devoted to the problems of collection and classification of the historical sources regarding the history of the Great Russian Revolution of 1917. The authors concentrated on the opportunities of using different sources kept at the archives of the Far East (Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy) in order to comprehensively review the events which took place in Kamchatka in 1917-1922. The idea of considering a written historical source as a subjectified reflection of the past, which is the only bearer of the historical truth, lays the foundation for analyzing the source-study basis of the problem. The given research helps to outline general directions of work aimed at studying the history of the Kamchatka krai shortly before the Revolution and in the years of the Revolution and Civil War and also to determine further development of the designated issues.

Anomalous transboundary transport of the products of biomass burning from North American wildfires to Northern Eurasia

An analysis of smoke in the atmosphere over the Russian Far East and Eastern Siberia in August 2004 was carried out. The results of the analysis indicate that the cause of the smoke in the atmosphere over these regions (with the values of aerosol optical depth exceeding 4 over the north of Kamchatka Krai) was the long-range transboundary transport of combustion products from North American wildfires. The anomalous (westward) long-range transport of the products of biomass burning was caused by atmospheric circulation characteristic for the atmospheric blocking of the dipole-type with a high-pressure region over the Chukchi Sea and a low pressure region over the south of the Bering Sea.

Вклад новых постиндустриальных укладов в душевой ВВП регионов Дальневосточного федерального округа

In the present article new results were obtained characterizing the contribution of new orders in the per capita GRP of all the regions located on the territory of the far Eastern Federal district. As the test regions were selected: Kamchatka Krai, Primorsky Krai, Khabarovsk Krai and Amur oblast. The studies were carried out on the basis of the construction of economic models using data of Rosstat and A. Madison. The obtained results attest to the fact that in the studied regions post-industrial technological way of life had spread. According to the calculations of their contribution to the economy of the regions was carried out almost evenly. So in Kamchatka Krai the contribution of the new structures in per capita GRP in 2014 was 620814,84 rubles, which is in turn made up 56.4% of per capita GRP. Consequently, in the economy of the Kamchatka region in the systems of the new technological order is used 5-10% of the resources. According to the data obtained in 2014, the contribution of new orders in per capita GRP of Primorsky Krai reached 181437,49 rubles, accounting for 40.1 % of per capita GRP. Thus, in the economy of Primorsky Krai in the systems of the new technological structures used 5-8% of resources. In Khabarovsk region the contribution of new orders in the per capita GRP in was 2014 287255,14, which accounted for 51.5 % of per capita GRP. This allows to assume that in the economy of the Khabarovsk territory in the systems of the new technological order is used 5-10% of the resources. The contribution of new orders in per capita GRP of the Amur region in 2014 amounted to 124337,62 rubles, which amounted to per capita GRP 31.5 %. Thus at the time of 2014 the economy of the Amur region in the systems of the new technological order is used is 2-6% of the resources.

The Economic Eco-Intensity in Kamchatka Krai as an Indicator of Transition to Enviro-Economic Balance

This article examines the applicability of eco-intensity as an indicator of regional transition to enviro-economically balanced development. We conduct an analysis of eco-intensity by various types of consequent pollution and compare the results with absolute measures of pollution in Kamchatka krai. Finally, we draw conclusions related to the applicability of eco-intensity as an indicator of enviro-economic balance in the region’s development.

Effectiveness of potato cultivation using nanosized silica under conditions of Kamchatka krai

The results of trials of nanosized silica and its preparation forms under the conditions of Kamchatka krai are given. The dose and methods of silica usage for potato cultivation were identified. When introduced into the soil, silica improved productivity to 16.1–25.7% (2.8–3.6 t/ha). Treatment of tubers and plants with Miwa agro improved productivity to 12.4–16.9% (2.2–3.0 t/ha), with silica (gel) to 13.5–20.3% (2.4–3.6 t/ha) and silica (powder) to 10.7–16.4% (1.9–2.9 t/ha). We offer effective methods of using silica and Miwa agro to reduce the incidence of Rhizoctonia solani. Silica improves phosphorus-potassium nutrition of plants.

Space and time variations of the runoff of Kamchatka Krai rivers

The current features of the space and time variations of river runoff in Kamchatka Krai have been considered. Two relatively long cycles have been shown to exist in water runoff variations in the major portion of the examined rivers. The renewable water resources were increasing until 1970–1980, while in the following years (up to 2010), they were gradually decreasing. Current data on river runoff were used to prove the existence of three zonal types of water regime in Kamchatka Krai; five azonal types of annual runoff distribution are characterized. One of them (nearly uniform annual distribution caused by the predominance of groundwater recharge) has been theoretically predicted in the classification proposed by M.I. L’vovich, though without factual confirmation. The specific features of water regime of rivers whose basins lie on the slopes of active volcanoes are considered for the first time. This type of regime typically shows alternating periods of the presence and absence of surface runoff in river channels, corresponding to the inflow of snowmelt or rainfall runoff at high level of subsoil water (when channel deposits are fully saturated with water) or at its low position (when moisture is deficient).

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДИКИ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНО-ОТРАСЛЕВЫХ КЛАСТЕРОВ НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЫБОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The paper presents the results of the research of the methodology used to identify clusters on a macrolevel; the methodology was tested on the example of the Russian fisheries industry. The relevance of the research is proved by the fact that in a number of national regions the development of fisheries industry is currently initiated by the Russian government. In this regard, particularly important become the issues of selection of criteria and indicators to infer the existence of the prerequisites for the development of sectoral clusters in a certain area. The paper is focused on identification of the regions in Russia that have the most favorable conditions for the formation of fisheries clusters on their territory. The authors have developed the methodology which makes it possible to identify not only the sectoral cluster itself but also the level of its development. This algorithm involves calculation of location quotient by the level of employment, the volume of investments in the capital asset of the industry in the region, as well as the share of industry in gross value added for a few time periods and further shift-share analysis on these factors. The algorithm testing on the example of the fishing industry has resulted in the rating of cluster development of the Russian Federation. It has been found that the greatest potential for the development of fisheries industry is in Murmansk and Sakhalin regions, Primorye and Kamchatka Krai where the emerging clusters have been identified. The paper analyzes the factors that led these regions to the leadership among the Russian regions. The research shows that structural changes in the industry of a region significantly influence the clustering process in the territorial entities. The authors come to the conclusion that establishment of the Far East fishing industry cluster is economically viable.

Environmental Safety of Coal Thermal Power Stations

Prospects of using the local feedstock base at coal thermal power stations with an efficient technological structure of environmental safety are analyzed by the example of the Kamchatka krai. The necessity of active reduction of the anthropogenic effect on the environment is shown in the comparative aspect of abiotic and anthropogenic ecological factors. The calculated characteristics by emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere from the steam-turbine power-generating unit using coal of the Krutogorovskoe deposit are presented. Possibilities of implementation of the flowsheet with the coal gasification and steam-gas installation based on the synthesis gas are considered.

Comparative Analysis of Regional Development of Northern Territories

The analysis of northern regional development on the basis of the synthesis of comparative research andhistorical method is carried out in the article. The study of social and economic system enables us to understandbetter the roles of factors and methods of the governmental control of regional development as well as theirposition in social and economic and geopolitical aspect.The northern regions of such countries as Russia (Kamchatka Krai), Canada (Yukon), the USA (Alaska), Japan(Hokkaido), and Iceland and Greenland were chosen as an object of research. All these regions play astrategically significant role in social and economic development of own countries and have climatic similarities.The determination of common features of regional social and economic modeling makes it possible to comparethe development of regions, having the same climatic, economic and geopolitical conditions but different levelsof economic activityThere is the statistics generalization, characterizing various activities of regions, including structure of economy,its infrastructure supply, demographical situation, and financial sphere, that enables to see the features ofnational models of regional economies development. It is also proved that ignoring the actual connectionbetween regional system elements and external and internal factors leads to loosing historical and social andeconomic basis in research.

Formation of the sediment yield in areas of mining of placer deposits

An assessment is made of the contribution from different sources supplying sediments to the rivers flowing in areas of open-cast mining of placers in places of their contemporary exploitation (using the Russian Federation and Mongolia as an example). We examine the sediment yield transformation processes in conditions of open-cast gold and platinum mining in the valleys of creeks and small and medium-sized rivers where extraction of mineral resources is an exceptionally important kind of activity (the rivers of the Vyvenka basin, Kamchatka krai) or characteristic for a given territory (Tuul river downstream of the city of Ulaanbaatar, Selenge river basin, Mongolia). We summarized the assessments of the sediment yield transformation downstream of the areas of mining placer deposits along the rivers of Russia, Mongolia, USA, India, Australia, and Surinam. It is shown that stream-channel erosion in anthropogenically modified channels is responsible for up to 90% of technogenic changes in sediment yield. The most significant (by several orders of magnitude) increase in sediment yield has been recorded for small rivers. For large rivers that are characterized by low background values of sediment yield, its change is by a factor of 1.1‒1.2 in the case of single mining operations in the drainage area and reaches a factor of five for large-scale mining operations.

Spatial and temporal variability of suspended sediment yield in the Kamchatka Krai, Russian Federation

Abstract. Research into the spatial and temporal variability of suspended sediment flux (SSF, t year−1) has been conducted for rivers in the Kamchatka Krai (in the far east of the Russian Federation). The study of long-term fluctuations in SSF was based on difference-integral curve analysis. Most of the rivers in the region are characterized by two relatively long-term trends in SSF; increases from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, followed by a subsequent decline. Kamchatka was divided into regions based on similar conditions of specific suspended sediment yield (SSSY, t km−2 year−1) followed by a determination of the various factors controlling it. New maps of suspended sediment concentration (SSC, mg L−1) and SSSY for Kamchatka also were constructed and, based on this study, there currently appear to be 18 SSC and 13 SSSY regions, as opposed to 4 and 2 regions, respectively, as had been determined in the 1970s. The influence of volcanoes on SSF can be substantial, and can increase up to 5-fold after eruptions; SSC can reach 6∙105 mg L−1 in rivers draining the flanks of volcanoes.

Особенности социально-этнических процессов в Камчатском крае

The article identifies the dynamics and main trends of modern social, ethnic and demographic processes in Kamchatka Krai. Crucial socio-demographic and ethnic problems of the region (depopulation, psychological experiences of native peoples, and their poor adaptation to the market economy) are defined as typical for the Arctic regions of the Russian Far East. The authors have specified the tasks of the preventive migration policy in the region. They have made recommendations on how to regulate the employment of the indigenous population of Kamchatka Krai and preserve their ethnic and cultural identity

The multielement metal-bearing capacity of the Korf and Echvayam brown coal deposits (Kamchatka)

The results from studying the rare, trace, non-ferrous, and precious metals in coals and carbonaceous rocks of Korf and Echvayam brown coal deposits (Kamchatka Krai) are given. It was established that brown coals contain economic cut-off grades of Sc, V, Cu, REEs, and platinum group metals that are typical of the known types of ores. The data on the contents of a number of metals in coals of the Korf and Echvayam deposits (Kamchatka Krai) are published for the first time.

Устойчивость экономического развития дальневосточных регионов России

A technique of regions’ economic development stability assessment has been
 stated. The technique is based on diagnosing of economic growth stability loss
 by an assessment of economic growth rate dispersion. The economic growth
 instability risk is estimated by an indicator reflecting a relative variation of
 economic growth rates. Regions of Far East Federal District: Republic of Sakha
 (Yakutia), Kamchatka Krai, Primorsky Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Region,
 Magadan Region, Jewish Autonomous Region, Chukotka Autonomous District,
 Sakhalin Region have been investigated. Statistical data during 2000–2011 have
 been used. It has been established that regions significantly differ ones from
 others on the periods of sustainable and unstable development and economic
 growth instability degree. It has been revealed that economy of most regions of
 the Far East Federal District develops unstably. An exception is Primorsky Krai
 which develops more stably.
 Economic development instability indicators significantly influence on a level of
 investments into region economy. On a sample of regions the economic
 development instability explains not less than 30% reduction of investment
 level, that allows consider economic development instability impact on
 investment climate in the region as significant.

Ecogeographic variability and differentiation of Japanese dwarf pine populations in Kamchatka Krai with respect to the characters of generative organs

The assessment of ecogeographic variability and differentiation of 22 cenopopulations of Japanese dwarf pine Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel (Pinaceae) on the Kamchatka Peninsula and in Koryakia has been carried out in regard to morphological and phenotypic characters of mature seed cones. The viability of seeds in the cones of ten populations has been determined by a radiographic method. A latitudinal nature of phenotypic differentiation of cenopopulations in the region has been revealed. Lower seed viability related to a high percent of seeds without embryos or with underdeveloped embryos has been recorded in the northeastern populations. The average share of viable seeds in the region is 52% and in the northeastern populations it reaches only 6–24%.

Основные факторы производительности и оплаты труда в современной России

The main factors of productivity and wages in modern Russia. These factors — capital-labor, the level of education of the employed population and the level of income inequality, employment in the private sector. Built econometric models that assess the impact of these factors. Models explain the productivity by 81% and labor costs — by 76%. Capital-labor ratio, the level of education and income inequality has a positive impact on productivity and labor costs. Private sector employment has a negative impact on productivity and labor costs. The positive impact of inequality is explained by the regularity characteristic of the poorest and the richest countries in the world. This effect is explained by the peculiarities of the institutional environment and social structure. The negative impact of employment in the private sector due to the imperfection of property in the country. Identified regions of the country in which deviations from the revealed laws. The largest deviations are observed in the Kurgan and Sakhalin regions, in the Kamchatka Krai and the Republic of Kalmykia.

Recreational resources of the Paratunka health resort region, Kamchatka Krai

Recreational resources of the Paratunka health resort region, Kamchatka Krai, are considered. The data on the balneologic properties of nitrogen siliceous thermal waters from the Paratunka deposit and of therapeutic sulfide peloids from Lake Utinoye are presented. The results of evaluation of the bioclimatic conditions of the Paratunka health resort region are reported; it is shown that they account for 57% of the total therapeutic and health-improving potential of the territory of interest.

Infrasonic observations of the June 2009 Sarychev Peak eruption, Kuril Islands: Implications for infrasonic monitoring of remote explosive volcanism

Sarychev Peak (SP), located on Ostrov Matua, Kurils, erupted explosively during 11–16 June 2009. Whereas remote seismic stations did not record the eruption, we report atmospheric infrasound (acoustic wave ~ 0.01–20 Hz) observations of the eruption at seven infrasound arrays located at ranges of ~ 640–6400 km from SP. The infrasound arrays consist of stations of the International Monitoring System global infrasound network and additional stations operated by the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources. Signals at the three closest recording stations IS44 (643 km, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Kamchatka Krai, Russia), IS45 (1690 km, Ussuriysk, Russia), and IS30 (1774 km, Isumi, Japan) represent a detailed record of the explosion chronology that correlates well with an eruption chronology based on satellite data (TERRA, NOAA, MTSAT). The eruption chronology inferred from infrasound data has a higher temporal resolution than that obtained with satellite data. Atmosphere-corrected infrasonic source locations determined from backazimuth cross-bearings of first-arrivals have a mean centroid ~ 15 km from the true location of SP. Scatter in source locations of up to ~ 100 km result from currently unresolved details of atmospheric propagation and source complexity. We observe systematic time-variations in trace-velocity, backazimuth deviation, and signal frequency content at IS44. Preliminary investigation of atmospheric propagation from SP to IS44 indicates that these variations can be attributed to solar tide variability in the thermosphere. It is well known that additional information about active volcanic processes can be learned by deploying infrasonic sensors with seismometers at erupting volcanoes. This study further highlights the significant potential of infrasound arrays for monitoring volcanic regions such as the Kurils that have only sparse seismic network coverage.

A geological study of the epicentral area of the April 20(21), 2006 Olyutorskii earthquake

Primary and secondary earthquake effects were investigated (surface breakage and felt effects in the villages of Tilichiki, Korf, and Khailino) in the epicentral area of a large earthquake occurring in northern Kamchatka Krai. The primary effects include an extended surface break that can be followed for a length of about 140 km. The secondary (gravitational and vibrational) effects include soil slides and minor rockfalls, snow flows on slopes, resonant cracks, soil liquefaction phenomena consisting of mud cones, mud gryphons, and discharges of soil from cracks. Detailed maps showing the main types of earthquake surface effects have been made. Paleoseismic data show traces of several large earthquakes that have occurred in the Olyutorskii earthquake zone. Radio carbon dating of soil samples from these paleoseismic scarps revealed a history of great earthquakes occurring in Koryakia. In all, four seismic events with magnitudes about that of the 2006 Olyutorskii earthquake have occurred there during 8000 years, the return period of such events being 1000–2500 years.