Kamchatka Krai Research Articles

Экономическая оценка человеческого капитала региона

Sustainable regional development should consider the state and improvement of the quality of regional human capital. To this end, the present study focuses on economic assessment of human capital. Additionally, the research analyses the definitions of the “human capital” category, as well as approaches to identifying its composition and structure. After examining various economic assessment techniques, a definition of regional human capital was proposed. The cost approach was chosen as the most suitable tool for the economic assessment of human capital at the regional level. For economic valuation, the study uses a method developed by Chigoryaev and co-authors, including a number of theoretical and methodological modifications that take into account regional specificities. According to the assessment results, the total human capital in Kamchatka krai exceeded 191 billion roubles, of which more than 104 billion accounted for the fixed human capital. The constant growth of human capital in the period 2011–2018 was noted. Simultaneously, the share of the fixed human capital in the overall structure has been steadily increasing. The values of the chain growth rate of the operating human capital ranged from 1.0 to 1.06, while the values of this rate of the fixed human capital ranged from 1.14 to 2.05. A comparative analysis of the ratio of the total human and physical capital showed the presence of an imbalance: the share of human capital was gradually increasing and reached 37.5 % in 2018. The obtained results can be used to create strategic and programme documents in the field of regional socio-economic development. The modified method of Chigoryaev and co-authors can be applied for the valuation of regional human capital in other studies.

Охота на куликов на Камчатке и ее влияние на популяции видов, внесенных в Красную книгу России.

The first in Russia large-scale study on the impact of hunting on wader populations was carried out in Kamchatka in 2019. The main research method was anonymous hunters questioning. In Kamchatka Krai, about 3.400 hunters take part in the wader hunt. Of the 402 hunters, who participated in the anonymous questioning, 55 % were hunting Whimbrels in the current season; 9 %, other large and medium-size wader species; 14 %, smaller waders. The total of about 45.000 waders are shot annually in Kamchatka, including 37.000 Whimbrels 1.600 waders of other large species, and 6 thousand waders of smaller species. From the species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, up to 20 Oystercatchers, 100 Far Eastern Curlews, 200 Bar-tailed Godwits, 300 Grater Knots, and 100 Red Knots are shot. Hunting smaller waders is not popular, but it causes the death of up to 12.000 thousand smaller waders, with Spoon-billed Sandpiper also occasionally killed. Special educational activities for hunters and hunting officers are required for conservation of wader populations included in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation; first, a special field guide of waders in the Far East should be published. It is also necessary to restore the Moroshechnaya River sanctuary reserve, liquidated in 2009 yet included in the official list of areas of international importance for waders on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.

Продолжительность жизни населения северных регионов России: тенденции и резервы роста

The article is devoted to the tendencies in life expectancy of population of the northern regions of Russia in the context of growth and regional convergence indicator in the early 2000s and possibilities for its further growth. The sources of information are the official Rosstat data. Life expectancy in the North has been found to be largely subordinate to the Russian-wide patterns of the regional convergence: the compaction of the northern constituent entities to the national average level occurred at both the top and bottom levels. Both the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Districts experienced a significant decline, as did the gap in most regions with life expectancy below that of the Russian Federation. Only Kamchatka Krai and Magadan Oblast increased the lag, while maintaining group affiliation in the regional grouping in terms of life expectancy. The potential for the further growth in life expectancy in the North is being determined by the insufficient reduction in mortality caused by the circulatory system diseases and increase in the neoplasm mortality within the period of 2003–2019, and environmental and behavioral risk factors reflected in the differences in life expectancy in different settlements, its gender differentiation and the high level of mortality from external causes. The large difference in life expectancy between urban and rural areas makes the large potential in the northern regions except Murmansk Oblast and partly the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Almost all northern constituent entities have a significant potential posed by the male under-representation indicator. Despite a significant rate of decline, external causes of death and their share in cause-related mortality are widespread in the North. With the exception of the Chukotka Autonomous District, within recent years, infant mortality rate in the North has been fairly good — it can no longer be considered as a potential for the life expectancy growth of population.

Radiation doses to the population of the Russian Federation in 2020

The article presents estimates of radiation doses of technogenic exposure to personnel and the public due to the normal operation of radiation facilities, exposure to the public due to natural sources and technogenically altered radiation environment, and medical exposure of patients. The doses values were obtained using the Unified System of Individual Dose Control of the Russian Federation citizens for 2020. The authors have analyzed the data contained in the forms of state statistical observation No. 1-DOZ, No. 2-DOZ, No. 3-DOZ and No. 4-DOZ for 2020 submitted by the organizations and territories, the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision of which was carried out by Rospotrebnadzor and Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia. In the article also were used data obtained within the framework of Radiation-Hygiene Passportization. In 2020, 19 737 organizations dealing with technogenic sources of ionizing radiation submitted forms No. 1-DOZ with the information on the doses to personnel with a total number of 230 318 persons, of which 230 318 persons belonged to the personnel group A and 21 303 persons belonged to the personnel group B. For these groups, the doses were assessed based on results of individual dosimetric control. In 2020, according to Unified System of Individual Dose Control of the Russian Federation citizens data, the average individual annual effective dose of technogenic exposure to the personnel group A was 1.11 mSv, and for the personnel group B it was 0.63 mSv. In 2020, 6 cases of exceeding the average annual effective dose limit (20 mSv) for Group A personnel and 18 cases of exceeding the average annual effective dose limit (5 mSv) for Group B personnel were registered. The total number of X-ray and radiological diagnostic procedures performed in the Russian Federation in 2020 exceeded 275.4 million, or 1.83 procedures per a citizen. The average annual effective dose of medical radiation exposure per one resident of Russia in 2020 was 0.81 mSv, and per procedure – 0.44 mSv. The average annual effective dose of radiation to residents of the Russian Federation from natural sources, according to all measurements for the period from 2001 to 2020, was 3.36 mSv. More than 59% of this dose is associated with the inhalation of radon and its progenies. The average individual annual effective radiation dose to residents the Russian Federation subjects in 2020 ranged from 2.47 mSv (Kamchatka Krai) to 9.06 mSv (Altai Republic) with an average value for the Russian Federation of 4.18 mSv. For eight subjects of the Russian Federation, the average individual annual effective dose to public in 2020 exceeded 5 mSv: the Republics of Buryatia (5.31 mSv), Altai (9.06 mSv), Tyva (6.31 mSv), Magadan (5.07 mSv) and Irkutsk (6.13 mSv) regions, Stavropol (6.31 mSv) and Zabaykalsky (8.19 mSv) krai and the Evreiskaya Autonomous oblast (6.77 mSv).

Integration potential of the economic and geographical position of the regions of Asian Russia

Currently, the development of the mathematical and geographical apparatus for assessing the economic and geographical position (EGP) is practically absent, and therefore the authors offer their own methodology for calculating the assessment of the integration potential of the EGP. This potential consists of the potential of the neighbouring position, the permeability of the borders and the transport accessibility of the regions. EGP objectively reveals the individual features and properties of any territory, it has a potential character. The highest indicators of the integration potential of EGP in Asian Russia (AR) are typical for the Kemerovo Region – Kuzbass, the Altai Krai and the Republic of Khakassia. Kamchatka Krai, the Magadan Region and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are characterized by the lowest values of such potential. Thus, the EGP of the regions is ambiguous and varies from very convenient to very inconvenient. Territories with a more favourable EGP develop better and faster. The use of the region’s EGP data facilitates its assessment and allows us to determine negative and positive aspects of the socio-economic development of the region, to make a forecast for the further development of a particular region.

Particle size distribution of airborne particulate matter in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yelizovo based on the results of several years of study

Introduction. Kamchatka Krai is a region with low population density and poorly developed industry. However, in large cities the air quality is degraded due to economic activity. Aim. To study the concentration of airborne particulate matter (in particular, up to 1 µm and up to 10 µm) in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yelizovo air and carry out a comparative analysis with the previously obtained results of environmental monitoring of atmospheric suspension.Materials and methods. Airborne particulate matter was studied in snow which was collected during snowfalls to avoid its secondary pollution by anthropogenic aerosols. The melted snow was analyzed on a Fritsch Analysette 22 NanoTech laser particle analyzer (Germany).Results. PM1 particles were found in five snow samples taken in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The quantity of PM₁₀ is low in all samples, and only in two of six sampled areas it reaches 12%. Compared to the results of previous studies, the concentration of PM1 is at the same level as in previous years, and the content of PM₁₀ has decreased. In samples from Yelizovo, the same trends are observed. Compared to 2018, when a high concentration of PM₁₀ particles was found in almost all samples, reaching 57.2%, there is a trend towards a decrease in the concentration of the potentially hazardous PM fraction.Conclusion. Updated data on the particle size distribution of airborne particulate matter in two cities of the Kamchatka Peninsula were obtained. In the snow samples collected in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Yelizovo, we found PM₁ and PM₁₀ particles hazardous to human health, although their concentration is generally lower than in previous years of the study.

Hydrogeological precursors of earthquakes and volcanic activations according to observation data in Kamchatka Peninsula wells

The purpose of the study is generalization of data on the manifestations of hydrogeological earthquake precursors and volcanic activations based on long-term observations in the wells of the eastern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The main problem under consideration is the connection between the manifestations of hydrogeological precursors in several wells with the values of the magnitude Mw and epicentral distance of earthquakes to the wells de as well as with the parameters of seismic action in the observation area including specific density of seismic wave energy e and macroseismic intensity of shaking IMSK-64. The study results revealed that hydrogeological precursors in two-four wells had been manifesting for the period from 1 to 9 months before the strongest earthquakes with Mw = 6.6–7.8 at the epicentral distances de = 90–300 km. Such earthquakes were accompanied by the shakings of the intensity of IMSK-64 = 4–6 points. The specific density of seismic energy under such earthquakes was minimum 0.1 J/m3. The hydrogeological precursors were confined to the area for which the ratios of the earthquake epicentral distance de to the maximum linear size of the earthquake source L, km ranged from 1 to 3.7. Using the established relationships between the manifestations of hydrogeological precursors and earthquake parameters, weekly prognostic conclusions were made for expert earthquake prediction councils based on the data of current observations in wells. The well located at the distance of 15 and 20 km from the Koryaksky and Avacha active volcanoes featured the anomalous rise of groundwater pressure before the eruptions in 1991 and 2008– 2009. Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that observation equipment operating in wells, the study results of hydrogeological precursors of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions as well as their application experience in the work of expert councils can form the scientific and technical basis for the development of geoinformation prediction technology for natural disasters in the Kamchatka Krai.

Factors of the Current Sustainable Development of the Fisheries Complex in the Kamchatka Krai

Based on a comprehensive analysis of statistical data, we investigate the state of fisheries in the Kamchatka Krai, the dynamics of catching and exporting the aquatic biological resources, and the existing production structure. We indicated the problems in the development of the fishing industry (aging of the fleet, the spread of poaching, the disposal of “non-target” fishing objects, low processing of export products, etc.). Moreover, we studied the functional specificity of the fishing industry. The paper identifies and analyzes the main factors of sustainable development in the fishing industry. It also reveals the organizational and economic mechanism of regulation and stimulation of the fishing industry. We analyzed the activities of federal and regional authorities in the context of fishery development in the Kamchatka Krai. We studied the technical base of fishing enterprises. The study reveals the mechanisms of renewal and modernization of the fishing fleet. It also analyzes the main innovational directions in fisheries. We conducted a quantitative analysis of staffing in the fishing industry. Based on the performed analysis, we made conclusions on several positive trends in the Kamchatka Krai fishing industry. The paper summarizes the approaches to the formation of factors of sustainable development in the Russian fishery complex. We outlined the requirements for further fishery development in the Kamchatka Krai.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЛОКАЛЬНЫХ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СИСТЕМ КАМЧАТСКОГО КРАЯ

This article analyses functioning of various modes of transport and population mobility specifics in Kamchatka Krai – the region located remotely and isolated from the main settlement zone of Russia. The work is based on the typology of local transportation systems using the field research method – in-depth interviews with experts. 11 types of local transport systems were identified on the territory of Kamchatka Krai. They are divided into two main categories: those with a predominance of road transport and those related to the off-road zone, which does not have one dominant particular mode of transport. A crucial contribution to the formation of various types of local transportation systems is made by zonality, which is determined primarily by the historical dynamics of economic development of the region. The most developed territory – Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and the surrounding area – serves as a link to the outside world and distribution hub of traffic flows within the region. Areas of industrial development of the XX century are completely dependent on the operation of road transport. The vast off-road zone, which is barely involved in economic activity, is characterized by the intensive participation of the local communities in the functioning of local transportation systems and the combination of various modes of transport. The identified specifics of Kamchatka territory allowed us to create a list of recommendations for improving the efficiency of local transportation systems.

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ УЧАЩЕЙСЯ МОЛОДЁЖИ О ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ МОЛОДЁЖНОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА)

The article is based on the mass survey of young people in the regions of the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts, which was conducted by the corporate authors of the Department of Political Science of Altai State University in the fall of 2020. The survey involved 2,500 pupils of grades 8-11 in schools and 1-2 year students of universities. The sample is a quota sample with the control of age, type of settlement, and region of residence. The information was collected using the questionnaire method in the following federal subjects: Zabaykalsky Krai, the Republic of Buryatia, Primorsky Krai, and Kamchatka Krai. The survey data facilitated identification of the level of awareness of young people of the projects of the state youth policy and its assessment by them. There have also been determined preferred formats of the youth interaction with the state and the desired state support for young people. The authors come to the conclusion that there is lack of awareness of this issue among young people. Schoolchildren and students of the Far Eastern Federal District have little experience of participating in projects and programs of the state youth policy, estimate it low and have little idea about it. At the same time, the studied segment of young people demonstrates their readiness to cooperate with the state about education, employment and accommodation of young people. One of the key tasks of the state youth policy, when interacting with young people, is to involve reference persons and communication channels to increase the awareness of students about currently implemented projects and programs.

Assessment of the ecological plasticity of early and medium-early potato varieties in the Kamchatka Krai

Assessment of the ecological plasticity of early and medium-early potato varieties in the Kamchatka Krai

Https://www.finjournal-nifi.ru/images/FILES/Journal/Archive/2021/6/statii/06_6_2021_v13.pdf

Exemplified by regions of the Russian Far East, the article presents a view on the current state and problems of managing regional public expenditures, including the focus of public expenditure on regional development. The research is based on the data from expenditure commitments registries in 2019. A major share of budget expenditures is “compulsory” (pre-determined) expenditures, which have limited flexibility and cannot be redirected to different purposes. Under these circumstances, the ability of regional governments to vary the direction of budget spending and finance self-initiated expenditure commitments—in other words, to independently manage the composition of expenditures—is kept to a minimum, which implies low autonomy in managing expenditures. Most of the Russian Far Eastern regions’ government expenditures are aimed at supporting the current volume and quality of public services. The share of developmental expenditures is higher in regions having more budget resources (Sakhalin Oblast), and significantly lower in regions of the northern Far East (Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka Krai, and Sakha Republic (Yakutia)), the latter having higher costs of supporting critical infrastructure under severe climate conditions. In the present situation, regional governments cannot be fully considered as key influencers managing the development of their territories, and only fill the role of executors and lobbying actors for acquiring financial support from the federal government. As a result, it is difficult to account for specific territorial circumstances and development potential, and the overall efficiency of government spending is decreased. In the authors’ opinion, the findings may be applicable to most regions in the Russian Federation.

The Koryak Earthquake: an Example of a Successfully Predicted Seismic Event

In the border zone of Kamchatka krai and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, an earthquake occurred on January 9, 2020, with MS = 6.6 (MW = 6.4) and an intensity at the epicenter of 9–9.5. The seismotectonic position of the source and nature of its seismogenic movement have been preliminarily determined. The seismic history of the region is considered, and the features of the aftershock process are characterized. Seismotectonic and seismological data on this event were acquired. A conclusion is drawn about the propagation of seismic activity to the northeast along the Khatyr–Vyvenskaya active fault zone in the period of 1991–2020. The earthquake was well predicted in the medium term.

The cost of a monthly course of antihypertensive therapy: the impact on acquisition of antihypertensive drugs in the Far Eastern Federal District

The aim of the study is to analyze the structure of acquisition of antihypertensive drugs in six regions of the Far East Federal District at the cost of a monthly course of therapy. Design and methods . The following indices were analyzed: level of the average per capita income, a living wage, morbidity of the population of Kamchatka Krai, Sakhalin Region, Republic of Saha, Jewish Autonomous Region, Republic of Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai. We analyzed data from 6 regions out of 11. We used the data from three regions with the largest and three regions with the lowest indicators of income of the population. We applied the intragroup marketing analysis of the pharmaceutical market (52 pharmaceutical organizations) based on defined daily doses (DDD) in quantitative and monetary equivalents, and the statistical analysis (descriptive statistics, intermediate results, dispersive analysis, coefficient of correlation of Spearmen, criteria Mann–Whitney). Results . Regions of the Far Eastern Federal District are characterized by differences in distribution of an indicator “income level / a living wage” from 3,3 to 1,7, to average in Russian Federation — 2,9. The highest rates of drug acquisition (over 40 %) was found in a segment with the cost of a 30-day course of therapy till 100 rubles at regions with the low income of the population, and over 35 % — in regions with high income. In total over 50 % packages of used drugs are within the range “till 300 rubles per monthly treatment”. Differences in quantitative and monetary value between two groups are not statistically significant. The highest sales in a money equivalent was in a segment of “100–300 rubles” in the regions with low level of income of the population and “500–1000 rubles” — in the regions with high income. The average cost of a 30-day course of antihypertensive therapy in regions varies from 350–450 rubles. Conclusions . The cost of a monthly course of antihypertensive therapy correlates with acquisition by patients of medicines in regions, both with low, and with high level of income of the population. Our data show the need for consideration of the patient’s expenses when prescribing the drugs and forming the assortment in the pharmaceutical organizations in regions of the Far Eastern Federal District.

Geothermal Energy of Kamchatka

The total installed capacity and total amount of electricity generated by all power plants in Kamchatka krai in 2018 is equal to 650 MW (100%) and 1815 million kW h (100%), and geothermal power plants (GeoTPPs) accounted for 74 MW (11%) and 428 million kW h (23%). With PAO Kamchatskenergo’s tariff for supplied electricity in the same year equal to 7.383 rubles/(kW h), the cost of electricity produced by GeoTPPs was more than a factor of two lower: 3.422 rubles/(kW h). Sixteen geothermal fields (GFs) with the total reserves equal to 75 000 m3/day have been explored in the peninsula, of which nine GFs with the approved steam and water reserves equal to 27 kg/s and 7700 m3/day are operated by AO Teplo Zemli (Heat of the Earth) (the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky). For the Pauzhetka, Verkhne-Mutnovsky, and Mutnovsky GeoTPPs, their thermal cycle diagrams are presented and their technologies, main equipment, and problems encountered during their operation are described. In 2018, the heat generating facilities of Kamchatka had a total installed capacity equal to 1557 MW (100%) and heat output equal to 3 206 000 MW h (100%), including 64 MW (4%) and 144 000 MW h (4.5%) at geothermal heat supply systems (GHSS). The structures and process diagrams of ten GHSS with the total connected heat load equal to 30.3 MW and annual amount of supplied heat equal to 1 673 500 MW h operated by AO Teplo Zemli are described. For 9 months of 2019, 558 800 t of geothermal steam and 9.38 million m3 of geothermal water were produced from 73 geothermal wells. According to predictive estimates, the potential of geothermal heat supply in Kamchatka totals 1350 MW. The peninsula’s GHSS development scenarios are described.

Food security of the North-East regions of Russia in 2005–2018: Some particularities and trends

Subject. This article analyzes the food availability and security in the Magadan Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), and the Kamchatka Krai in 2005–2018. Objectives. The article aims to determine the particularities, trends and priorities of food supply to the population in the Russian North-East regions. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of statistical and comparative analyses, and data tabular and graphic visualization techniques. Results. The article says about the levels of total actual food consumption and underconsumption in general in the northeastern regions of Russia over the analyzed period of time. It also describes the food security situation in the various regions under study. Conclusions. The most important task of regional and federal authorities in terms of food supply for the population of the Russian North-East is to stimulate the introduction of new approaches to the organization and development of agriculture and food production. It is also necessary to revise the consumer basket standards taking into account the current data on healthy nutrition of the population living in inclement climatic conditions.

Regions spatial development problems of the Russian Far East North: sociological analysis

The purpose of the article is to identify the features and problems of spatial development of the regions of the North of the Russian Far East. The research was carried out under the project “Modeling the spatial development scenarios of Siberia and the Far East of Russia until 2030: features of the resettlement system” (RFBR grant No. 19-010-00836 A), which won the RFBR competition “Fundamental Scientific Research Projects”. The study is being conducted by the team of the Department of Geourbanistics & Spatial Development of ISPR FCTAS RAS since 2019 and is intended to last for three years. The main goal is to assess the current state of the resettlement system, develop strategic prospects and model alternative scenarios for the spatial development of the regions of the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. A key feature is the use of interdisciplinary methods based on a combination of economic, mathematical, sociological, statistical and scenario approaches to research. From a practical point of view, the project results will help to plan more rationally the spatial development the spatial development of the country’s regions. The analysis shows that the sociological methods of spatial research have large reserves but are not yet used to the full capacity. This article discusses the current problems of spatial development of the north of the Russian Far East. On the basis of the authors’ development of the empirical research model by a group of scientists of ISPR FCTAS RAS, in August 2019, the survey of respondents of the Kamchatka Krai, the Magadan Oblast` and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug was conducted. The results of the opinion poll made it possible to identify differences in migration preferences, a number of features of the economic potential capacity and the quality of infrastructure, and the social sphere of the Far Eastern regions of the country.

Суточные перемещения бурых медведей (Ursus arctos) на Камчатке и Сахалине

Суточные перемещения бурых медведей (Ursus arctos) на Камчатке и Сахалине

CANCER INCIDENCE IN SIBERIA AND RUSSIAN FAR EAST

The purpose of the study was to analyze the cancer incidence among the population living in siberia and Russian Far East. material and methods . cancer incidence and mortality data collected from populationbased cancer registries of the Russian cancer statistics, covering the period 2005–2018, were used. the crude and age-standardized cancer incidence rates were analyzed. Results . During the study period, 1 336 260 new cases of cancer were diagnosed in the regions of siberia and Russian Far East. Of them, 77.2 % new cancer cases were registered in the siberian Federal District. the highest percent of increase in the number of cancer cases in the siberian Federal District was observed in the republics of Khakassia (84.8 %), tuva (61.9 %), Buryatia (52.8 %), and Krasnoyarsk Krai (82.4 %). In the Far Eastern Federal District, the highest cancer incidence rates were registered in the sakhalin Region (43.6 %) and Kamchatka Krai (41.8 %). the average age of patients in 2018 was 55.7 years (57.9 years for men and 53.7 years for women) compared to 57.4, 59.1 and 55.9 years, respectively in 2005. Lung cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men (19.5 %), whereas cancer of the female reproductive system was the most prevalent in women (38.4 %). the highest age-standardized cancer incidence rates in the siberian Federal District in 2018 were observed in the Irkutsk region, altai and Krasnoyarsk territories. In the Far Eastern Federal District, the highest agestandardized cancer incidence rates were observed in the sakhalin and Magadan regions. Conclusion . the number of new cancer cases and age-standardized cancer incidence rate were shown to increase in siberia and Russian Far East . the average age of men and women diagnosed with cancer decreased. the percent of increase in the age-standardized cancer incidence rate was higher in women than in men. Many of the most prevalent cancers were associated with the «westernized lifestyle» of developed countries.

Alkhalalalay Ceremony Feast: the Itelmen Identity Marker (based on the observations of 2019 in the village of Tigil, Kamchatka Krai)

Alkhalalalay Ceremony Feast: the Itelmen Identity Marker (based on the observations of 2019 in the village of Tigil, Kamchatka Krai)