Kalar City Research Articles

Dividing And Evaluating The Health Services Abilities In Kalar City

Research into the dimensions of distribution and evaluation of the capabilities of health services is of importance, as it is considered one of the most important social services that directly affect human life. The aim of this study is to analyze, divide and evaluate the capabilities of health services in Kalar. In order to achieve the desired goal, it depends on the basic statistics of quantity analysis .In using the (Arc GIS 10.3) program from the spatial analysis and statistical analysis depending on Average Nearest Neighbor. Moreover, finding the central points of Distribution Measuring Geographic, standard distance, and directional distribution.

The Value Chain and Sustainable Efficiency of Industrial Potatoes Through an Entrepreneur

This research was driven by the need for sustainable and efficient farming, productivity, and market expansion. This study mapped the industrial potato value chain, identified key stakeholders and their responsibilities, and assessed value chain linkages. This case study employed purposive sampling. The industrial potato value chain includes input suppliers, producers, processors, traders, and consumers, according to the research. Agricultural entrepreneurs are vital to the industrial potato value chain. He chose the Sharazur Plain, Kalar City, and Penjwin districts of Sulaimani Governorate in Iraq's Kurdistan Region for industrial potato production. Additionally, the entrepreneur has entered into agreements with Green Iraq Company as a processor, input supplier, and a chain supporter of the industrial potato value chain. The company has a significant role in enhancing producers to produce industrial potatoes, Lay's Chips is manufactured by a company in Sulaimani governorate/Bazian region. The study demonstrates that the implementation of contractual agreements may lead to a win-win situation for all parties involved. This reduces the farmer's risk by promoting cultivation and guaranteeing the firm has enough raw materials for processing. According to this study, universities, research centers, and agricultural departments have no role in the industrial potato value chain.

Design and Performance Analysis of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in Kalar City, Kurdistan, Iraq: A Case Study

Design and Performance Analysis of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in Kalar City, Kurdistan, Iraq: A Case Study

Assessment of Lipid Profiles among Athletes and Non-Athletes in Kalar City

Regular and professional physical activity has a significant impact on general health, lipid status, and body composition., Lipid profiles and anthropometric measures are considered the main indicators for understanding body composition and cardiovascular risk factors among both athletes and non-athletes. The aim of this study was to assess the body composition and lipid profile of athletes and non-athlete college students at the University of Garmian. This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted on 45 endurance athletes and 30 sedentary male and female individuals. It took venous blood samples from the antecubital vein. Total blood cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-dense lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), Low-dense lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and very low lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) were determined by standard methods. It was found a significant difference in lipid profile and body mass index (BMI) between athletic and non-athletic individuals at different ages. A significant reduction in TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL concentrations was observed in athletes as compared to the control group. However, the HDL cholesterol and BMI of athletes were not significantly different when compared to the control group. Among athletes, BMI had a significant correlation with age, TC, and VLDL, but the same correlation was not significant in non-athletes. TG had a significant correlation with VLDL in athletes but not in non-athletes. According to this study, athletes had a better lipid profile than non-athletes, despite the slight difference in BMI, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The significant correlations of body composition (BMI) and age with body lipid profiles in athletes may be useful for assessing body health.

Effect of shading, organic fertilizer and Gibberellic acid on the flowering growth of (Lavandula angustifolia) growing in Kalar city

The experiment was conducted in the city of Kalar for the period from April 1, 2022 to September 1. The experiment included three factors. The first factor is the percentage of shading at two levels open field and 50% lath house. The second factor was organic fertilizer for poultry (Penguin) at three levels (0, 25, 50) gm.plant-1, and the third factor was spraying with Gibberellic acid at three levels (0, 250, 500) mg. L-1. The experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design (R.C.B.D.). The results showed the following. The 0% shading treatment had a significant effect on the characteristics of the number of flower clusters (19,836 clusters per plant), the length of the flower clusters (23,327 cm), the length of the flower (7,768 cm), and the fresh weight of the flower. Inflorescence (0.390 g), and the number of flowers in one inflorescence (36,095 flowers. Pink inflorescence. Plant-1). As for the effect of organic fertilizer (Penguin), both concentrations (25 and 50 gm Plant-1) had a significant effect. Characteristics of flower spike length (23.239 and 23.217 cm). Inflorescence length (6.699, 7.133 cm), inflorescence fresh weight (0.292, 0.298 g), and number of flowers in inflorescence (30.438, 30.715 flowers. inflorescence. plant-1), respectively. As for the effect of spraying with Gibberellic acid, the concentration treatment (250 and 500 mg L-1) significantly affected the length of the flower spike (22.812 and 23.215 cm). Respectively, treatment with 250 mg.L-1 significantly affected the length of the inflorescence (6.977 cm) and the number of flowers per inflorescence (30.656 flowers.Flower-1).

Comparison of Modified Ferriman-Gallwey Score and Biochemical Parameters in the Estimation of the Prevalence of Idiopathic Hirsutism Among Women in the Kurdistan Region

The word "hirsutism" describes the development of terminal hairs at androgen-controlled body locations in women, which has distress and adverse psychosocial affects. The diagnosis of hirsutism is the key point in the treatment of unwanted hair growth in women’s body. Present study aimed to evaluate the modified Ferriman-Gallwey (mFG) score and the biochemical hyperandrogenism parameters among Iraqi hirsute women and their association with hirsutism in outpatients clinics in Kalar city, Garmian region, Iraq. This was a cross-sectional study of 100 hirsute women were collected from the outpatients clinic and 26 healthy women in Kalar city. After detailed history taking by using structured questionnaire, physical examination, and the relevant investigations were done, the scoring of hirsutism was indexed according to (mFG) scoring system. Moreover, sera of hormonal markers were measured; which included 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), s. prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). No statistically significant differences were found in the median of the sex and related hormones between control subjects and the hirsutism group. Likewise, there were no significant relation between hormonal markers and the rate of hirsutism. While, an intrinsic statistical association was seen between the mFG score with the hirsutism and the rate of hirsutism. Our findings imply that the mFG score system is a significance screening tool and has tremendous importance and utility in establishing the diagnosis of hirsutism.

Detection of Parasites Contaminating Raw Consumable Vegetables in Kalar City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the most important health problems. Although freshvegetables are considered as a vital element of a healthy diet, they are a potential source ofhuman intestinal parasitic infections during production, collection, transportation, preparationand consumption. The present study was carried out to determine and detect the parasitecontaminants of fresh vegetables that are sold at different open-aired markets in Kalar city,Kurdistan Region, Iraq. A total of 240 raw vegetable samples were examined by sedimentationtechnique after washing the samples with normal saline. Of the 240 samples, 124 (51.7%) weremicroscopically positive for intestinal parasites. Particularly, a high rate of contamination wasrecorded in cress (Lepidium sativum) with 70%. However, the least contaminated sample waslettuce (Lactuca sativa) with 36.7%. The most encountered parasite was Taenia spp. (egg12.9%), whereas Trichuris trichiura (0.83%) was the least detected parasite. Since, the resultsemphasize the fresh vegetables are potential sources of transmission for intestinal parasites incentral markets of Kalar city, strict hygienic measures should always be adopted to avoidparasitic contamination. Untreated sewage and the manure used by greengrocer as fertilizer canbe implicated in vegetable contamination.

Water Quality Index Application to Evaluate the Ground Water Quality in Kalar City- Kurdistan Region- Iraq

The study is aimed to identify and classify the quality of ground water in Kalar city- Kurdistan region- Iraq through a single number that achieves by water quality index (WQI). Weight arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI) was used to assess 14 physicochemical water parameters such as turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total alkaline (TA), electric conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sulfate (SO4 2−), chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3 −) and potassium (K+). Ground water samples were taken from 5 stations in different locations in Kalar city during the period of March and April 2021. In addition, 20 samples were taken for 5 stations in total, 4 samples for each station, 2 samples in March and 2 in April, the interval period for taking samples was 2 weeks. Water quality indices of stations 1, 2, 3 are 53.10, 51.95 and 51.08 respectively, they are in poor quality range, thus the water quality of these station is moderately polluted, while water quality indices of stations 4 and 5 are 42.23 and 44.66 respectively, which are in good quality range. The study concluded that the ground water in kalar city is slightly to moderately polluted. Calcium and magnesium contaminants in Kalar ground water are high and must be decreased into safe range. TDS, TH, DO, pH and turbidity values are in allowable ranges in all 5 stations, but they are critical and need treatment to get an excellent water quality.

Oil Reservoir Detection Using Volume Attributes in Chia Surkh Area, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

This study includes picking seven reflectors from intense sampling of 3D Seismic survey composed of 40 inlines and 30 crosslines, the distance between the seismic lines is equal to 250m. The study deals with extracting and analysing volume seismic attributes of 3D seismic data of Chia Surkh area. The area is located east of Kalar City, Sulaimani Government, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The main aim is to determine locations of hydrocarbon accumulation by picking seven horizons as well as studying and analysing both subsurface structure and direct hydrocarbon indicators. The seismic volume attributes are calculated from the original seismic data that consist of (400) inlines and (300) crosslines, and the distance between two adjacent lines is equal to (25m). The seismic attributes used in the current study are, variance edge, curvature, root mean square, envelope and sweetness. Revealed existence of a major anticline, a major fault. As well as two small faults were detected and running parallel to the major fault, while the envelope and sweetness attributes emphasized appearance of several bright spots within Lower Fars, Dhiban, Jeribe and Euphrates Formations, which give quite evidence for accumulation of hydrocarbon. The study concluded that the complete system requires for existence of petroleum is available such as the major anticlinal structure, carbonate rocks as an excellent reservoir rocks and gypsum or (anhydrite) as an optimal cap rock. The existence of hydrocarbon is confirmed by bright spots.

Nutritional status of under six years old children in Kalar city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

IntroductionNutritional problems in children cause major morbidity and mortality in the world. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of under six years old children in Kalar city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.MethodsIn this longitudinal study, data from 403 Iraqi Kurdish children aged 0–72 months and their mothers were extracted from Health Centre in Kalar city undertaken between 2013 and 2019. The children`s growth data were obtained at birth time, 6, 12, 24, and 72 months. Epi Info was used to classify the children of nutritional status by converting the anthropometric measurements into Z-scores. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity rose from birth to age 6 years old, from 19.6% and 7.4% to 52.2% and 30.5%, respectively. At 24 month, children had the highest rates of being overweight (56.1%) and obesity (34%). At 6 month, the highest prevalence of wasting exists (9.5%). At 6 month boys and girls had the highest frequency of stunting, 17.2% and 7.2% respectively. Considering the association of all characteristic variables and growth data at birth time, only mothers with academic education had children with significantly higher BMI for age compared to illiterate mothers after adjusting for all potential confounders (β: 0.573, 95% CI: 0.105, 1.04, P: 0.017).ConclusionThe study suggests that some analysed factors that accounted for malnutrition in Kalar city’s children are preventable. Therefore, to reduce the burden of malnutrition, community-based education and targeted nutritional interventions are required.

Evaluation of antibacterial activities for three commonly used antibiotics produced by different manufactures on female urinary tract infection Uropathogens in kalar city.

Health professional staff often claims information about trying to differentiate the used antibiotics based on the manufacturers that produce the drug, which may lead to a differentiation in the prescribing of the antibiotics by a physician. Numerous antibiotics produced by different manufactures, under different brands names are available in pharmacies for urinary tract infection (UTI) treatment; this study proceeds to find out and evaluates antibacterial activities of three most used antibiotics, produced by different antibiotic producers on uropathogens in Kalar city. Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method is employed to assess antibacterial effectiveness of Amikacin (Ak), Levoflaxocilin (Lv) and Nitrofuratoin (Nr) against reference strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and clinically isolated uropathogens (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Inhibition zones (IZ) were determined in millimeter unit to show the activity of the antibiotics. It has been found that the activity of all brands on sensitive bacterial strains were in the preferred range and surpassed the threshold of (IZ) determined by Clinical Laboratories Standards Institute (CLSI) guide. The lack of significant differences among most tested brands for each antibiotic, support this idea.

Distribution of educational services in primary schools grades 7-9 in Kalar

Investigating the distribution of place for teaching services is one of the crucial issues that has been given a due attention by the researchers. It seeks to find out the way valleys are distributed on a city level and the extent to which the population get benefit from the service. Since it is a pivotal issue, the current research intended to study the distribution and the ability level of the teaching services in Basic schools including grades )٧-٩( in Kalar city. This is due to the fact that, this stage has a great influence on the students’ life and their personality development and embraces an important stage of their age which is )١٢-١٤(. The duration of study in this stage is three years and later the students step into High school stage. This study relied on the data and information about places from the General Directorate of Education of Garmian in )٢٠١٩-٢٠٢٠(. To reach the aims of the study, descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis were used along with the help of GPS tool to identify the location of schools. In addition, Geographic Information System was used as a new technique in the field of research based on services and data analysis through the use of the related hypotheses of the research and forming subjective maps. Furthuremore, to know the extent to which this stage is reliable the current research depended on some local scales and it was found that except for population scale it was quite suitable for othe numerical and humanistic scales. In terms of distribution of the valleys on the city level the distribution is imbalanced. Thus, it calls for revision by the authority in charge so that the population of the valleys of the city get benefit from this stage of study.

Environmental soil contamination by Toxocara species eggs in public places of Kalar city, Kurdistan, Iraq

Environmental soil contamination by Toxocara species eggs in public places of Kalar city, Kurdistan, Iraq

The Reality of Teaching According to the Problem-Solving Method from the Perspective of Social Studies Teachers in Kalar City

The purpose of the study was to identify the reality of teaching according to the problem - solving method from the perspective of social studies teachers in Kalar city، Thirty samples (male and female) teachers have been taken in the general directorate of educational / kalar،the study used for preparing descriptive approach، drawing on the study tool، a questionnaire consist of (30) question divided into five themes. Which are (strongly disagree، disagree،neither agree nor disagree، agree، strongly agree)، meeting the scores(1، 2، 3، 4، 5) respectively، then calculated its Validity and Reliability، The most important statistical means applied in the study are (fischer) and person correlation coefficient)،which resulted that، the reality of teaching according to the problem solving method by teachers to a medium degree، and the study shoed that the teachers' obstacles is medium degree، and includes " do not have enough time to apply problem –solving method" " teaching aids available is not appropriate to use the method of solving problems" " it is difficult to apply problem solving method because of the large number of students in class".based on the result، asset of proposals and recommendations have been presented.

Phytochemicals Analysis and Minerals Present in the dried used as spices: Health Risk Implication in Northern of Iraq

In this study, total concentrations of eleven chemical elements (Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Mn, Ni, Zn, P and Mg) in common spices of Kalar city- Iraq were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. This study indicates that spices are a good source of a combination of Ca, K, Na, P and Mg. The spices, Curcuma longa, Nigella Sativa and Elettaria cardamomum were found to be very good sources of essential trace elements like Fe, Zn and Mn. The concentrations of the all elements were within the WHO and FAO permissible levels. Therefore, health risks associated with these elements indicate that people would experience no potential risks due to consumption of the spices. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals has found plenty of secondary metabolites which are present in dry plant samples. EDI values of all the metals were found to be below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI).The present review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the most relevant and recent findings on spices and their active compounds in terms of targets and mode of action; in particular, their potential use in food preservation and enhancement of shelf life as a natural bio ingredient. Keywords: Spices, phytochemicals, food preservative, Minerals, Ash digestion, inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES.

Impacts of wastewater discharge from Kalar city on Diyala-Sirwan river water quality, Iraq: pollution evaluation, health risks of heavy metals contamination

In this work, a comprehensive assessment has been performed to understand impact of wastewater discharge from Kalar city on water quality parameters of Diyala-Sirwan river, Iraq. Levels of physicochemical parameters of Ca, K, Na, Mg, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid, turbidity, biological oxygen demand, and total hardness, and heavy metals of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, Al, Ba, Se, and As have been determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and other devices. Pollution indices, health risk assessment, and multivariate analysis have been applied to evaluate pollution intensity originated from wastewater discharge on river water quality at different locations, before and after the impact point. Pollution levels of slight to moderate have been identified using different indices for the river water at all sampling locations after the wastewater discharge point. Cluster and correlation analyses showed that the impact of wastewater discharge on the river water quality was occurring along the river within the study area. Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment for heavy metals in the river, indicating a potential risk, might on people's health, especially after discharge point. Furthermore, a significant effect of carcinogenic risk by heavy metals of As and Hg was recognized in the same area. This study thus helps to understand clearly the alteration that happened in the water quality of Diyala-Sirwan river due to the discharge of untreated wastewater from Kalar city.

Source and antibiotic susceptibility of gram-negative bacteria causing superficial incisional surgical site infections

BackgroundSurgical site infections (SSIs) are a major public health problem worldwide and the second-most frequently reported type of nosocomial infection. The presence of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in the hospital environment is significantly associated with SSIs. As such, this study aimed to explore the rate, antibiotic profile and common sources of bacteria in SSI. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2018 and July 2019 in three surgical centers in Kalar city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. A total of 512 patients, who underwent surgery were followed up with for superficial incisional SSI. Pre-, intra- and postoperative swabs were collected from patients and the surrounding hospital environment and processed for isolation and identification of GNB by microbiological and molecular methods. The isolates were typed by sequencing and tested for antibiotic resistance using the disc-diffusion technique. ResultsSSI developed in 113 (22.07%) of the patients studied. GNB were involved in 48 (9.38%) cases; among these, Klebsiella spp. were the predominant cause 21/48 (43.75%), followed by Escherichia coli 14/48 (29.17%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7/48 (14.58%), Enterobacter spp. 3/48 (6.25%) and A. baumannii 2/48 (4.17%). Citrobacter koseri showed the lowest rate of infection 1/48 (2.08%). Sequencing analysis and the antibacterial resistance profile revealed that 25 (74.28%) of the 48 SSI isolates were from the hospital environment, whereas the rest were exogenous, with an undetermined source. The involved GNB were highly resistant to most antibiotics tested. ConclusionSSIs caused by GNB were mostly exogenous or from the hospital environment, not from endogenous sources. All of the bacterial isolates detected from SSI patients were multidrug resistant.

Assessment of the Quality of Ground Water in Kalar City- Kurdistan Region- Iraq

This paper was carried out to test the quality of ground water in Kalar city- Kurdistan Region- Iraq, bacteria, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and nitrate were tested in order to the quality assessment. The assessment was done for the water quality of 39 wells in kalar city as case of study. It was concluded that TDS levels of these wells were high levels in general and the main reason was due to high levels of calcium and magnesium. Turbidity, pH, sodium, potassium and nitrate values for the samples of water were in standard region. The maximum and non-standard values of TDS, calcium and magnesium were recorded in sample of well no. 27 in values of 545 mg/l, 149 mg/l and 52 mg/l respectively. The research suggested water softener system to cure the hardness of the ground water by decreasing the high levels of TDS, calcium and magnesium to be in safe ranges. It was also proposed the reverse OSMOSIS removes as a second way of ground water treatment. High level of TDS was reduced to standard range from 545 mg/l to 296 mg/l through the water softener system and reduced to 98 mg/l through the reverse OSMOSIS. It found that ground water may contain bacteria such as E. coli and Coliform, and chlorine treatment can be used to avoid bacteria contaminant.

Comparison of the General Health Outcomes of Individuals Considering Various Environmental Incivilities in Kalar City, Iraq

Background: Previous research has indicated that environmental incivilities adversely affect the general health of individuals. Objectives: The present study aimed to describe the general health status of individuals considering the environmental incivilities in various areas of Kalar city, Iraq. Methods: This casual-comparative study was conducted in four distinct areas of Kalar city, which were selected purposively. The sample population included 128 participants, who were randomly selected from these areas. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire of environmental incivilities and the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22. Results: The descriptive data indicated the higher scores of the general health status and environmental incivilities in older inhabited areas of the city, and the ANOVA results implied that the differences in this regard were significant (P < 0.01). In addition, the results of Pearson’s correlation-coefficient showed a positive association between the general health scores and environmental incivilities (P = 0.001; r = 0.249). Nonetheless, no significant differences were observed in term of the age and gender of the participants. Conclusions: According to the results, although the scores of general health and environmental incivilities were high in all the selected areas, a significant difference was observed in the health status of the participants in the older inhabited areas, which confirmed the deteriorated general health status of the individuals with the higher prevalence of depressive symptoms.

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and microneedling (radiofrequency) in the treatment of atrophic acne scars

Background: Acne Vulgaris is a self-limiting, chronic skin lesion, which may heal with squally of different types of scars (ice pitted, boxcar, rolling, and keloid). Different options used to deal with scars such as laser dermabrasion, surgical excision, and chemical peeling. This study aims to assess the safety and effectiveness of using a combination of radiofrequency (RF) microneedling and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in managing the atrophic acne scars among a sample of Iraqi patients.
 Method: An interventional study conducted from January 2017 to December 2018 at a private dermatological clinic in Kalar City, Al-Sulaymmania Province, Iraq. Patients with the atrophic scar and willing to participate are adequately assessed and treated by RF and PRP. A different number of sessions of therapy used, and patients followed for three months after the last meeting.
 Results: Thirty-one patients were involved in the study. The majority of them (27, 87.0%) were females with a mean age of 26.41±8 years. Twenty patients (64.5%) had opened mouth (boxcar and rolling) scars, and eleven (35.5%) had ice pitted scars. Ten patients (32.25%) showed an excellent response to RF and PRP therapy with two grades improvement, fifteen patients (48.38%) showed good response with one-grade improvement and six patients (19.6%) showed poor response without improvement in grades, (all of them of ice pitted scars). There was a direct relationship between the number of sessions and the response to therapy. Three patients developed folliculitis at sits of puncturing with the isolation of staphylococcus auras bacteria, which cleared by topical and systemic antibiotics.
 Conclusions: Although ice pitted scars showed an inadequate response to therapy, however, the reaction of the boxcar and rolling scars to RF and PRP was excellent, indicating that combination procedure is a safe, efficient and satisfactory option for the treatment of atrophic acne scars.