Kaempferia Galanga Research Articles

Biofunctional properties and plant physiology of Kaempferia spp.: Status and trends

• The health benefits of Kaempferia spp. include antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, cardiovascular protective, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, and skin-whitening effects. • Bioactive polymethoxyflavones and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate play a role in biological activity of Kaempferia spp.. • Kaempferia spp. can target and regulate multiple pathways related to the enhancement of health and vitality. • Studies related to value-added production of K. parviflora, such genotype × environment × management practices are limited. Kaempferia spp. have traditionally played a role in treating various ailments and are attracting increasing economic and scientific interest. This review evaluates the traditional use, phytochemical compounds, and biological properties of Kaempferia parviflora , Kaempferia galanga , Kaempferia rotunda , Kaempferia pulchra , and Kaempferia angustifolia . The health benefits associated with consuming Kaempferia spp. and their active components, namely flavonoids and other volatile compounds, include antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, cardiovascular protective, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, and skin-whitening effects, suggesting the use of Kaempferia spp. as a potential health aid for the aging population. As agricultural production is important to ensure consistent quality of Kaempferia produce, resource management techniques related to species identification, cultivation, storage, and processing were also highlighted. It was suggested that the value-added concept in agricultural production may be limited. Investigations into plant biology and physiology are required to provide a solid theoretical basis for the sustainable production of Kaempferia .

Ethnomedical Study of Plants as a Traditional Medicine on Respiratory System Disease in Cilongok, Banyumas, Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the most geologically complex regions globally and makes it one of the greatest of the world's biodiversity centers. But the primary data on medicinal plants in Indonesia is still lacking. Cilongok is a district in Banyumas located on the slope of Slamet mountain. It is one of the biodiversity areas in Java, Indonesia. Respiratory System Disease has become one of the top ten diseases in Banyumas Indonesia. This study aimed to explore information about the type of medicinal plants used for respiratory system disease and how to process it in Cilongok District, Banyumas Regency, Central Java. This study was descriptive survey research with semi-structured interviews of 68 informants. Data were qualitatively analyzed by interpreting the interview transcript and quantitatively to calculate the Species Use Value of those medicinal plants. The result showed that in Cilongok District, there were 40 medicinal plant species from 25 families used as traditional medicine in respiratory system disease and pounded as the most used method of preparation. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle is the most used medicinal plant with SUV were 0.235, followed by Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton (SUV 0.206), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (SUV 0.176), Kaempferia galanga L (SUV 0.176), and Zingiber officinale var Rubrum (SUV 0.147).

Analysis of Phytochemical compounds present in some Traditional Anti-dermatophytic plants by Thin Layer, Column Chromatographic Methods

Traditionally, various medicinal plants were known to possess anti-dermatophytic potential and have been used for many years to treat skin diseases. We are aimed to examine anti-dermatophytic plants like Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br., Cassia alata (L) Roxb., Kaempferia galanga L., Melia azedarach L. and Sesbania grandiflora (L) Pers. for the quantification and separation of phyto-chemical compounds through thin layer and column chromatography. Five plant samples comprising of leaves, stem fiber and rhizome were separately extracted using five solvents such as, ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether. The solvent extracts were subsequently investigated for qualitative, quantitative phytochemical, thin layer and column chromatographic analysis using standard assays. The experimental findings revealed the varied presence of compounds such as sugar, amino acid, protein, phenol, alkaloid and flavonoid in the solvent extracts used. In TLC profiling, a number of phyto chemical compounds, at different ranges of visible spots, with different Rf values at varying solvent system, were identified. Also, column fractions at different solvent run ratio (hexane: acetone = 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8) were identified with a wide range of color variations at different retention time and were collected sequentially. The present analysis exhibit a significant role to identify and differentiate therapeutic phyto-compounds which helps for further study on isolation and characterization with anti-dermatophytic potential.

Fermented medicinal herbs improve hematological and physiological profile of Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

This study sought to determine the effect of fermented medicinal herbs (FMH), i.e. cutchery (Kaempferia galanga), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and curcuma (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) in combination with molasses and probiotic drink (Yakult), administered orally on the hematological and physiological profile of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). A complete randomized design (CRD) experiment was used with four levels of treatments, namely P0 (control), P1 (FMH 100 mL/kg), P2 (FMH 200 mL/kg) and P3 (FMH 300 mL/kg) of feed. The fish were kept in a farm in cages at 75 fish/m3 and fed with the experimental diets for 60 days. The results revealed that FMH (P2) dietary administration improved hematological and physiological profile of catfish, i.e total erythrocytes of 2.81 x 106 cells/mm3, hematocrit values of 39.00%, hemoglobin levels of 10.73 g/dL, total leukocytes of 11.41 x 104 cells/mm3, blood glucose 97.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein 4.10 mg/dL compared to controls with 1.89 x 106 cells/mm3, 32.33 %, g/dL, 9.67 x 104 cells/mm3, 67.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein of 3.10 mg/dL, respectively. Moreover, the diet improved special growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency and the survival rate of catfish. The hematological and physiological profile of catfish improvement are considered to be due to the content of secondary metabolites of FMH, namely curcuminoids, vitamin C, essential oils, tannins, and flavonoids, which trigger immunostimulation. The presence of curcuminoids provide an antioxidant effect on cell membranes reducing erythrocyte cell membrane damage due to oxidation. Similarly, flavonoids are natural antioxidants, which are credited with the ability of reducing free radicals and anti-free radicals.

Diversity and use of medicinal plants for traditional women's health care in Northern Banyumas, Indonesia

Abstract. Utaminingrum W, Nofrianti, Hartanti D. 2022. Diversity and use of medicinal plants for traditional women's health care in Northern Banyumas. Biodiversitas 23: 1970-1976. This study aimed to record the diversity and utilization of medicinal plants for maintaining women's health in Northern Banyumas (Central Java, Indonesia) using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Semi-structured interviews with 97 informants were conducted to collect data on local plant names, plant parts, herbal preparation, and application of plants used for traditional women's health care. The value and importance of the plants to the people in the surveyed areas were quantitatively determined by the species use-value (SUV), the relative frequency of citation (RFC), and fidelity level (FL). The local community cited 21 plant species belonging to 10 families. The most frequently used plant part, preparation, and application were fruits and rhizomes (32.6% each), infusion (83.7%), and oral (88.4%), respectively. There were four use-category of the plants, i.e., post-partum, pre-menstrual syndrome, lactation stimulant, and leukorrhoea. The most valuable plants were Curcuma longa L., Piper betle L., and Kaempferia galanga L. with SUV of 0.41, 0.34, and 0.21, respectively. The C. longa and P. betle were also recorded as the most important plants with RFC values of 0.63 and 0.40. These findings confirm the status of Zingiberaceae as the main component of jamu (traditional medicine) to maintain women's health.

Ethnobotanical investigation of medicinal plants of serawai tribe in Bengkulu as a potential of biology teaching materials

The Serawai tribe is one of the indigenous tribes who live in the Bengkulu Province. The Serawai people still use medicinal plants because of the high trust of the Serawai people towards traditional medicine. Local plants have enormous potential to be developed as a source of learning biology. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain information about the species of plants used by the Serawai tribal community in Tanjung Aur Village, Bengkulu as medicinal plants that have the potential as learning resources in biology learning at the high school level. The ethnobotanical studies covered include plant species, plant families, organs used, processing methods, and use value indexes (UV) for each plant. The ethnobotany study in this research used a qualitative descriptive-analytical method. Based on the results of the ethnobotanical study, there are 44 species of medicinal plants and 23 families. The most widely used plant part is the leaf with a percentage of 52.27%. The highest Use Value is Kaempferia galangal L from the Zingebareceae family. Based on the curriculum, the results of the investigation of medicinal plants can be used as teaching materials in biodiversity and plant topics for the grade of 10-th of high school. Teaching materials can form to be learning modules of medicinal plants.

Growth performance, blood variables, intestinal bacterial content, and morphological measurements of broilers supplemented with Lactobacillus casei-fermented mixture of red rice and aromatic ginger

Background and Aim:Natural feed additives are important for broiler sustainability during the post-antibiotic era. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of the dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus casei-fermented mixture of red rice and aromatic ginger (FERMIX) on growth, blood profiles, intestinal bacterial content, and morphological measurements of broilers.Materials and Methods:Two hundred broiler chicks were allotted to four groups with five replications, including CONTROL (chicks provided with basal feed), FERMIX025 (basal feed supplemented with 0.25% FERMIX), FERMIX050 (0.50% FERMIX), and FERMIX100 (1.00% FERMIX). FERMIX is an anaerobic fermentation product from a mixture of red rice flour and aromatic ginger using L. casei. Blood, organs, digesta, and carcass were collected on day 35.Results:Final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio did not differ (p>0.05) across treatments. FERMIX at 0.5% increased (p<0.05) spleen relative weight. Liver weight was lower (p<0.05) in broilers fed with 1% FERMIX. The liver weight linearly reduced (p<0.05) with the increased FERMIX levels. FERMIX at 0.25% elevated (p<0.05) broiler drumsticks’ yield than that in other groups. Erythrocytes, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and plasma total protein levels were quadratically higher (p<0.05) in FERMIX050 treated than in other groups. Increased FERMIX levels resulted in a linear decrease (p=0.08) in ileal lactose-negative Enterobacteriaceae counts. Villi height/crypt depth (CD) ratio was quadratically higher (p<0.05) in the duodenum of broiler supplemented with 0.5% FERMIX. The jejunal CD was quadratically lower (p<0.05) in FERMIX050 than in other groups.Conclusion:Although it did not influence growth, dietary FERMIX, especially at 0.5%, improved immune competencies, physiological conditions, and health of broilers’ intestine.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Wound Healing Effect of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome on the Chemical-Induced Oral Mucosal Ulcer in Wistar Rats.

IntroductionKaempferia galanga L. (K. galanga; local name kencur, Zingiberaceae) is a plant commonly used as a kitchen spice, and empirically it is often used for medicinal purposes. This plant has been shown to have an anti-inflammatory role, but no research has been found on its effect on oral mucosal ulcer. This study aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activity and wound healing effect of the ethanol extract of K. galanga L. rhizome (EEKG) on the chemical-induced oral mucosal ulcer in Wistar rats.MethodsIn this study, 35 rats were divided into 7 groups (normal, negative, triamcinolone acetonide, and 4 EEKG groups). Acetic acid 70% was used as the oral mucosal ulcer inducer. Parameters observed were macroscopic and microscopic histopathological examinations.ResultsThe results revealed that dose of 0.5% of the EEKG was effective in increasing the percent recovery of ulcer area and inflammation sign scores. Meanwhile, doses of 0.5–2% of EEKG were effective in reducing the histopathological score. Interestingly, topical EEKG in our study was more effective compared with triamcinolone acetonide (the conventional therapy for oral mucosal ulceration).DiscussionThe EEKG has been confirmed its anti-inflammatory activity by accelerating the healing process on the chemical-induced oral mucosal ulcer in Wistar rats, based on the percent recovery of the ulcer area, the percent recovery of the inflammation sign score, and the histopathology score.ConclusionTaken together, K. galanga L. is very potential to be developed as a prospective phytopharmaceutical for the treatment of oral mucosal ulceration in human after clinical trials.

Biological activity of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) against SARS-CoV-2 main protease

COVID-19 is a syndrome affecting pulmonary function but rather in serious conditions leads to death. Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a type of rhizome plant in Indonesia that is used as an herbal medicine called Jamu because it is believed to be able to cure various types of diseases. One of which is for anti-virus. The goal of this study was to see how effective the compounds in kencur are against COVID-19 with a molecular docking strategy. Kencur biological activities were obtained from the library and the design of the Acute Respiratory Syndrome Main protease (Mpro) has been gained from the protein data bank website. In addition, the biological activities in kencur were examined utilizing Lipinski's five-point concept was used to evaluate their substance molecular characteristics. Molecular docking analysis was performed with the PyRx Virtual Screening Tool software. The PyRx program was used for molecular docking simulation. While, the Discovery Studio Visualizer program was used to visualize the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) and the pharmacologically active metabolites in kencur. The docking evaluation on three antiviral substances revealed that Quercetin had the lowest binding energy when bound with Mpro and thus had the greatest potential as a viral inhibitor.

The effect of adding Kaempferia galanga on different dosages of artificial feed on the growth of milk fish seed (Chanos chanos)

This research was carried out from 25th October to 5th December 2021 at the Brackish and Marine Water Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries, Pekalongan University. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding kencur (Kaemferiagalanga) to feed on milkfish growth. The study used laboratory experimental methods with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments used were A (0% or feed without kencur), B (2% kencur powder/100g feed), C (4% kencur powder/100g feed) and D (6% kencur powder/100g feed). The results showed that treatment B gave the highest growth yield of 8.59g, followed by treatment C 4.95g, treatment D 3.78g and the lowest was treatment A, namely 3.78g. After analyzing the variance, the results of the F count are greater than the F table, which means that the addition of kencur to feed has an effect on the growth of milkfish. Survival rate of fish during treatment for all treatments was 100%. The water quality during the study was still within a reasonable range, namely temperature 28 -30 C, salinity 18-20 ppt, pH 7.5-7.9 and DO 4.6 - 5 ppm.Keyword: Milkfsih, Kaempferia galanga, Growth

Mitigative capacity of Kaempferia galanga L. and kaempferol on heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products in roasted beef patties and related mechanistic analysis by density functional theory

The capacity of Kaempferia galanga L. (KG) and kaempferol to mitigate the formation of free and bound heterocyclic amines (HAs) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in roast beef patties was explored. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and density functional theory (DFT) were used to reveal the possible mechanisms involved in quenching the free radicals. KG (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) and kaempferol (0.005%, 0.010%, 0.015%) reduced HAs and AGEs in a dose-dependent manner. Alkyl free radical, HOO·, and 1O2 were critical to the formation of HAs, and 1O2 was pivotal to AGEs. They were quenched by KG and kaempferol in a dose-dependent manner. DFT indicated that the 3-OH group of kaempferol was most pivotal and quenched the HOO· mainly via H-atom transfer. The active carbonyl intermediates phenylacetaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal can also be reduced by KG and kaempferol in a dose-dependent manner, which may be result from the quenching of free radicals.

Ethyl P-Methoxycinnamate: An Active Anti-Metastasis Agent and Chemosensitizer Targeting NFκB from Kaempferia galanga for Melanoma Cells.

The most common type of skin cancer is melanoma. While significant advances in chemotherapy have occurred in a few instances, only marginal progress has been made in treating metastatic melanoma. Natural medicine has traditionally been used to treat various illnesses, including cancer. The purpose of this study was to identify the active compound in Kaempferia galanga, which could be used to treat melanoma as an anti-metastasis and chemosensitizer agent. The active compound in K. galanga was isolated and identified using chromatography and spectroscopy techniques, and given six compounds. Inhibitory activity on NFκB activation and cell viability was determined using reporter assay methods. Among the isolated compounds, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) demonstrated potent NFκB inhibitory activity against melanoma cell B16F10- NFκB Luc2 with an IC50 of 88.7 μM. Further investigation was conducted by evaluating the anti-metastasis effect of EPMC in vitro by using wound-healing assays, invasion tests, and molecular mechanism assays using Western blotting. NFκB has been implicated in tumorigenesis through the PI3K/Akt/NFκB pathway. The results of this study indicated that EPMCs act as inhibitors of p38 and thereby Akt phosphorylation inhibitors at serine 473, inhibiting NFκB-dependent transcription. Further analysis with paclitaxel demonstrated that the combinations could sensitize to apoptosis in response to well-known chemotherapy agents. Additional studies were conducted using the human melanoma cancer cell line SK-Mel 28. Along with the induction of apoptosis, we observed an increase in p-γH2AX expression (a molecular marker for double strand breaks in DNA damage) in response to treatment with paclitaxel and EPMC. The result showed EPMC to be a potential, viable adjuvant for improving the clinical efficacy of anti-metastatic and cancer chemotherapy.

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF KENCUR PLANT (KAEMPFERIA GALANGA L.) AS AN ASMA AND ANTI BACTERIAL MEDICINE

Kaempferia galanga is one of the Indonesian plants that has medicinal properties. Herbs that have medicinal properties are considered safer, more effective, and have smaller side effects than chemicals. There are compounds contained in Kaempferia galangal isolates including Ethyl Cinnamate 65.98%, Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate 23.65%, (+) - 3-Carene 3.42%, Beta-Pinene 2.09%, Camphene 1.67%,Hexadecane1.61%, Alpha-Pinene 0.71%, Myrcene 0.50%, 1-Limonene 0.37%. In several studies showed that Kaempferia galanga has activities such as Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, and Antibacterial. This proves that herbs like kencur have various benefits.

COMPARATIVE CHEMICAL PROFILING OF ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS USING GC-MS IN MICRO, MINI AND MOTHER RHIZOMES OF KAEMPFERIA GALANGA L.

Kaempferia galanga L. is a pharmaceutically and traditionally important medicinal plant. Its rhizomes are having potential demand in ayurvedic drug preparation. The study presented here reports the essential oil components analysed using GC-MS in three samples of K. galanga such as the microrhizomes raised through tissue culture technique, the mini rhizomes harvested from the field transferred tissue culture-derived plants and the mother rhizomes, which are the stock plants (control). Potent bioactive compounds like ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, borneol and pentadecane were detected in the samples. The amount ethyl p- methoxycinnamate was very high in microrhizome (58.088%) and minirhizome oil (31.24%) as compared to in vivo mother rhizome. The amount of ethlyl cinnamate was 9.21% in microrhizome oil and it increased to 39.42% in minirhizome oil. Pentadecane recorded 1.482% in microrhizome and its amount increased to 4.49% in minirhizome oil, while the amount was noticed in in vivo mother rhizome. Borneol was analysed from micro (1.349%) and minirhizome oil (3.57%) samples but it was absent in mother rhizome. In our study, in vitro microrhizome and minirhizomes essential oil depicted superior quality in terms of the bioactive compounds and was on par with the mother rhizome oil. The in vitro production methodology developed here would help in the large scale production of pharmacologically important components from K. galanga.

Derivatives of Cinnamic Acid Esters and Terpenic Diversity in Volatiles of Thirty-Six Sand Ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) Accessions of Eastern India Revealing Quality Chemovars.

The essential oil of Kaempferia galanga L. commonly known as sand ginger has increased its demand in national and international market for decades. Cinnamic acid esters like ethyl-p-methoxy cinnamate (EPMC) and ethyl cinnamate (EC) are major constituents in its essential oil. In spite of the high demand for the plant as raw material, identification of quality chemovars having high essential oil (EO) yield and constituents is still at an infant stage. With this in mind, we have evaluated the EO yield of 36 accessions from three provinces of Eastern India, which varied within a range of 0.41 ± 0.01 to 2.63 ± 0.03 v/w. Further, a total of 65 compounds were detected by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with area percentages varying from 76.16 to 97.3%. EPMC was found to be the major component in 14 accessions with area percentages varying from 10.7% to 41.1%, whereas other 22 accessions showed EC as the major constituent, varying from 16% to 29.1%. Further, a diversity study among accessions was performed by agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis based on the abundance of identified constituents, which categorized all 36 accessions into three clusters. Thus, the present study helps to identify quality chemovar K.g16 and K.g14 with respect to oil yield and constituents, respectively, which could be used to guide commercial cultivation and further improvement of the taxa.

Change of BDNF expression in traumatic brain injury after Kaempferia galanga L. administration

BDNF has potent effects on neural synapses and its pathway affects cell survival and other biological processes. Kaempferia galanga L. has many active substances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We analyzes BDNF in four different group of Wistar rats (Ratus novergicus) into Groups A (no trauma &amp; extract), B (with trauma &amp; no extract), C (with trauma and 600 mg/kgbw extract), and D (with trauma and 1200 mg/kgbw extract). Groups B, C, and D are further divided into those who had their BDNF measured on 24- (B24, C24, and D24) and 48-hours. BDNF expression were found to be statistically significant between Group A with both B24 (p = 0,009) and D24 (p = 0,009) on the 24-hour post-trauma decapitation analysis. On the 48 hours after trauma and extract administration, Group B48 (p = 0,002), C48 (p = &lt;0,001), and D48 (p &lt;0,001) were found to be significantly different with Group A. The administration of Kaempferia galanga L. extract can be considered as an option in increasing brain BDNF levels which are neuroprotective. Larger and specific studies are needed to determine the appropriate dose and duration.

Physicochemical Properties, Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities of Rhizome Oils from Two Varieties of &lt;i&gt;Kaempferia galanga&lt;/i&gt;

Kaempferia galanga is a tropical plant with an impressive range of food and medicinal uses. This study, therefore, investigated the variation in yields, physicochemical properties, chemical compositions, and antioxidant activities of rhizome oils from two K. galanga varieties, K. galanga bigger rhizomes (V1) and K. galanga smaller rhizomes (V2), isolated by steam distillation (S) and maceration (M) techniques. The air-dried rhizomes' oil contents were found to be 2.81±0.09% (SV1O), 7.93±0.20% (MV1O), 3.60±0.10% (SV2O), and 8.76±0.22% (MV2O), respectively. From the GC-MS analysis, the SV1O, MV1O, SV2O, and MV2O samples contain 49, 48, 61, and 56 compounds, respectively. Furthermore, ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate was the most prevalent chemical constituent in four oils with a percentage contribution of 43.37% (SV1O), 60.62% (MV1O), 24.92% (SV2O), and 57.17% (MV2O). Several long-chain alcohols (6Z,9Z-pentadeca-6,9-dien-1-ol, 9E,12E-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-ol, heptadecan-1-ol), aldehyde (Z-octadec-9-enal), carboxylic acids (4-(4-methoxyphenyl)oxane-4-carboxylic acid, hexadecanoic acid), diterpene sandaracopimaradiene, steroid ergosterol, and alkaloid 2-imino-3-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one, were also identified in K. galanga rhizome oils isolated by maceration method. In addition, all oils showed high antioxidant activities with the IC50 values of 86.10±1.51, 85.24±1.48, 89.19±1.72, and 86.49±2.03 μg/mL for SV1O, MV1O, SV2O, and MV2O, respectively.

Anti-proliferative activity of in vitro Zingiberaceae essential oil against Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line

In many developing countries cancer is one of the main reasons of worldwide death after cardiovascular diseases. India is one of the leading producers of aromatic essential oils in the world. The family Zingiberaceae is used as a spice ingredient from centuries and as traditional medicine in Asian regions. At present there are many medicinal plants belonging to this family which are used for its aromatic oils bearing numerous beneficial effects for health maintenance including anticancer activity. In the present study we have used four plant species like Curcuma longa, Curcuma aromatica, Kaempferia galanga and Hedychium coronarium which was assessed against Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cancer cell line by MTT assay. To validate the cytotoxicity activity, HeLa cell line was treated against different concentrations of rhizome essential oils ranging from 6.25-100 ul respectively. This study revealed that Hedychium coronarium essential oil was most significantly active in comparison to other oil samples tested against HeLa cell line. Hence the cytotoxic study of essential oils could be used by pharmaceuticals and other industry for therapeutics.

PERBANDINGAN KADAR AIR DAN KADAR MINYAK ATSIRI PADA RIMPANG KENCUR (Kaempferia galangal L.) DENGAN PERBEDAAN PERLAKUAN PENGERINGAN

Kencur rhizome (Kaempferia galangal L.) is widely used as a health drink and traditional medicine in Indonesia. Kencur rhizome is widely used as a medicine for colds, indigestion, analgesic and antipyretic, and beauty because it has the content of essential oils. This research has made simplicia rhizome kencur. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of water content and essential oil content in kencur rhizome with different drying treatment. The method used is simple distillation. With the sample treatment is a fresh kencur rhizome after being washed and cleaned of impurities, thinly sliced more or less with a thickness of 3-4 mm. Then each shredded result is dried in two ways, ie with sunlight and oven temperature 50oC. Drying done until dry with moisture content below 10%. Simplicia rhizome kencur, then analyzed water kadai and essential oil content. The results showed that the drying method had significant effect on water content and essential oil content. To get simplicia with relative high volatile oil content can be done by drying using sunlight.

Phytochemical characterization of the ethanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga rhizome for anti-oxidant activities by HPTLC and GCMS

BackgroundThe rhizome of Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) was collected from Meghalaya, India, and its ethanolic extract was obtained by freeze-drying or lyophilization process, which was then assessed for its in vitro anti-oxidant activity and phytochemical characterization using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS).ResultsIn vitro anti-oxidant activity analysis shows an inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 1.824 mg/mL and 0.307 mg/mL for, α, α-diphenyl-ρ-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, respectively. Total polyphenol content (TPC) of 23.55 ± 0.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight of extract and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 100 ± 1.414 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g dry weight of extract were found. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis shows the best separation of bands at different retention factor (Rf) values, when employing the solvent system 2-butanol/1-propanol/water in the ratio of 3:1:1 (v/v/v). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis confirms the presence and identification of various phytocompounds, with ethyl p-methoxycinnamate identified as the major active compound.ConclusionFreeze-dried ethanolic extract of K. galanga (rhizome) possesses anti-oxidant activity. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate is present as the major bioactive component (about 94.87% of the total area composition), and since it has very important and diverse medicinal properties, a freeze-drying process (lyophilization) can be utilized for its isolation and extraction.