Kabuli Type Research Articles

Karyotype of the kabuli-type chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) by image analysis system

SUMMARYDetailed information on karyotype of the kabuli-type chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has been lacking; hence this study was undertaken to produce the standard karyotype of kabuli chickpea and to understand the variation in karyotype within kabuli type. Mitotic analysis of four genotypes differing in morpho-agronomic traits and geographic origin were carried out. Little difference was observed among the four genotypes for total genome length, chromosome length and complement formula. All carry a distinguishable satellite on the longest chromosome pair. Small variation in karyological parameters within kabuli type might be due to its narrow adaptation. The karyotype of the variety Sultano has been chosen as the standard for kabuli-type chickpea on the base of its parameters being closest to the average of those genotypes that were investigated.

Nutritional evaluation of desi and kabuli chickpeas and their products commonly consumed in Pakistan.

Physicochemical and nutritional quality of five improved cultivars of desi and kabuli chickpeas and their products were studied. The kabuli chickpea had larger seed (26 g/100 seeds) than desi type (21 g/100 seeds). The hydration capacity per seed of desi (0.16 g) was lower than kabuli type (0.26 g). A positive correlation (r = 0.87) between seed weight and hydration capacity was observed. The mean cooking time of dry desi vs kabuli seed (124.5 vs 113.8 min) was reduced to 37.5 vs 32.8 min and to 28.8 vs 22.5 min when soaked overnight in water and in 0.5% solution of sodium bicarbonate respectively. The mean value of protein (25.4 vs 24.4%), fat (3.7 vs 5.1%), carbohydrate (47.4 vs 55%), crude fibre (11.2 vs 3.9%), ash (3.2 vs 2.8%) and caloric value (327 vs 365 kcal/100 g) were for desi vs kabuli chickpeas respectively. There was no difference in the essential amino acid contents and in chemical scores of desi (65) and kabuli (67) chickpeas. The order of limiting amino acid was methionine+cystine, threonine and valine in both types. The chickpeas products contained 8.9-21.1% protein (N x 6.25), 3.1-21.8% fat, 53.4-75.9% carbohydrate, 1.6-11.1% crude fibre, 1.2-5.9% ash, 226-360mg Ca, 126-315 mg P, 3.8-8.2 mg Fe, 1.8-5.4 mg Zn, 1.5-5.4 mg Mn, 0.6-1.1 mg Cu and 370-490 kcal per 100 g. All chickpea products provided 7-23%, 7-40% and 52-78% of the total calories from protein, fat and carbohydrates respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Inheritance of Seed Coat Thickness in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and its Evolutionary Implications

AbstractThe desi and kabuli chickpeas are characterized, among other things, by their seed coats being thicker in the desi than in the kabuli type. The inheritance of seed coat thickness, and its relation to flower colour and seed size, was studied. Seed coat thickness exhibits monogenic inheritance, the thin kabuli seed coat being the recessive character. Linkage was found between seed coat thickness and flower colour, the recombinant fraction being 0.19. No relationship was found between seed coat thickness and seed size. The role of these characters in the evolution of the chickpea is discussed.

Genetic Variations and Adaptations in Chickpea

A total of 329 chickpea lines, comprising 130 kabiili and 199 desi types, originating from six regions, viz., Indian sub‐continent, Middle East, North Africa, America, Europe and USSR, were sown in augmented design. The data recorded on agronomic characters on all entries from each region were evaluated in terms of group (region) means. Among the six regions, greater plant height and lateness in flowering were specific to USSR entries. Group means of USSR accessions, both desi and kabuli, differed significantly from those of Indian varieties for a majority of the characters. These observations indicate that the degree of expression of certain characters could be ascribed to specific areas, which led to area‐specific adaptations. Furthermore, type‐specific differentiating characters, differing in degree of expression, were observed in desi and kabuli types. For example, high mean values of characters, like branches, pods, grain yield and harvest index, were associated with desi types, and 100‐seed weight with kabulis. History of cultivation and selection for specific purpose has been cited as cause for area‐specific adaptations and type‐specific differentiating characters.

Association of seed type and colour with establishment, yield and seed quality in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

SUMMARYUsing closely related inbred lines, the effects of selecting for two contrasting seed types (desi and kabuli) and colours (brown and white) were determined for a number of agronomic and seed characters in chickpea. Plant establishment was 53% higher in desi types than in kabuli types, and 20% higher in brown-seeded lines than in white-seeded lines. Increased contents of tannins in testas of brown seeds were associated with the seed colour response, whereas the difference in establishment between desi and kabuli types was probably a function of the thicker desi testa. Differences in yield due to seed type and colour reflected differences in establishment, but were smaller in magnitude.Seed type was clearly associated with testa fraction and fibre content. Desi seeds averaged 15·7% testa and 13·2% acid detergent fibre, but kabuli seeds contained only 6·7% testa and 5·6% fibre. In contrast, the crude protein content of kabuli seeds was 1·4 percentage points higher than that of desi seeds. Testa and fibre contents of brown kabuli seeds were significantly greater than those of white kabuli seeds, although the differences were smaller than those between desi and kabuli types.Decortication was satisfactory for white desi seeds, but for white kabuli seeds it gave rise to highly fragmented cotyledons which were often contaminated with attached testa. Brown kabuli seeds produced a sample of intermediate quality. It is suggested that, with some genetic improvements and processing refinements, brown kabuli genotypes could be developed as dual-purpose chickpeas, having both culinary and stockfeed uses.

Seed protein electrophoresis in six species and two F1s ofCicer

The water soluble fraction of the seed protein of 6Cicer species and of the two F1 hybrids ofCicer arietinum andCicer reticulatum was analyzed by disc electrophoresis. Each species and F1 ofCicer had its own pattern and also a different number of bands. In general banding pattern revealed variation in number and intensity of bands in all the species and F1s. A little difference was in the protein profile of the two strains, NEWC-21 and Jm-2106 ofCicer reticulatum. Common and kabuli types ofCicer arietinum were found to possess 7 bands but one band in each type was at differentR f. The bands inCicer arietinum had homologues in other wild species and none of the wild species possessed all 7Cicer arietinum bands. All the species, exceptCicer arietinum andCicer judaicum, possessed some typical bands in their protein profiles in the sense that no one was found at that particularR f in other species. As regards the similarity indices between hybrids and their respective parents it was found that each cross showed more than 50% homology with their parents. On the basis of seed protein profile,Cicer reticulatum seemed to be the most suitable for wild progenitor ofCicer arietinum. The difference between the profiles ofCicer judaicum andCicer pinnatifidum supported the idea that they are indeed two separate species.

Response of chickpea accession to row spacing and plant density on a vertisol on the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland. 1. Dry matter production and seed yield

Six accessions of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), representing both desi and kabuli types, were grown at a range of row spacings (180-710 mm) in 3 experiments on a vertisol at Dalby, south-eastern Queensland to assess their adaptation and yield potential. Row spacing and sowing density (28-1 12 seeds m-2) were confounded in 2 experiments where intra-row density was constant, but were varied independently in the third. Differences in yield between accessions were either small or not significant in 1979, with above-average water availability (mean seed yield: 253 g m-2), and in 1980, when water was severely limited (mean seed yield: 79 and 120 g m-2 in the 2 experiments). However, the proportion of seed that was machine-harvestable was highest in the commercial cv. Tyson (71%), and also at the closest row spacing (83%). Seed nitrogen concentration was about 0.5% higher in cv. Tyson than in other accessions. It declined with an increase in row spacing and was associated with a higher proportion of small seeds. We conclude that there will be scope for alternatives to cv. Tyson as new market opportunities develop. Furthermore, the flexibility in its growth pattern makes chickpea well suited to the variable moisture regime of the wheatlands of subtropical eastern Australia.

Chemical constitution of starch and oligosaccharide components of 'desi' and 'kabuli' chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seed types

Investigations on the chemical constitution of the chickpea seed types and have been performed. The breeding lines of the desi types contain higher levels of acid detergent fibers (9.4-14.7%;cf. 3.8-7.6% for kabuli) and higher average seed coat weights, but there appeared to be no difference in the total protein content. Variations have been noted in the total starch and percent amylose contents of desi and kabuli type seeds. The levels of the raffinose-series oligosaccharides were higher in kabuli than in desi types. Soluble sugar profiles revealed a substantial difference in the distribution of sucrose in the two types. Stachyose was the predominant sugar in desi types, but the majority of the kabuli types indicated sucrose as the main component. On the average, oligosaccharides did not show any differences ~n the two types although the sucrose content of kabuli types was 46.9% higher than the desi types. Verbascose represented only asmall fraction (range 0.09-0.41 g/100 g of seed weight) of the total soluble sugars. Quantification of oligosaccharides and amylose offers a useful criteria for identification of genotypes of high nutritional quality.

Evaluation of a World Collection of Chickpea Germ Plasm Accessions for Resistance to Ascochyta Blight

A world collection of 9,574 desi and 3,836 kabuli germ plasm accessions of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) was evaluated for Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) resistance at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) research farm at Tel-Hadya near Aleppo, Syria, during four crop seasons (1978–1979 to 1981–1982). Desi accessions were obtained from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), based in India, and the kabuli types were from ICARDA. The evaluation was carried out with artificial inoculations in the field. Promising lines from initial screening were reevaluated at Tel-Hadya and at two other sites: Lattakia, a coastal site in Syria, and Terbol, in the Beqa’a Valley of Lebanon. Lines with low disease severity during both the vegetative and podding stages were considered resistant. Eleven kabuli and six desi accessions were resistant to moderately resistant to Ascochyta blight. Another seven kabuli and 40 desi accessions were tolerant. Many lines resistant during the vegetative stage became susceptible during podding. In general, kabuli sources had better host-plant resistance than desi types. Frequency of resistance was also higher in kabuli types (0.29%) than in desi types (0.06%). The resistant kabuli accessions were ILC 72, ILC 196, ILC 201, ILC 202, ILC 2506, ILC 2956, ILC 3274, ILC 3279, ILC 3346, ILC 3956, and ILC 4421. The resistant desi accessions were ICC 3634, ICC 4200, ICC 4248, ICC 4368, ICC 5124, and ICC 6981.

International Testing of Chickpeas for Resistance to Ascochyta Blight

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germ plasm lines resistant or tolerant to Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.) isolates prevalent in Syria and Lebanon were tested internationally between 1978 and 1982 to identify lines resistant to blight in other countries and to identify lines with broad-based resistance. A total of 112 lines including both desi and kabuli types were tested through the Chickpea International Ascochyta Blight Nursery (CIABN) in Algeria, Greece, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey. The number of resistant lines identified in each country ranged from four to 56. Four lines, ILC 72, ILC 191, ILC 3279, and ILC 3856, were resistant in eight of the 11 countries. The differential reaction of many lines tested in these countries indicates the presence of variability in A. rabiei.

Studies on Desi and Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivars. The Levels of Amylase Inhibitors, Levels of Oligosaccharides and In Vitro Starch Digestibility

ABSTRACTAmylase inhibitor activity (AIA) of chickpea extracts was investigated using pancreatic and salivary amylases. The extracts showed higher inhibitor activity towards pancreatic amylase than salivary amylase. Mean values indicated slightly higher inhibitory activity in desi than kabuli cultivars, though clear‐cut differences were not observed among the cultivars. While in vitro starch digestibility of meal samples indicated no large differences among desi and kabuli types of chickpea, the mean values of digestibility of isolated starches of kabuli types was higher than those of desi types. The mean values of stachyose were higher in desi cultivars. When desi and kabuli types were considered together, stachyose and raffinose contents were not found significantly related to the concentrations of total soluble sugars while stachyose showed a significant correlation with raffinose.

The exploitation of natural genetic variability for tthe improvement of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).

The two main types of cultivated chickpeas of interest to plant breeders are the small-seeded desi types adapted to “winter” (Oct./Nov.) plantings in eastern Asia and the large-seeded kabuli types adapted to “summer” (Mar./Apr.) plantings in western Asia. These two types have most probably been separated for thousands of years. The total world area under chickpea cultivation is about 10.5 million hectares. India, Pakistan, and Ethiopia produce 74, 10, and 4% of the world’s crop, respectively. The world’s average productivity at approximately 710 kg/ha is very low. Breeding programs have to date made little impact on yield improvement, and most farmers continue to grow ancient land races on soils of low fertility and under rainfed conditions. ICRISAT began a breeding program in 1973 with the aim of producing elite lines and segregating populations to strengthen national and regional programs for the chickpea-growing countries of the world. Classic and recurrent selection breeding methodologies are being employed. In India, the breeding program of ICRISAT is carried out at Hyderabad (lat. 17°N) and at Hissar (lat. 29.5°N). In 1975 a “summer,” off-season (for India) nursery was grown in Lebanon. The crop in Lebanon proved highly informative with regard to divergencies between kabuli and desi types. Adaptability of coadaptation appears to be most important in chickpeas. Transgressive segregation is greater in kabuli X desi crosses than between same-group crosses. The introgression of kabuli germ plasm into desi germ plasm is important for the improvement of the desi crop in eastern Asia and the introgression of desi germ plasm into kabuli germ plasm for the improvement of the kabuli crop in western Asia. A superior cultivar for eastern Asia is more likely to be produced from a (kabuli X desi) X desi backcross and for western Asia by a (kabuli X desi) X kabuli backcross. Whereas initial gains are more likely to come from intraspecific hybridization, current evidence suggests the potential importance of interspecific hybridization involving Cicer arietinum and C. reticulatum. Cytogenetic studies of hybrids between cultivars of Cicer arietinum and C. reticulatum indicate chromosome repatterning within C. arietinum, which may indicate cytogenetic differences between cultivar groups within the cultivated species.

Colchicine induced polyploidy in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)

The most successful induction of tetraploidy was obtained with 2 hour treatment by 0.25% aqueous colchicine solution of 18-hour watersoaked desi chickpeas material. However, kabuli types needed only 1 hour treatment under similar conditions. Gigantism accompanied induction of polyploidy in desi as well as kabuli types but yield and fertility were greatly reduced. The meiotic abnormalities accompanying polyploidy were multivalent association of chromosomes followed by unequal disjunction, chromosome bridges, laggards etc. The percentage of stainable pollen, however, was at par between diploids and tetraploids. Gene control of percentage seed setting was observed in both levels of ploidy. A striking feature of the studies was the high seed setting percentage in 4n F 1 material resulting from diverse crosses, viz., desi×kabuli. A probable reduction in multivalent association coupled with yield increases in segregants from the later generation of tetraploids indicates the possibility of selection for higher yield and fertility from polyploids, particularly from some hybrid material.