Justice Game Research Articles

Neural mechanisms of the mood effects on third-party responses to injustice after unfair experiences.

Behavioral decision theory argues that humans can adjust their third‐party responses (e.g., punishment and compensation) to injustice by integrating unfair experiences. Typically, the mood plays an important role in such a decision‐making process. However, the underlying neurocognitive bases remain largely unclear. We first employ a modified third‐party justice game in which an allocator split an amount of money between oneself and a receiver. The participants can reapportion the money as observers by choosing from the following three costly options: compensate the receiver, accept the current allocation, or punish the allocator. Then, a second‐party pseudo interaction is conducted where participants receive more (i.e., advantageous unfair experience) or less (i.e., disadvantageous unfair experience) than others. Finally, participants perform the third‐party justice game again after unfair experiences. Here, we use functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure participants' brain activities during third‐party responses to injustice. We find participants compensate more to the receiver after advantageous unfair experience, which involved enhanced positive emotion, weakened sense of unfairness, and is linked with increased activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC). In contrast, participants punish more on the allocator after disadvantageous unfair experience, which might primarily stem from their negative emotional responses, strong sense of unfairness, and is associated with significantly decreased activity in the rDLPFC. Our results suggest that third‐party compensation and punishment involved differential psychological and neural bases. Our findings highlight the crucial roles of second‐party unfair experiences and the corresponding mood responses in third‐party responses to unfairness, and unravel the intermediate neural architecture.

A Free and Fair Economy: A Game of Justice and Inclusion

Frequent violations of fair principles in real-life settings raise the fundamental question of whether such principles can guarantee the existence of a self-enforcing equilibrium in a free economy. We show that elementary principles of distributive justice guarantee that a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium exists in a finite economy where agents freely (and non-cooperatively) choose their inputs and derive utility from their pay. Chief among these principles is that: 1) your pay should not depend on your name, and 2) a more productive agent should not earn less. When these principles are violated, an equilibrium may not exist. Moreover, we uncover an intuitive condition---technological monotonicity---that guarantees equilibrium uniqueness and efficiency. We generalize our findings to economies with social justice and inclusion, implemented in the form of progressive taxation and redistribution, and guaranteeing a basic income to unproductive agents. Our analysis uncovers a new class of strategic form games by incorporating normative principles into non-cooperative game theory. Our results rely on no particular assumptions, and our setup is entirely non-parametric. Illustrations of the theory include applications to exchange economies, surplus distribution in a firm, contagion and self-enforcing lockdown in a networked economy, and bias in the academic peer-review system.

Group Roundtable: Queer Tech Futures, Social Justice, and Community-Based Technology Education

Abstract This essay describes a year-long community-based collaboration between faculty at Purdue University, a game designer at University of Chicago, and MAVEN Youth. Project partners sought to develop a community technology curriculum that centers the lives of LGBTQ and non-binary youth and imagines queer bodies as central to any future we wish to inhabit. Over the year-long project, the partners developed a series of social justice game design workshops for LGBTQ youth and a speculative design Hack-4-Queer Youth Futures. These types of collaborations and “making-and-telling” practices are vital to imagining inclusive and livable futures. This collaboration is an outgrowth of stakeholder engagement for the Big Data Ethics project at Purdue University supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The goal of the group roundtable format is to gain better insight into the potential for embedding critical science and technology studies (STS) and social justice pedagogy into community-based tech diversity initiatives.

Commemorating, Celebrating, and Rededicating to the Fight for Environmental Justice: National Environmental Justice Game Changers.

On 13 February 2020, the University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability held the Michigan Environmental Justice Summit 2020: Commemorating the Thirtieth Anniversary of Michigan's 1990 Conference on Race and the Environment and Looking Toward the Future. The Summit hosted a dynamic panel of national leaders, individuals who became game changers in the Environmental Justice movement. The panel featured Dr. Robert Bullard, known as the "Father of Environmental Justice"; Rhiana Gunn-Wright, Policy Director of New Consensus; Charles Lee, Senior Policy Advisor at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Regina Strong, Environmental Justice Public Advocate for the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy; and Dr. Beverly Wright, Founder and Executive Director of the Deep South Center for Environmental Justice. This article includes an edited transcript of the panel discussion. The panelists detail the history of the U.S. environmental justice movement and directions for its future.

Social Justice Games: Building an Escape Room on Elder Abuse through Participatory Action Research

This paper discusses the creation of an escape room on older adult mistreatment (or elder abuse). The game, titled Sandra's Keys, invited players to engage with the story of a fictional older woman dealing with a situation of abuse through a series puzzles. The escape room sought to bring players into a conversation about the different forms of elder abuse, and to give them a greater understanding of their role as bystanders and of the potential ways to intervene. The escape room game was co-designed by researchers, a group of older adults activists in Montreal and a social worker. This paper focuses on how we made this game and the methodological principles and values behind the design process. This design process is grounded in Participatory Action Research and is inspired by the writings of radical theatre activist Augusto Boal. One of its aims was to consolidate long standing relationships between the members of the design team around a common social justice goal. We map out the potential of games to become tools in the ‘arsenal’ of community-based activism and to playfully contradict dominant societal norms related to age. Finally, we introduce the term ‘social justice game’ to assert the connections between activism, social justice and games studies.

Where to draw the line: honor mindset increases retaliation in response to unfair behavior

Past research has linked honor to a higher tendency for retaliation. A common method is to compare groups that are either low or high in honor. While effective, this does not account for within-group variation, nor isolate honor as a distinct construct from alternative differences between groups that might affect the outcome. In the current study we investigated honor as a cultural mindset, using priming methodology in both Dutch participants (who are typically low in honor endorsement) and Dutch-Turkish and Dutch-Moroccan participants (who are typically high in honor endorsement), while controlling for trait endorsement of honor values. To quantify retaliation, we used two social dilemmas: presenting an unequal offer in the Ultimatum Game, and chips being taken in the Justice Game. The results showed that priming honor resulted in an increased willingness to pay for punishment in the Justice Game, but not higher rejection in the Ultimatum Game. This suggests that unfairness by itself is not sufficient to trigger retaliation; rather, a pronounced transgression is required—in this case something being taken what is considered rightfully yours. Furthermore, decision-making in both social dilemmas was not associated with cultural background or honor endorsement. This indicates that an honor mindset needs to be salient to affect decision-making, and can affect behavior over and above the endorsement of honor values.

THEORY OF GAMES IN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS OF UKRAINE

The purpose of this article is to reveal the possibility of using game theory in the criminal process of Ukraine. The article deals with the adversarial principle of the criminal proceedings. The presence of conflicting interests of both sides gives rise to the procedural interests of each of them. Defending legal positions with due regard for procedural interests leads to rational behavior of the both sides. Such activities can be called strategic, and the process of achieving the interests of the both sides in criminal proceedings is the strategy of the sides to criminal proceedings. Both sides in criminal proceedings will develop optimal strategies for achieving the appropriate procedural goal. The choice of the optimal strategy of the prosecution or the defense allows you to use game theory, as the theory of mathematical models for making optimal decisions in the context of a divergence of interests of the both sides in criminal proceedings. The article provides a definition of strategy and a definition of Game Theory. Conflicts that are considered in game theory are compared by analogy with a dispute in a criminal proceeding. The work of B.D. Leonov “The role of the theory of strategic behavior (game theory) in the regulation of the fight against terrorism” about the fact that game theory helps to choose the best strategies, taking into account ideas about other participants, their resources and possible actions. The work of A.A. Shiyan “Game Theory: Basics and Applications in Economics and Management” about the need to master the skills and abilities to apply game theory. The work of O.Y. Baev “Selected Works on the Problems of Criminalistics and Criminal Procedure” about the fact that, from the standpoint of the categorical apparatus of game theory, the adversarial principle completely fits into the so-called antagonistic game of two players. It was analyzed the work of O.G. Yanovskaja “Effective implementation of the functions of the prosecution and defense as a condition of adversary criminal proceedings” about the strategy and tactics of advocacy from the perspective of using the concept of solving game theory. It was analyzed the work of Y.A. Tsvetkov “The game of justice: How to increase the gain?” which examines the practical application of game theory in criminal proceedings using the Nash matrix and algorithms for making optimal decisions. It is concluded that the adversarial principle can be applied using ready-made mathematical models to make optimal decisions in criminal proceedings in order to achieve Nash equilibrium and, in general, increase the predictability of the outcome of criminal proceedings. Key words: game theory, criminal proceedings.

The development of children's preferences for equality and equity across 13 individualistic and collectivist cultures

A concern for fairness is a fundamental and universal element of morality. To examine the extent to which cultural norms are integrated into fairness cognitions and influence social preferences regarding equality and equity, a large sample of children (N 2,163) aged 4-11 were tested in 13 diverse countries. Children participated in three versions of a third-party, contextualized distributive justice game between two hypothetical recipients differing in terms of wealth, merit, and empathy. Social decision-making in these games revealed universal age-related shifts from equality-based to equity-based distribution motivations across cultures. However, differences in levels of individualism and collectivism between the 13 countries predicted the age and extent to which children favor equity in each condition. Children from the most individualistic cultures endorsed equitable distributions to a greater degree than children from more collectivist cultures when recipients differed in regards to wealth and merit. However, in an empathy context where recipients differed in injury, children from the most collectivist cultures exhibited greater preferences to distribute resource equitably compared to children from more individualistic cultures. Children from the more individualistic cultures also favored equitable distributions at an earlier age than children from more collectivist cultures overall. These results demonstrate aspects of both cross-cultural similarity and divergence in the development of fairness preferences.

Learning moral values: Another's desire to punish enhances one's own punitive behavior.

There is little consensus about how moral values are learned. Using a novel social learning task, we examine whether vicarious learning impacts moral values-specifically fairness preferences-during decisions to restore justice. In both laboratory and Internet-based experimental settings, we employ a dyadic justice game where participants receive unfair splits of money from another player and respond resoundingly to the fairness violations by exhibiting robust nonpunitive, compensatory behavior (baseline behavior). In a subsequent learning phase, participants are tasked with responding to fairness violations on behalf of another participant (a receiver) and are given explicit trial-by-trial feedback about the receiver's fairness preferences (e.g., whether they prefer punishment as a means of restoring justice). This allows participants to update their decisions in accordance with the receiver's feedback (learning behavior). In a final test phase, participants again directly experience fairness violations. After learning about a receiver who prefers highly punitive measures, participants significantly enhance their own endorsement of punishment during the test phase compared with baseline. Computational learning models illustrate the acquisition of these moral values is governed by a reinforcement mechanism, revealing it takes as little as being exposed to the preferences of a single individual to shift one's own desire for punishment when responding to fairness violations. Together this suggests that even in the absence of explicit social pressure, fairness preferences are highly labile. (PsycINFO Database Record

The Justice Game: Augustine, Disordered Loves, and the Temptation to Change the World

Augustine’s thought on justice offers enduring wisdom to today’s undergraduates as they grapple with the difficult questions that arise when they ponder what it means to change the world in the light of the reality of injustice in this world. By juxtaposing Augustine’s theological writings on the nature of justice and power within the earthly and heavenly cities with Augustine’s letters that demonstrate his public engagement with injustice, we learn how Augustine thought about justice and how his convictions intersected with his practice. Through exposure to Augustine’s life and thought, students can be encouraged to wrestle with the existence of injustice, their complicity in its existence, their understanding of justice, and what it takes to seek justice today.

Games Throughout the Life Cycle

Involvement with games has been a leitmotif of my life since early childhood. The fascination has its roots in my youthful discovery that the rules of games were not fixed, but malleable. A few changes here and there in the conventional or official rules could make a game more interesting. Even more important, one could make up the game from scratch. By the time I had graduated from high school, I had internalized the idea that statistics were about success indicators and that rules were about opportunities and constraints in achieving success. In my teaching at the University of Michigan and at Boston College, I sought some substitute for the lecture that would involve a less passive experience. Over the years, I developed three different teaching games for different courses: SIMSOC (Simulated Society), WHAT’S NEWS: A Game Simulation of TV News, and the GLOBAL JUSTICE GAME. In addition to these games with simulated environments, I developed various role-playing exercises for learning groups. As I reflect on the lessons that I have learned from my lifelong involvement with games, it strikes me that the personal appeal lies in blurring the distinction between work and play. Some of my professional work is “work” in the sense that I have to discipline myself to do it. “Work” on games is, for the most part, play—something that I am ready to do spontaneously in preference to most other activities.

The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire by Clifford Ando

BOOK REV1EWS/COMPTES RENDUS 457 Bablitz's third chapter attempts to explore the gender balance of recorded litigants, their geographical provenance, and various kinds of "typical litigants," before moving on to a more general consideration of the socio-economic and socio-political factors that influenced their behaviour and "emotional states." The brief sections on litigants' stressed-out emotions, the symbolism of their "dark and dirty" clothing, and the idea of the litigant as a theatrical actor open up new and exciting areas for research. Bablitz chooses to defer her extended discussion of more traditional themes, such as how Roman patronage relationships operated within forensic contexts, to Chapter Six on "The Advocate." In Chapter Four she argues that the role of the judge within the Roman courtroom was "more passive than that of the advocate or even the audience" (89), as well as offering an extended discussion of Demougin on the epigraphical evidence for the album iudicum. In Chapter Five Bablitz succeeds admirably in proving that: "The Roman courtroom was a strikingly fluid environment filled with noise and movement, and much of this atmosphere can be attributed to the activities of the audience" (120). Again, the focus is on how the audience "participated" in courtroom processes, including some cautious discussion of the "hired audience" or "paid claque." This chapter also includes a fascinating list—drawn from Martial—of verbal exclamations shouted in court: "Good going! Weighty hit! And swift! And nasty! Well done! Beautiful! That's what I wanted!" (133). Chapters Six and Seven turn to the advocate: "the central element in the Roman courtroom, the lynchpin between the various participants" (141). The discussion here extends to inspired reconstructions of advocates' caseloads, working hours and even their use of forensic props, including portraits of murder victims and reconstructions of crime scenes painted on canvas. Bablitz's rich and detailed research more than justifies her conclusion that "the concrete theatrical elements" of courtrooms "cannot be overlooked." This is a fundamental insight that modern legal scholars are only just beginning to acknowledge, as lawyer and writer Geoffrey Robertson does: "It seemed at times that we were all serving the interests of entertainment: American lawyers in London over for their Bar conference would jostle for seats in the public gallery as they might at a theatre, their roars of laughter silenced by ushers booming cries of'Silence!' followed by the judge's regular threat to clear the public gallery. 'This is a courtroom, not a theatre,' he would remind them repeatedly. John Mortimer would leave the courtroom each afternoon for the Vaudeville Theatre (where A Voyage Round My Father was being rehearsed) with a sense that he was returning to real life."1 Birkbeck College, University of London Caroline Humfress The Matter of the Gods: Religion and the Roman Empire. By Clifford Ando. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2008. Pp. xxiv, 239. In this collection of new and previously published essays, Clifford Ando argues that the Romans' religious actions were motivated by an empirical knowledge of, rather than faith in, their gods' abilities and interests. If a ritual was effective—meaning it persuaded the gods to show favor to the Romans—it would be repeated as necessary until it no longer achieved the desired results. In that case, the rite might be altered or abandoned. The very prosperity and growth of the Roman empire was itself proof that the Romans were worshipping the right gods in the right way. 1G. Robertson, The Justice Game (London 1999) 27-28. 458 PHOENIX This conclusion will not be new to those working in Roman religion, but they are only a portion of Ando's intended audience. This book, taking part in an important trend in the field, attempts to bridge the long-standing gap between scholarship on Roman religion and the larger field of religious studies, particularly work done in the area of early Christianity and the New Testament. In his introduction, Ando admonishes his fellow classicists to consider how to present Roman religion to scholars of more contemporary religions. His sophisticated analysis of the development of ideas about religion and empire is far from popularizing or generalizing, and although there are some things to object to...

Assessment in Simulation and Gaming

This article examines the state of assessment in simulation and gaming over the past 40 years. While assessment has come slowly to many disciplines, members of the simulation and gaming community have been assessing the educational effectiveness of their experiential activities for years, in part because of skepticism from more traditional quarters that gaming and simulation are appropriate techniques to use in the classroom. These past efforts to demonstrate educational value usually went by names other than “assessment.” This article reviews research published in this journal using the keyword “assessment” plus a sample of pre-1990 meta-studies on evidence of educational effectiveness. The authors conclude with a discussion of two games, one familiar (SIMSOC) and one new (GLOBAL JUSTICE GAME) that may assist the reader in thinking about assessment strategies and related issues that need to be considered, in particular the role of agency versus structure.

The Game of Justice: A Theory of Individual Self-Government. By Ruth Lane. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. 232p. $21.95.

The Game of Justice: A Theory of Individual Self-Government. By Ruth Lane. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008. 232p. $21.95.

The game of justice: a theory of individual self-government

The game of justice: a theory of individual self-government

There are nothing but hard cases

I have tried to suggest that two types of hard cases can be distinguished: real hard cases which appear when the game of justice is played and a situation appears which the play does not recognize, and false hard cases which are a part of an argument for a certain paradigm (often in key-concept reasoning). To recognize the latter kind of hard cases, one has to know the rules for the paradigm in which such hard cases function as examples.

Introduction by the Symposium Editors

Policy Studies JournalVolume 7, Issue s1 p. 375-376 Introduction by the Symposium Editors Fred A. Meyer Jr., Fred A. Meyer Jr. RALPH BAKER is a Professor of Political Science at Ball State University. His recent works include co-authoring The Criminal Justice Game, forthcoming for Duxbury. His also has been involved in research on prisoners' rights.Search for more papers by this authorRalph Baker, Ralph Baker RALPH BAKER is a Professor of Political Science at Ball State University. His recent works include co-authoring The Criminal Justice Game, forthcoming for Duxbury. His also has been involved in research on prisoners' rights.Search for more papers by this author Fred A. Meyer Jr., Fred A. Meyer Jr. RALPH BAKER is a Professor of Political Science at Ball State University. His recent works include co-authoring The Criminal Justice Game, forthcoming for Duxbury. His also has been involved in research on prisoners' rights.Search for more papers by this authorRalph Baker, Ralph Baker RALPH BAKER is a Professor of Political Science at Ball State University. His recent works include co-authoring The Criminal Justice Game, forthcoming for Duxbury. His also has been involved in research on prisoners' rights.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1978 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1978.tb01780.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume7, Issues1December 1978Pages 375-376 RelatedInformation

The justice game: A simulation : Player's text and instructor's manual by Alan S. Engel with Keith DeGreen and James Rebo. Glencoe Press (8701 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills, California 90211), 1974, 33 pp., 14 pp., paperback—n.p.

The justice game: A simulation : Player's text and instructor's manual by Alan S. Engel with Keith DeGreen and James Rebo. Glencoe Press (8701 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills, California 90211), 1974, 33 pp., 14 pp., paperback—n.p.