Juridical Laws Research Articles

Law and Physics in Leibniz

abstract: In this paper I argue that there is a structural parallelism between law and physics in Leibniz since his early years, which has significant influence on the formation of his views. I start by examining Leibniz's early physical system and an analogy with juridical laws that he uses to explain the structure of physical laws. Then, I argue that this analogy stems from an envisioned parallelism between law and physics. Finally, I illustrate the significance of this legal-physical parallelism by arguing that it underlies some of Leibniz's mature views. Most importantly, I argue that the parallelism explains the origin of architectonic principles or optimality principles in Leibniz's mature physics.

Contesting Bondage by Judaic Law: Adultery and Illicit Desire in Éliette Abécassis's Et te voici permise à tout homme

Although she is a descendant of Moroccan ancestry, Éliette Abécassis is identified as a seminal French-Jewish author who concentrates on contemporary issues pertaining to the feminine-Jewish condition. In Et te voici permise à tout homme (2011), Abécassis explores the hermetic world of Orthodox-French Jews, with emphasis on the plight of her protagonist, Anna, who endeavours to free herself from a loveless marriage. This essay examines various textual forms of Anna’s bondage, exemplified by the oppression of ancient Talmudic laws. With firm conviction, Anna defies the laws of her faith, as she contests the subjugated role assigned to Orthodox women to seek happiness with another man. As will be shown, her quest for liberty is hindered by the Orthodox community’s condemnation of her as an adulteress, a stigma that reveals an intriguing intertextual connection to certain aspects of Eve’s and Bathsheba’s sacred stories. But in sharp contrast to the silence of these archetypal women, Anna speaks up in her battle to liberate her and body and soul from the legal chains of these juridical laws, and, in so doing, reclaims agency over herself.

Suicide and Homicide:Symmetries and Asymmetries in Kant's Ethics.

Kant formulated a secular argument against suicide's permissibility based on what he regarded as the intrinsic value of humanity. In this paper, I first show that Kant's moral framework entails that some types of suicide are morally permissible. Just as some homicides are morally permissible, according to Kant, so are suicides that are performed according to equivalent maxims. Intention, foreseeability, voluntariness, diminished responsibility, and mental capacity determine the moral characterization of the killing. I argue that a suicide taxonomy that differentiates types of suicide according to morally relevant criteria is compatible with Kantian ethics; it establishes that even where we hold a robust deontological sanctity of life position, we are not obligated to preserve the lives of people whose future life only offers profound suffering, and helping them to die may be justifiable if doing so honors their dignity and autonomy. Nevertheless, homicide and suicide are only weakly morally symmetrical in that even if a given suicide is morally impermissible, we do not normally have the right to prevent it forcibly, though this may be altered by juridical laws under some circumstances.

Legal Policy in the Prevention of Narcotics in Indonesia

The purpose of law enforcement against criminal acts of narcotics and psychotropic abuse is to improvethe health status and human resources of Indonesia. The new law concerning narcotics has two approachesto parties using narcotics illegally or in other words, abusing narcotics. The first approach is to see thedrug users as victims so that they must be rehabilitated, and the second approach is to look at drug users asperpetrators of criminal acts. Criminal acts related to narcotics crimes can generally be divided into 3 (three)types, namely supplying which is usually done by producers or importers, The act of distributing narcoticsand other illegal drugs carried out by dealers or sellers and then the users or people who abuse the narcotics.Therefore, the efforts to eradicate narcotics abuse must include all those three types of activities or actions.The efforts to eradicate it must start from the upstream part of the supplier.The policy in combating narcoticsabuse is a positive legal policy which is not only merely the implementation of normative juridical laws, butalso requires a factual juridical approach that is comprehensive and integral.

Law and religion in “Martian the Lawyer”, the dramatic poem by Lesia Ukrainka

The paper explains the attitudes towards law and religion in Lesia Ukrainka’s dramatic poem “Martian the Lawyer” (1911). The poem depicts the life of early Christians under the Roman law in the third century and obtains new relevance in the context of the movement ‘Law and Literature’, as the focus on law in this oeuvre allows a deeper exploration of its meaning. Law is connected with religion in two ways in the poem: as a part of the civil religion and as a system of prohibitions and punishments within the Christian community. Analysis of the text shows that Martian is a carrier of a sophisticated religious form, which implies the juridical elements codified in early Christianity, as well as a belief in law as the incarnation of the idea of truth and justice. The two antagonistic social and spiritual systems – early Christianity and the Roman law – fuse into one ideology that consumes the life of the protagonist. The difference between the juridical laws, the law of nature, and the commandments of Christian leaders disappears within this religious form. In the house of the hero, only those things that represent time or law remain, such as different types of timepieces and juridical texts; Martian’s home becomes a place for abstract ideas, but not for human beings with their needs and feelings. For the protagonist, there are no conflicts between law and religion, but there is a conflict between early Christianity and the Roman law on the one side and, on the other side, human compassion, which is supposed to be a crucial idea within Christianity but is not practiced in the local Christian community. Because of this conflict, Martian completely loses contact with human feelings and becomes an ideal lawyer, which is beneficial for his Christian community but tragic for himself and his relatives. This development signifies not only a sacrifice but also the full realization of Martian’s talent (Ukrainian: ‘khyst’). In some episodes within other poems by Lesia Ukrainka, law and religion are presented as intertwined or undifferentiated, but in “Martian the Lawyer” the author for the first time elaborates this issue thoroughly and creates an ambivalent and sophisticated dramatic situation.

The Legislative Authority

AbstractThis article develops an account of the nature and limits of the state’s legislative authority that closely attends to the challenge of harmonizing Kant’s ethical and juridical theories. It clarifies some key Kantian concepts and terms, then explains the way in which the state’s three interlocking authorities – legislative, executive, and judicial – are metaphysically distinct and mutually dependent. It describes the emergence of the Kantian state and identifies the preconditions of its authority. Then it offers a metaphysical model of the Kantian state and uses it to argue that the activity of juridical lawgiving is an act of the omnilateral will itself. Legislative authority is limited in the sense that it does not include the capacity to create juridical laws that are conceptually incompatible with the idea of universal external freedom. I argue that my proposed account of the legislative authority is wholly consistent with that authority’s exclusive lawgiving capacity and does not threaten the possibility of ‘distributive justice’ – the legal finality that is the sine qua non of a civil condition.

Z Sankt Petersburga dla czytelnika zachodnioeuropejskiego – Aleksander This o prawie Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej

<p>Aleksander This (1803–1864), wybitny polski prawnik czasów Królestwa Polskiego, po wybuchu powstania listopadowego znalazł się w Petersburgu. Tam zajmował się pracą naukową i w 1838 r. opublikował we francuskim czasopiśmie prawniczym „Revue etrangére et française de legislation” artykuł pt. <em>Notice sur la coordination des lois provinciales de l’Empire de Russie</em>. W tekście tym<em> </em>omówił problem kodyfikacji praw prowincjonalnych na zabranych przez Rosję ziemiach polskich podczas zaborów w końcu XVIII w. This zamieścił w nim opis i ocenę ustawodawstwa prawa polskiego w Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej. Omówił też systemy praw obowiązujących i ich klasyfikacje oraz próby kodyfikowania prawa od XIV do XVIII w. Ponadto szczegółowo przedstawił prawo powszechne, prawa szczególne oraz pomocnicze, jakie funkcjonowały w dawnej Polsce. Krytycznie ocenił brak skodyfikowania prawa, a zwłaszcza niedojście do skutku kodyfikacji z 1532 r. tzw. <em>Korektury Praw</em> i tzw. <em>Zbioru Praw Sądowych</em> Andrzeja Zamoyskiego z lat 1776–1780. Walorem jego publikacji było przedstawienie czytelnikom zachodnioeuropejskim problematyki dawnego prawa polskiego.</p>

ІНТЕГРАТИВНІ СУПЕРЕЧНОСТІ СУЧАСНИХ КОМУНІКАТИВНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ

The article presents scientific argumentation that reflects the importance of researching the integrative contradictions of the communication processes under the context of intensive global social changes. It is emphasized that the contemporary communication processes are characterized by their own qualitatively different integrative potential in mutual orientation and coordination of the actions by the social actors who interact as participants of the communication processes. That is why sociologists usually study various types of the communicative processes, trying to research the contradictive integrative ontological peculiarities of communications of the consensus, cooperative, competitive and conflict type. The communicative specific of the consensus integration is investigated by the author. The proofs of the scientific position that proposes to research the integrative contradictions of the consensus communications by taking into account the functional social influence by two different mechanisms: 1) the mechanism of the legal organization and regulation of human life on the basis of juridical laws which are supported by the consensus communications between the power institutions and the citizens in order to establish the nonviolent peaceful coexistence and 2) the self-organization mechanism of the interactions between individual and collective social actors in the spheres of economy, politics and culture in the democratic civil society. It is determined that the further prospects for the innovative scientific researches of the ontological specifics of the consensus integration as the foundation of the democratic civil society are connected with the need to provide the specialized studies of the contradictory manifestations of the consensus integration in the functionally different cooperative, competitive and conflict communications between individual and collective actors of social life.

Holocaust and its Legacy in the Light of the Contemporary Humanitarian Issues

Abstract: The paper discusses in-depth new perspectives in the Holocaust studies. It pays special attention to the spatiality of the Nazi camps and analyzes the Holocaust geographies more in general. It conceptualizes the camp as a ‘space of lawlessness’ that was created by political means of terror and exclusion. The specific spatiality of the Nazi camp was constructed by perpetrators with intentions to neglect both juridical law and moral laws of humanity. To prove this point the author analyzes P. Levi, the survivor of Auschwitz, witness and his prominent books “The Drowned and the Saved” and “If This Is a Man”. After reading his witness one can conclude that two spatial characteristics of the camp have been the most fundamental. The first one were the borders that cut the camp’s inmates from the people lived in the outside world and made impossible all human relations like providing help, solidarity, empathy. The second one was ‘the grey zone’ - a spatial metaphor that P. Levi used to explain all forms of collaboration with the camp authorities. The presence of the ‘grey zone’ as a main characteristic of the Nazi camp allows us to conceptualize it as a ‘space’ where ‘the starry heavens and internal moral law’ were no more present. So, the Nazi camp is a ‘place of indistinction’, a ‘spatial threshold’ where ‘moral’ and ‘immoral’, ‘human’ and ‘animal’, ‘drowned’ and ‘saved’ were no more distinguishable. The author analyzes more broaden Holocaust geographies outside the camp. Nazis used extensively occupied territories in Eastern Europe to perpetrate their crimes. The author concludes that the geographical localization of the Holocaust was an expression of Nazi irrational genocidal intentions and spatial imaginations. Eastern territories have been constructed by Nazis as ‘broaden spaces of exception and lawlessness’. That spatial imagination and planning allowed the perpetrators to neglect juridical and moral laws in reality. The paper concludes by insisting on the importance of the Holocaust legacy for modern humanitarian action and thinking. The Holocaust legacy helps us to conceptualize more precisely ‘new spaces of lawlessness’. It provides a base for the concepts of human security and ‘global responsibility’ for saving humanity in the contemporary world.

The MSME's Loan Guarantee through KUR Program Implementation Create Fiscal Risk

This loan guarantee is awarded to viable MSMEs businesses (feasible) but they are not qualified to access credit/financing from banks (nonbankable). The implementation of the micro credit program involves three parties, namely the government, corporate underwriters, and banking. Results of this study is that the position of the government as the representative of the state in the context of business contracts included in the public legal action. Furthermore, public expenditure charged to the budget of income and expenditure (budget) in the form of state capital participation (PMN) and underwriting compensation (IJP) cause the transformation of the juridical laws from the state finances as public finance to privat finance of other legal entity. Fiscal risk would occur if the IJP increased funding requirements and the addition of PMN in guarantor state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are not sufficient so that resulting in the addition of a greater allocation of funds from the state budget. Under the provisions of the legislation of social welfare, fiscal risk status is a consequence of the law of state responsibility which has value, given the weighting of fiscal risk that promotes the interests and welfare of the community.

ANÁLISIS JURÍDICO DE LA PATERNIDAD CON PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO: UNA VISIÓN DESDE LA MASCULINIDAD

The present article analyzes how, at present, even though we can speak about diverse forms of practicing a responsible paternity; the juridical laws which give benefits and guard paternity rights are still in great disadvantage in comparison to maternity rights granted to women in this field. This is the central theme of this articles analysis: paternity and gender equality, from masculine perspective. For this matter not only social laws such as labor and social security are analyzed; but also civil laws, such as legislations that regulate family relations, to manifest that a marked difference exists between rights granted to fathers and mothers.

Comparison study of student with special educational need in elementary school

The aim of this lecture is to observe the status of students with special educational needs (SEN) in Europe and Hungary. The European Union has made tough decisions in financing and educating disabled people, so they can be integrated into the society. According to the European directives, Hungarian jurisdiction and educational politics tend to follow the pedagogical processes. The relevant juridical and economical laws for SEN students have already been implemented. The number of students with SEN in Europe increases permanently, so it is reasonable to detect their controversy. Despite this fact, differences can be experienced in teaching methods among primary schools, as a result development of SEN students can be different. The aim of this study to compare the motor skills of SEN students in two different primary schools, with different pedagogical program. My research base were the Ferenc Móra primay school and Gyermekház alapítvány primary school in Budapest. My main question was, if a specially developed program targeted SEN students can increase their motor skills. Studying the girls in the 2 age-groups, we have not experienced significant differencies out of the 3 motor tests between the control and the experimental groups.Studying the boys in the 2 age-groups, we have experienced 3 significant differencies out of the 3 motor tests between the control and the experimental groups. SEN students, who have been taught in segregated form with the help of ’Alapozó Terápia’ – a special therapy – achieved better motor skills. The study makes recommendation to primary shools how to organise trainigs for these students.

Eco-Education: A Required Element of Public Policies for Sustainable Social and Economic Development

In this article, the author analyzes eco-education from a transdisciplinary perspective, as part of the “new education”, referring to its current dimensions, its goals and its utility in shaping the attitudes and behaviors of contemporary humans towards their environment and towards sustainable living. The goals and content of eco-education are dependent on a new philosophy, on a new axiological and ethical orientation that is, opposed to rationalistic philosophy, which guided the age of machinism and industrialization. The new view regarding humans’ (anthroposphere) relations with nature (biosphere and geosphere), is inspired from the fundamental rights of the human being, as part of nature, from universal values which harmonize sociosphere and biosphere, the ecological awareness of contemporary society with regard to the objective laws of nature, biodiversity conservation and environmental protection by juridical laws. These goals are meant for the entire population, especially children and young people, with the aid of schools and other educational factors (church, mass – media, cultural foundations, non-governmental organizations etc.), an ecological awareness, positive feelings and attitudes with respect to the environment, skills, abilities and capacities for efficient action in the sense of protecting nature and conserving ecological circuits. The author lays an emphasis on the idea that ecological education, in all its forms, will not yield the results expected by experts and future generations if it is undertaken randomly, fragmentarily, incoherently – regardless of how diversified and quantitatively extended it might be. As a global issue of today’s society – the efficiency of eco-education is dependent on the philosophy of nature and life, materialized in a global strategy, such as that of durable and knowledge-based development, which will facilitate the harmonization of various public policies launched by contemporary organizations and authorities. Generally speaking, any public policy has an ecological component, and the obtainment of performance in ecological policies necessarily involves an adequate ecological education.

Revisiting the Media Lawscape: A Context-Based Reappraisal of the New Media Laws in Zimbabwe

Quite often in the so-called third world countries juridical laws are shaped in line with former colonial value systems, hardly reflecting the social values of the people who are bound by such laws and this raises questions of legitimacy of such legal instruments of social protection and control. Since independence the media laws have remained generally reflective of the pre-independence era in terms of structure and content although there have been sporadic attempts at reviewing some of the media laws to suit local expectations of the role of the media. The only act to be repealed was the Powers, Privileges, and Immunities of Parliament Act, which had made it illegal for media to report on debates in parliament. In January 1981, the government set up the Zimbabwe Mass Media Trust (ZMMT) as part of the government's new media policy, under widespread criticism of the national media, which at the time was inherited from colonial control. It was originally intended to serve as an authority to oversee the transition of the media from white minority control to Zimbabwean society as a whole and to regulate the media. The government emphasised that the media be free, non-partisan, mass-orientated and serve the national interest; however, a growing presence of the Ministry of Information into the media effected its original function. The main media laws were cosmetically changed and this paper will look at Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA), Public Order and Security Act (POSA) and Broadcasting Authority of Zimbabwe Act (BAZ). These three laws have continued to negatively affect the operations of the media and hinder the freedom of expression. The laws will be compared to colonial laws such as Law and Order Maintenance Act (LOMA) and Rhodesia Broadcasting Service Act (RBSA) among others.

DISPLACEMENTS OF THE DESIRING MACHINE

The ‘cinematic gaze’ can be conceived today as a kind of metaphorical practice, particularly in relation to viewing Patty Chang's video artwork In Love (2001). Chang's artistic expression theatricalizes familial love and reveals how bodily inscriptions of sexuality and ‘race’ are still predetermined by an affected gaze. The original site of the ‘cinema of displacement’ was in the substitute of film wherein the erotic fantasy elicited from the cinematic expression displaces ‘real’ sexual pleasure by arousal through viewing. The idea of an erotic, filial love (even in fantasy) confounds the heteronormative while treading precariously on US juridical laws. The cultural intelligibility of incest prohibition relies on the authority of heterosexual kinship norms, ones that were articulated by Levi-Strauss's ‘universal’ kinship rules. This essay addresses the ways in which sexual fantasy informs a particular logic and history for understanding ‘queer’ and Chineseness. The terminology of ‘queer’ can be connected to a visual relationship with the colonial exhibitions of the ‘Siamese Twins’ Chang and Eng, primarily because the freak show provides something of a visual example for the nineteenth-century system of psychiatric power-knowledge. This system legitimated and determined ‘normal’ sexuality, which eventually led to the criminalization of same-sex fornication and incest as the highest examples of ‘immoral’ sexuality. As such, historical and contemporary visual expressions of queerness and Chineseness metaphorize the social conceptions from which the sexualized and ‘raced’ body evokes meaning. And these meanings are mutually constituted from the psychic realm since both sexual and racial significations are generally assumed from fantasy and imagination.

A Televisão Digital no Brasil: Do Sonho à Realidade

This work is inserted in the field of Political Economy of Communications and Culture and presents, first-handedly, the history of Digital TV (TVD) in Brazil from the point of view of the governmental actions, as well as from the political and economic decisions for the implantation of TVD in December, 2007. The article also deals with the juridical laws that have guided the decision to choose a Japanese-Brazilian hybrid system for the Brazilian Digital TV model. Finally, it presents the activities of the Development Committee for the Brazilian System of Digital TV (SBTVD).

Critique of teleology in Kant and Dworkin

In the Critique of Judgment Kant proposes a unique and necessary presupposition of our faculty of judgment. Empirical nature, together with its diverse laws, must be judged as if it were a coherent unity. In a teleological judgment, we add that nature must be judged as if it were purposively designed for our faculty of judgment. In this article, I argue that Kant's insights on reflective teleological judgment - the least commentedupon element of the Critical philosophy - are adopted by Dworkin towards a philosophy of law and adjudication. I claim Dworkin's concept of ‘integrity’ strictly, but tacitly, partakes of the structure of Kant's teleological judgment in its presumption of systematicity in juridical laws and unity of community which designs and abides its own principles. Throughout, I draw on Gilles Deleuze - a philosopher who complains of being ‘against judgment’ and wishes ‘to have done with judgment’ - to critique both the presuppositions and effects of such teleological judgment and the image of law it proposes. Using Deleuze I hope to characterize and criticize the teleological theory of judgment and also fruitfully engage Deleuze with problems of law scarcely addressed either by himself or by commentary.

Tainted Testimony : The Khouri Affair

"we might read Forbidden Love in terms of a set of conditions that have allowed stories of abuse, trauma and exploitation to drive the memoir boom of the recent past. However Khouri's book is now labelled as tainted testimony, and her reputation as an authoritative autobiographer and biographer is lost—the contract for the sequel has been rescinded by Random House. On what basis? After all, published life narratives are not held to account by juridical laws of evidence and proof. Khouri warns us that she has masked truth to protect other women. When does a testimony become a hoax? When does autobiography become untruth?"

Practical Reason and the Possibility of Error

Previous articleNext article No AccessPractical Reason and the Possibility of Error*Douglas LavinDouglas Lavin Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ethics Volume 114, Number 3April 2004 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/381695 Views: 241Total views on this site Citations: 42Citations are reported from Crossref © 2004 by The University of Chicago. 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SOCIAL TABOOS: “INVISIBLE” SYSTEMS OF LOCAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION

Social taboos exist in most cultures, both Western and non-Western. They are good examples of informal institutions, where norms, rather than governmental juridical laws and rules, determine human behavior. In many traditional societies throughout the world, taboos frequently guide human conduct toward the natural environment. Based on a survey of recent literature, we synthesize information on such taboos. We refer to them as “resource and habitat taboos” (RHTs). Examples are grouped in six different categories depending on their potential nature conservation and management functions. We compare RHTs with contemporary measures of conservation and identify and discuss some key benefits that may render them useful in partnership designs for conservation and management. We conclude that many RHTs have functions similar to those of formal institutions for nature conservation in contemporary society but have not been sufficiently recognized in this capacity. We suggest that designs for conservation of biologi...