Travels In Italy Research Articles

Is Active Mobility Really a Sustainable Way of Travelling in Italian Cities? When and Where Injury Risk Offsets the Benefits of Riding or Walking

Even though active mobility is considered a sustainable way of travelling in urban environments, this might not always be the case because of a lack of infrastructure and poor road safety standards. This study assesses, under an economic point of view, the health benefits of a shift from private cars to active mobility for urban travels in Italy, considering both mortality and morbidity effects. The overall health effect is the result of positive (increased physical activity) and negative effects (increased air pollutant intake and increased road injury risk). Health impacts are measured using disability-adjusted life years and translated into monetary terms using either the value of a life year or the value of a statistical life. On average, the overall health effect of the modal shift is negative. This is largely due to the very high pedestrian and bike road injury rates in Italian cities. The negative effect of increased air pollution intake is negligible if compared with the effect of road injuries. In the case of bikes/e-bikes, the overall health effect is positive in cities characterised by good cycling infrastructure.

Crossing the Caucasus hunting for plants: the collection itinerary of the botanists Stéphen Sommier and Émile Levier in the summer of 1890

ABSTRACT Stéphen Sommier and Émile Levier were eminent botanists and plant collectors (but also ethno-anthropologists, geographers and photographers), best known for their scientific travels in Italy and abroad. This study accurately reconstructs the travel and collection itineraries of a trip through the Caucasus in 1890. The botanical importance of this journey is significant, with over 10,000 specimens collected, more than 1600 taxa identified, and over 250 newly described taxa based on the collected samples. The locations visited are placed in a time sequence on up-to-date georeferenced topographic maps. Furthermore, using dedicated heatmaps, we show the sites where the two explorers collected specimens that were later identified as taxa new to science. These maps will also be useful to botanists, historians, scholars and curators of natural history museums, who work with Caucasian flora and vegetation, ethno-anthropology, history of photography, and landscape.

Érudition, voyage et correspondance : les leçons du voyage d’Italie au temps des Lumières

The experience of travelling in Italy during the 18th century transformed the place of scholarship. The long stays in cabinets and libraries reveal its importance at the beginning of the century, at the time of Mabillon, Montfaucon or Misson. The imperative need to consult books and manuscripts then gave way to a valorisation of knowledge built through contact with real spaces. Montesquieu and de Brosses launched the debate: by devaluing certain excesses of erudition, they contributed to the evolution of the figure of the man of letters as much as the meaning of travel in Italy. The antiquarians, archaeologists, botanists, mineralogists and geographers of the second half of the century tended to put scholarship at the service of a new science of places. This was enriched by the creation of scholarly networks which, thanks to correspondence, maintained friendships in which erudition still accompanied the process of knowledge, but increasingly directed it towards understanding the world around them.

Психогеография как доминирующий фактор в детерминировании направленности творчества и общественной деятельности И. К. Айвазовского

The life and creative path of I. K. Aivazovsky is widely known, yet researchers have not paid enough attention to psychogeography as one of the dominant factors determining the formation and development of his creative personality. Developing within ‘situationist international’ milieu, the term “psychogeography” is correlated with the scientific spheres of social psychology and philosophy, and is fully applicable to the art of the early 21 c. This term, in our opinion, should also be applied to the broad field of art history. Aivazovsky traveled all over the world. Travels in Italy, Western European countries, trips to Turkey and the Caucasus became milestones of his creative path, but he drew inspiration, first of all, in his native Feodosia. Turning to the study of the psychogeography of I. K. Aivazovsky's creativity, one should also turn to the genesis of his kind. Belonging to the Crimean Armenians played an important role in life of the future artist. The Armenian colony in Crimea has more than 600 years of history. Ivan Aivazovsky studied at the Armenian parish school at St. Sarkis Church, where he received his primary education. The inquisitive student sought to expand his knowledge in every possible way, in particular, memorized many legends and authentic historical facts related to the origin of his hometown, which also allows us to consider the genesis of personality, as well as the formation and then recognition of I. K. Aivazovsky as an artist and public figure, based on the concept of “psychogeography”. Psychogeography is determined as the dominant factor of creativity and social activity of I. K. Aivazovsky. The lands of Feodosia are the most important historical and artistic space of I. K. Aivazovsky from the 1820s to 1900. The proof of this is his historical-religious, landscape works, his foundation of the “Cimmerian school of Painting”, his works on the improvement of Feodosia. Two elements — the sea and the city — were perceived inseparably as the source of the philosophy of creativity, activity, giving the genesis of the psychogeography of his life in the scenery of the seaside town.

Italian backgrounds. 1835-1837. Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc’ early travels in Italy

Comparing John Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc to highlight their opposing approaches to protecting the past is frequent when reading about them and is indeed valid and effective. Here we take this approach, moving along with their travels in Italy which also have never been compared. Interpreting preservation as conservation and maintenance on one hand, or restoration and repair on the other are the opposing strategies upheld by these two authoritative figures in European cultural attitudes to restoration in the mid-19th century. Focusing on the 1830s, and their first visits to Italy implies grasping how their experience of architecture, landscape, and Italian society influenced their later reflections on conservation. The aim is to highlight the impact on contemporary and future generations of a concept of the ‘monument’ as a lasting object, that can be repaired and perfected, rather than a ‘live’ one, because it is marked by time, and conditioned by the nature of the places and local traditions.

Travel Writing, Literature, and Romance: Polixéna Wesselényi’s Travels in Italy and Switzerland

Abstract Polixéna Wesselényi’s Travels in Italy and Switzerland, the first travel narrative that was written by a woman in Hungary and Transylvania, is a work little known to the wider international public, as it was published in Hungarian in 1842, seven years after her tour. There are few travel narratives written by East-Central European women in the first half of the nineteenth century. This essay attempts to reflect upon Wesselényi’s personal motives, her intellect and literary craftsmanship, as well as the cultural constraints she had to encounter. The romantic nature of the relationship between Wesselényi, a married woman, and the fellow travel writer John Paget, is also mirrored by the text. Travels in Italy and Switzerland not only offers an insight into the relatively favourable situation of Transylvanian women of the aristocracy in the 1830s but also shows that it had the power to inspire the works of celebrated Hungarian novelists after its publication. Although Wesselényi’s style conforms to the picturesque and sentimental travel writing published by European women in the period, it justly demands a place for itself on the list of distinguished nineteenth-century European travel writing by women.

Peregrinations of a Corporatist Economist

This article examines François Perroux’s corporatist thought from the interwar period to the Vichy period, in the light of his travels in Italy, Germany, Austria, and Portugal from 1934 to 1935. We will show that Perroux’s critical analysis of what he called “fascist”—politically authoritarian and economically corporatist—regimes is central to grasp his intellectual and institutional trajectory. To do so, we reconstruct Perroux’s original diagnostic regarding these regimes, stressing the way he distinguished the totalitarian model of Italy and Germany from the national-Catholic model outlined by Austria and Portugal. Then, we show that Perroux’s travels influenced his economic thought, both theoretically and methodologically. Eventually, the diagnostic he drew from his mid-1930s tour within foreign experiences will also help shed light on the way he welcomed and tried to guide Vichy France’s socio-economic reforms.

Louise Colet ou l'éclectisme littéraire: une écrivaine parmi des hommes éd. par Thierry Poyet

Reviewed by: Louise Colet ou l'éclectisme littéraire: une écrivaine parmi des hommes éd. par Thierry Poyet Mary Rice-DeFosse Poyet, Thierry, éd. Louise Colet ou l'éclectisme littéraire: une écrivaine parmi des hommes. Minard, 2020. ISBN 978-2-406-10576-3. Pp. 347. This collection consists of a series of analyses of Louise Colet's writing in a number of genres, as l'éclectisme in its title indicates. A volume on a range of Colet's works is long overdue. As Poyet indicates in his introduction, Colet the writer has often been studied through a lens colored by assessments of the author's personality as well as her relationships with friends, correspondents, and lovers, chief among them Gustave Flaubert. Like a number of her literary sisters in nineteenth-century France, Colet was compelled to take up the pen in many genres to earn her living, yet the volume's subtitle also communicates her stature as a writer who held her own among male contemporaries, especially in the genre of poetry. Antoine Piantoni's essay is a powerful overview of Colet's poetic production and an adept and refreshing presentation of her esthetics as they evolved over time. All the analyses in this volume are meticulously researched, well written, and often break new ground. Of particular note are those by René Sternke, on the irony in the comedy La jeunesse de Goethe, and by Amélie Caldérone, on the politically motivated publication of several dramas about the French Revolution that appeared in the press rather than onstage in order to reach a broader audience. Several essays address Colet's works on Italy, including her enthusiastic support of the Risorgimento, her portraits of important Italian women, and her anticlericalism. Colet often focused on the condition of women and children. María Vicenta Hernández Álvarez explores her criticism of women's education in the narrative poem La servante. There are analyses on the theme of childhood in Colet's poetry, her biography of Émilie du Châtelet, and her reception in Portugal thanks to a translation of Enfances célèbres, a work for children aimed at their moral edification. Not all assessments of the writer are positive. Poyet presents the writer's novels as flawed by both artificiality and self-interest, but also suggests that her autofictions prefigure the novels of today. Éric Le Calvez contributes a meticulously detailed essay on Flaubert's critiques of Colet found in his correspondence, advice she often did not heed. There is a certain tension in this book, as it appears in a series of studies devoted to minor writers (minores), usually polygraphs who never achieved major status. Yet as a whole, this volume attests to Colet's gifts not only as a poet, but also as a playwright, biographer, and essayist. She also emerges as a fascinatingly modern writer, especially in the hybrid genres found in her accounts of travels in Italy or her native Midi, or the defense of women's rights evident in her written response to a defamatory article about her written by Alphonse Karr. This last piece, introduced by Poyet at the very end of the collection, gives Colet herself the final word. The volume includes a useful bibliography, indices of names cited and works cited, and abstracts. [End Page 237] Mary Rice-DeFosse Bates College (ME) Copyright © 2021 American Association of Teachers of French

Goethe, Schelling and the Melancholy of Nature

The relationship between nature and its symbolic and artistic expression is at the centre of Goethe’s reflections during and after his travels in Italy and of Schelling’s thoughts until the period of his philosophy of identity. Here, as is known, Schelling tries to accomplish the project of a new Renaissance, where we can witness an infinite system of correspondences between ideal and real. The symbolical continuity and integration between the two levels includes the presupposition that time and eternity are united. With his dialog Clara or, On Nature’s connection to the spirit world the binding alliance between nature and spirit, on which the possibility of the symbol and then of a new modern mythology is grounded, collapses.

А. А. Кара-Мурза Итальянское путешествие Петра Чаадаева (1824‒1825). М.: Аквилон, 2019. 112 с.

В рецензии на книгу А. А. Кара-Мурзы «Итальянское путешествие Петра Чаадаева (1824‒1825)» дана общая характеристика фигуре П. Я. Чаадаева как основополож­ника отечественной историософии и показано значение фактора пребывания его в европейском путешествии, и в особенности в Италии, с точки зрения формирова­ния его мировоззрения. Несмотря на то что именно с Философических писем Чаа­даева начинается русская философия истории (если под философией мы понимаем систематическое и логически выверенное изложение идей), сам Чаадаев остается одиночкой в пространстве русской культуры. Его критика России и ее исторической судьбы была не вполне понята современниками, сама эта критика вторична, произ­водна от базовых идей Чаадаева, ядро которых – в религиозном восприятии истори­ческого процесса. Чаадаев был христианским философом, так он себя сам и назы­вал. В этой связи особое значение для понимания хода создания его философской системы приобретают факты его биографии, проливающие свет на впечатления, по­лученные во время итальянского путешествия. Италия – страна, в которой традици­онно господствовала католическая вера, а Рим был центром западного христианства на протяжении веков. В рецензируемой книге А. А. Кара-Мурзы показываются с опорой на богатый фактический материал те обстоятельства, события и встречи, ко­торые способствовали появлению философии П. Я. Чаадаева.

Considerations On Dositej Obradović's Stay And Travels In Italy

This paper presents new data related to Dositej Obradović’s stay in Italy and the travels he undertook while he was there. In the period between 1769 and 1780 Obradović visited Trieste, Venice, Padua, Ferrara, Bologna, Florence, Pistoia, Lucca, Pisa, Livorno and Messina and later described these travels in his autobiography The Life and Adventures (1783). Although he is rather sketchy in his descriptions, we nonetheless discover that he became acquainted with a number of interesting fi gures of the day and was witness to contemporary events and phenomena: he tells us, for example, about the provveditore with whom he sailed to Venice and about the Rules of Health promulgated by the Venetian Republic in connection with the plague which was then raging. He also testifi es to the diet of the Venetian navy and the order issued by Catholic authorities prohibiting Orthodox priests from other countries from performing services in Dalmatia. The canale navile, in Bologna was also the object of Obradović’s attention. This artifi cial hydraulic system was a navigable channel making it possible to sail from Venice to Bologna(!) in the past. His descriptions of the heavily travelled road between Bologna and Florence and of the earthquake in Messina which took place after his departure for Chios are also interesting historical accounts of the period.

Fundamental Concepts in Max Weber's Sociology of Religion by Christopher Adair-Toteff Max Weber's Sociology of Religion by Christopher Adair-Toteff (review)

314 Max Weber Studies© Max Weber Studies 2017. (15 April 1905: 461-65). Both agreed that such an undertaking had to be postponed until Schönberg (who conveniently died in 1908) was no longer available. Among the colleagues, the letters to the theologian Adolf von Harnack, the art historian Carl Neumann, the Romanist scholar Karl Vossler, and the neo-Kantian philosopher Heinrich Rickert are usually rewarding for their substantive comments and discussion of ideas and literature. It is important to note, for example , Weber’s view of the radical religious sources of the American idea of ‘freedom’ (422), or the extent to which Weber was immersed in Neumann’s comprehensive study of Rembrandt during his stays in Holland, an influence that finds its way into the pages of the Protestant Ethic. The four letters to Rickert in this volume will not settle the vexing question of Max Weber’s intellectual relationship to this childhood friend, though their content and tone suggest an asymmetry weighted distinctly to Weber’s side. Max Weber is often remembered for his explosive temperament. But for an insight into his soul and his humanity there are no better examples than his letters to Marie Auguste Mommsen on the death of her husband, Nobel laureate and Weber’s mentor, Theodor Mommsen (181–82); and to Ernst Benecke, Max’s uncle, following the suicide of his son, Otto, who had accompanied the Webers for several months during their travels in Italy (186-87). It is such deeply personal and revealing documents that make Max Weber’s letters not just informative about his life and times, but emotionally rewarding, thought-provoking, and a pleasure to read. Lawrence A. Scaff Wayne State University, USA Christopher Adair-Toteff, Fundamental Concepts in Max Weber’s Sociology of Religion (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), ix + 206pp. (hbk). ISBN 978-1-137-47217-5. $100.00. Christopher Adair-Toteff, Max Weber’s Sociology of Religion (Tubingen : Mohr Siebeck, 2016), v + 208pp. (pbk). ISBN 978-3-16-154137-7. €64.00. These two volumes are a good measure of the growth in the sophistication and volume of Weber studies in recent decades. Both works are of course focused on Weber’s sociology of religion, but their scope takes us further into the heart of Weber’s sociology as a whole. Book Reviews 315© Max Weber Studies 2017. Christopher Adair-Toteff is well equipped to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of Weber’s diverse contribution to the sociological understanding of religion. As a result, he offers us a masterly presentation of Weber’s texts, context, and legacy. These volumes are addressed to scholars who are already familiar with the many issues arising from Weber’s analyses of religion; they are not suitable for undergraduates and they are not directed at such an audience. In many respects both volumes consolidate articles that he has previously published. In Max Weber’s Sociology of Religion (hereafter MWSR) he notes, ‘The ten articles in this collection represent almost half of the twenty-plus essays that I have published over the last fifteen years. Nonetheless this collection has a cohesiveness that goes beyond the topic of the sociology of religion and also displays a pattern of development’ (MWSR: 3). While this volume offers a wideranging discussion of Weber’s sociology, Fundamental Concepts in Max Weber’s Sociology of Religion (hereafter FCMWSR) is at least in intention more confined to a single issue: ‘my task here is to explain what Weber meant by some of his most fundamental concepts in his sociology of religion’ (FCMWSR: 29). This task is necessary because, while Weber ‘continually insisted on conceptual clarity, he often did not live up to his own standards. As a result, many of his fundamental concepts are not as clear as they could have been’ (FCMWSR: viii). The fundamental concepts that occupy Part II are asceticism and mysticism; prophets and pariah-people; salvation and theodicy; and charisma. There is inevitably considerable overlap between the two volumes. MWSR considers mysticism (chapter 1), charisma (chapter 2), asceticism (chapter 4), and theodicy (chapter 9). FCMWSR looks at asceticism and mysticism (chapter 4), prophets and pariah people (chapter 5), salvation and theodicy (chapter 6), and charisma (chapter...

An Overlooked Manuscript of the Italian Mandeville Tradition: Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, MS Ashburnham 1699, Viaggio di Giovanni Mandevilla tradotto in italiano

Although there has been significant research on the dissemination and production of Italian translations of Mandeville’s Travels, the role of Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, MS Ashburnham 1699 has been ignored for a long time. Among more than fourteen exemplars produced in Italy during the fifteenth century, Ashburnham 1699 remains mysterious and overlooked by scholars. The aim of this study is to investigate provenance and watermark evidence, and decorative and paleographical aspects of the manuscript, which has, until now been considered only for its association within the reconstruction of the Italian Mandeville stemma codicum. After a brief review of the most recent studies regarding the dissemination of early copies of Mandeville’s Travels in Italy, a discussion about the origins of Ashburnham 1699 and its movement across Europe provides a clearer understanding of the manuscript’s chronology up to the present day. Originally likely stolen by Count Guglielmo Libri, Ashburnham 1699 was sold to the Earl of Ashburnham as a fourteenth-century manuscript. The second part of the paper focuses on watermark, decorative, and paleographical evidence to demonstrate that this manuscript is instead a product of the fifteenth century, rather than the fourteenth century, as has been commonly supposed.

The Betrayal of the Urbs Fidelissima: Habsburg Trieste in Robert Musil's Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften

The Habsburg port city of Trieste has long fascinated German‐Austrian writers. Robert Musil's travels in Italy and his military service during World War I acquainted him with the political tensions in the city. In Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften, Musil portrays the city of Trieste as the ultimate repository of an allegedly pre‐modern Habsburg Landespatriotismus that constituted a challenge to the rise of nationalism. In the characters of the aristocrat Count Leinsdorf and the Jewish banker Leo Fischel, Musil illustrates respectively the city's dwindling dynastic patriotism and the supranational mentality of its mercantile bourgeoisie. By depicting the Adriatic city as the last, crumbling bastion of non‐national allegiances, Musil models Trieste as a synecdoche for the empire's fate, making the city a microcosm for the Habsburg state.

War and Union in Little America: The Space of Hawthorne's Rome

[I brave] the imputation of making a mere Rome of words, talking of a Rome of my own which was no Rome of reality. That comes up as exactly the point-that no Rome of reality was concerned in our experience, that the whole thing was a rare state of the imagination [....] Henry James, William Wetmore Story and His Friends I Home to one of the United States' earliest expatriate communities and an important overseas center for artistic creation, nineteenth-century Rome was simultaneously a physical locus for the production of American arts and letters, an iconic symbol of America's Republican heritage, and a setting onto which Americans projected their hopes and fears for the contemporary United States. Rome was, as Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "the capital of the ancient & of the modern world" (372), and for Nathaniel Hawthorne, no less than for sculptors like Thomas Crawford and William Story, it was a space in which to fashion American symbols. The Marble Faun (1860) offered descriptions of exotic foreign landscapes to an American readership eager for firsthand views of both contemporary and historic Europe, and for cues as to their own developing national identity. This article suggests how Hawthorne's descriptions of (or as James might have said, imaginations of) Rome tell a story of national identity and national schisms during a period of civil turmoil, unification and territorial expansion on both sides of the Atlantic. As Emerson noted, "Every traveler must describe not what is, but what he sees," for "the best things we learn" from travel in Italy are "confirmation in unexpected quarters of our simplest sentiments at home." "[N]ames and places" being "of small importance," he supposed, a "well regulated mind will attain to the same thoughts and feelings in Sicily, in Rome, in New England" (Lectures 90). Much as Michel de Certeau imagined that "we travel abroad to discover in distant lands something whose presence at home has become unrecognizable" (50), Henry James wrote in 1867 that Americans in Europe were able to "pick and choose and assimilate and in short (aesthetically &c) claim our property wherever we find it" (A Life in Letters 17). This "aesthetic claiming" of cultural markers in a landscape already rich with its own systems of meaning is an act de Certeau dubbed a tactic, a technique many critics have noted in American writings of the period set in Rome. Paola Gemme, for example, has outlined Risorgimento-era comparisons of Italians with American slaves, and of Austrian rulers with American slaveholders, a paradigm used to support arguments both for and against U.S. slavery. Dennis Berthold, meanwhile, has suggested that connections between foreign politics and American domestic issues influenced the writings of Herman Melville, whose fictional characters may have been inspired by contemporary Risorgimento leaders (122) and who drew parallels between Italy's unification and the North's struggle to end slavery while maintaining the union. Such transatlantic transferences may also map geographic metaphors found in Italy back onto the United States. Annamaria Formichella Elsden notes how critics have identified passages from Harriet Beecher Stowe's Agnes of Sorrento (1861), contrasting "southern" Italy with "northern" Europe, "as evidence of a neat north/south parallelism that can be imported back to U.S. soil" (67). Elsden cites Nathalia Wright's reference to "an echo of the nineteenth-century American sectional conflict over slavery in the contrast established between the voluptuous south of Italy and the north, with its reforming impulse" (Wright 93), and Jenny Franchot's suggestion that Agnes of Sorrento "offers an expatriate justification for American northern assertions of superiority over the American South ... and its enslaved population of African Americans" (Franchot 247). This geographic binarism of South and North in the antebellum United States was also being "exported" in the other direction and projected onto Rome by American writers. …

De Virgile à Chateaubriand : réécritures et réinterprétations

Chateaubriand enriches Virgil’s tremendous influence on the late eighteenth century through many translations and commentaries of his own over his lifetime. In the work written by the poet of Mantua he discovers indeed, - instead of an immutable pattern, - a timeless embodiment of modernity that even resounds with his own era’s revolutionary breakthroughs. Chateaubriand also interprets Virgil’s work as a manifestation of some “poetry of exile” and elaborates on the idea of an “aesthetics of melancholia”. Moreover, he gives the Aeneid a new shine by transposing Aeneas’s deeds into a Christian context. Last, Chateaubriand measures Aeneas’s journey with his own destiny: he turns the pagan epic into a mirroring fellow work fragmented into quotations he scatters through his entire work, - from his Voyage en Italie (“Travels in Italy”) to his Mémoires d’outre-tombe (“Memoirs from Beyond the Grave”), -thus intimately embracing both memories from ancient times and his own personal recollections together.

The ‘bricolage’ of travel writing: a Bakhtinian reading of nineteenth-century women's travel writings about Italy

This paper argues that Mikhail Bakhtin's theories of heteroglossia and dialogism can be useful tools in the analysis of the multivocal nature of many nineteenth-century travel texts. Focusing on two accounts of travels in Italy, one published by Maria Graham in 1820 and one published by Harriet Morton in 1829, the paper demonstrates the ways in which the multiple voices in the texts work as dialogised heteroglossia, interacting with one another as well as with the voices of the authors.

Voyage et critique d'art dans le Salon de 1767 de Diderot

The purpose of this article is to examine the links between the section devoted to the painter Hubert Robert in Diderot's Salon de 1767, and the first pages of this work, with special reference to the theme of travel, especially travel in Italy, which permeates the entire text. In the first pages, Diderot dreams of a journey to Italy with his friend Grimm. He thinks that this journey will facilitate a communion of souls. But this communion turns out to be impossible, for Diderot does not wish to reveal all aspects of his personality. The beginning of the Salon is also a reflection on the difficulty involved in describing a painting. The section devoted to Robert echoes the first pages of the Salon, and develops Diderot's arguments: the philosopher remarks that it is quite impossible to describe some of Robert's paintings, and the dream of communion with Robert becomes less important than his dream of communion with his friend Sophie Volland, a form of communion which would not be facilitated by a long sta...

Henry James' narrative technique: consciousness, perception, and cognition

Introduction: Thinking of Philosophy Experiences of Culture, History, and Politics in The Bostonians Hyacinth Robinson's Demoralization But Half the Matter: Picturing Thought and Feeling in The Wings of the Dove Passionate Pilgrimages: James' Travel in Italy and the United States

An Exploration in Search of Mediterranean placeness and of the Modern Cinema－Focused on Journey to Italy by R. Rossellini－

An Exploration in Search of Mediterranean placeness and of the Modern Cinema－Focused on Journey to Italy by R. Rossellini－