Clinical Journals Research Articles

The AACR Journals: Advancing Progress Toward the AACR's 115-Year Mission.

The AACR Journals: Advancing Progress Toward the AACR's 115-Year Mission.

FATAL CASE OF FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE DUE TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS REACTIVATION IN SETTING OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION FROM CHRONIC STEROID AND METHOTREXATE USE: A RARE PRESENTATION

FATAL CASE OF FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE DUE TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS REACTIVATION IN SETTING OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION FROM CHRONIC STEROID AND METHOTREXATE USE: A RARE PRESENTATION

A CASE OF ANTISYNTHETASE SYNDROME: THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY IN DISTINGUISHING ETIOLOGY OF INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE IN A COVID-19 WORLD

A CASE OF ANTISYNTHETASE SYNDROME: THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY IN DISTINGUISHING ETIOLOGY OF INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE IN A COVID-19 WORLD

A NONCLASSIC TRIAD OF YELLOW NAIL SYNDROME

A NONCLASSIC TRIAD OF YELLOW NAIL SYNDROME

Introduction to the Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology

The primary objective of the Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) (ISSN: 2813-1053) [...]

Use of statistical methods among acupuncture randomized controlled trials was far from satisfactory

ObjectivesTo examine whether appropriate statistical methods were used in acupuncture randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Study Design and SettingWe searched PubMed to identify acupuncture RCTs with continuous outcome as primary outcome published in the core clinical journals and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) journals between January 2010 and December 2019 (10 years). We compared statistical characteristics of included trials published in core clinical journals and CAM journals. ResultsWe included 262 RCTs, including 46 published in core clinical journals and 216 in CAM journals. Of included RCTs, only 132 (50.4%) clearly predefined the primary outcome, 72 (27.5%) specified the use of intention to treat or modified intention to treat population for primary analysis. In the 167 trials reported missing participant data (MPD), 118 (70.7%) used suboptimal methods (e.g., complete case analysis) for dealing with MPD; 11 (6.6%) conducted sensitivity analysis regarding MPD. Among the 161 trials with repeated measures design, only 21 (13.0%) used advanced statistical models (e.g., mixed-effects models) for handling repeated-measure data in the primary analysis. In the 72 trials involving multiple acupuncturists, only 4 (5.6%) adjusted acupuncturist variable or considered the clustering by acupuncturist in analysis. Trials in core clinical journals were more likely to predefine primary outcome (78.3% vs. 44.4%, P < 0.001), use multiple imputations for handling MPD (40% vs. 1.5%, P < 0.001), and use statistically advanced methods for assessing treatment effect at a single time point (26.1% vs. 2%, P = 0.001). ConclusionThe use of statistical methods among acupuncture RCTs is far from satisfactory. Our findings highlighted the need for researchers to carefully use the optimal statistical methods and for journal editors to strengthen the use of statistical methods.

Time to publication for orthopaedic surgery peer-reviewed journals: A cross-sectional bibliometric analysis

BackgroundThe dissemination of research and evidence-based medicine is critical to advancing science and improving clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the timing and associated factors of the publication process for the most influential orthopaedic surgery research journals. MethodsAfter analyzing 25 orthopaedic surgery journals with the highest impact factors, 14 journals provided the necessary information for data analysis. A minimum of three consecutive issues per journal from 2021 were collected for review. Within each issue, all articles were included except for reviews, commentaries, replies, letters to the editor, and invited articles. The publication times for received to accepted (RA), received to published in press (RP1), and received to published in print (RP2) were retrieved and compared. Journal impact factor, specialty, and article level of evidence were recorded. ResultsA total of 1040 articles were included with a mean number of 74.3 ± 38 (range, 35–182) articles analyzed per journal. The mean impact factor for the 14 journals was 3.6 ± 1 (range, 2.5–5.8). The overall median duration of time for RA, RP1, and RP2 were 119 (IQR, 78–165) days, 157 (IQR, 102–216) days, and 291 (IQR, 243–378) days across all 14 journals, respectively. Journal of Arthroplasty demonstrated the shortest median duration of time for RA and RP1, while International Orthopaedics demonstrated the shortest median duration of time for RP2. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine demonstrated the longest median duration of time for RA and RP2, while the American Journal of Sports Medicine demonstrated the longest median duration of time for RP1. Level three studies, which included retrospective case-control and cohort study designs, demonstrated the shortest publication times, while sports medicine journals demonstrated the longest publication times for all periods. ConclusionThere was substantial variation in publication times across orthopaedic surgery journals which may impact accessibility to clinical insights.

A New Treatment Paradigm: Targeting Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) in Schizophrenia.

All currently available antipsychotics work via essentially the same mechanism: by antagonizing the dopamine D2 receptor. However, schizophrenia is an extremely heterogeneous condition, and antipsychotics do not adequately control symptoms for all patients. Negative and cognitive symptoms are especially difficult to manage with existing medications. Therefore, antipsychotic agents with novel mechanisms of action are urgently needed. Recently, a phase 2 clinical trial and extension study demonstrated that, relative to placebo, the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist ulotaront was effective at controlling the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, ulotaront seems to lack the weight gain, metabolic issues, and extrapyramidal symptoms associated with traditional antipsychotics. This agent is currently undergoing multiple phase 3 trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. Another TAAR1 agonist, ralmitaront, is being investigated for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Two phase 2 clinical trials are underway, evaluating ralmitaront both as a monotherapy and an add-on therapy to traditional antipsychotics. In this supplement, we review the biologic, preclinical, and clinical data available for TAAR1 agonists, so that if and when they are approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, psychiatry specialists will be ready to use them to optimize patient outcomes. We also briefly review other emerging therapies in late-stage development for the treatment of schizophrenia.

Specification of interventions and selection of controls in randomized controlled trials of acupuncture: a cross-sectional survey.

Specification of interventions and selection of controls are two methodological determinants for a successful acupuncture trial. However, current practice with respect to these two determinants is not fully understood. Thus, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to examine the specification of interventions and selection of controls among published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of acupuncture. We searched PubMed for acupuncture RCTs published in core clinical journals and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) journals from January 2010 to December 2019 (10 years) and included RCTs that assessed treatment effects of acupuncture versus any type of control. We used network meta-analyses to explore whether there were differential treatment effects in patients with chronic pain when using sham acupuncture as a control versus using waiting list or no treatment. Most of the 319 eligible RCTs specified well the style of acupuncture (86.8%), traditional acupuncture point locations (96.2%), type of needle stimulation (90.3%) and needle retention time (85.6%). However, other acupuncture details were less-frequently specified, including response sought (65.5%), needle manipulation (50.5%), number of needle insertions (21.9%), angle and direction of insertion (31.3%), patient posture (32.3%) and co-interventions (22.9%). Sham acupuncture (41.4%) was the most frequently used control, followed by waiting list or no treatment (32.9%). There was no differential treatment effect when using sham acupuncture versus waiting list/no treatment as a control (standardized mean difference = -0.15, 95% confidence interval: -0.91 to 0.62). Over a decade of research practice, important gaps have remained in the specification of acupuncture interventions, including response sought, needle manipulation, and co-interventions. While sham acupuncture has been widely used, waiting list or no treatment may also be considered as an appropriate control.

Prognostic significance of programmed death-1 and programmed death ligand-1 proteins in breast cancer.

In numerous studies related to tumor prognosis, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been identified as a biomarker. This work aimed to determine the prognostic importance of PD-L1 in breast cancer. We searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Google scholar, home pages of publishing groups, medical, clinical, and pharmaceutical sciences journals, as well as other relevant sources to discover the importance of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in breast cancer therapies and also recurrence. The keywords used in this search were autoimmunity, programmed cell death, PD-L1 or PD-1, and breast cancer. Our inclusion criteria included studies showing the synergy between the expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 in primary breast cancers as prognostic markers and this research was limited to humans only. We included review articles, original research, letters to the editor, case reports, and short communications in our study, published in English. We focused our work on PD-L1 mRNA expression in breast cancer cell lines. PD-L1 expression has been decisively demonstrated to be a high-risk factor for breast cancer with a bad prognosis.

Academic training of authors publishing in high-impact epidemiology and clinical journals.

BackgroundTo inform training program development and curricular initiatives, quantitative descriptions of the disciplinary training of research teams publishing in top-tier clinical and epidemiological journals are needed. Our objective was to assess whether interdisciplinary academic training and teamwork of authors publishing original research in 15 top-tier journals varied by year of publication (2000/2010/2020), type of journal (epidemiological/general clinical/specialty clinical), corresponding author gender, and time since the corresponding author completed formal training relative to the article publication date (<5/≥5 years).Methods and findingsWe invited corresponding authors of original research articles to participate in an online survey (n = 103; response rate = 8.3% of 1240 invited authors). In bivariate analyses, year of publication, type of journal, gender, and recency of training were not significantly associated with interdisciplinary team composition, whether a co-author with epidemiological or biostatistical training was involved in any research stage (design/analysis/interpretation/reporting), or with participants’ confidence in their own or their co-authors epidemiological or biostatistical expertise (p > 0.05 for each comparison). Exceptions were participants with more recent epidemiological training all had co-author(s) with epidemiological training contribute to study design and interpretation, and participants who published in 2020 were more likely to report being extremely confident in their epidemiological abilities.ConclusionsThis study was the first to quantify interdisciplinary training among research teams publishing in epidemiological and clinical journals. Our quantitative results show research published in top-tier journals generally represents interdisciplinary teamwork and that interdisciplinary training may provide publication type options. Our qualitative results show researchers view interdisciplinary training favorably.

Mentoring in neuropsychology: Sage advice compilation from our field

ABSTRACT As part of the special issue on mentoring in neuropsychology in collaboration between the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (JCEN) and American Psychological Association (APA) Society for Clinical Neuropsychology (SCN; Division 40)’s Women in Neuropsychology Committee (WIN), we are excited to present a compilation of sage advice in regards to best practices in mentoring from a diverse range of well-respected clinical neuropsychologists in field. This amazing group of neuropsychologists, including: Drs. Heather G. Belanger, Erin D. Bigler, Cady Block, Mark Bondi, Greg Brown, Sandra Brown, Daryl Fujii, Robert Heilbronner, Robin C. Hilsabeck, Amy Jak, Michelle R. Madore, Luis D. Medina, Neil H. Pliskin, George Prigatano, Yakeel T. Quiroz, Lisa Jane Rapport, Maureen Schmitter-Edgecombe, Anthony Y. Stringer, Julie Suhr, Daniel Tranel, Elizabeth W. Twamley, Steven Paul Woods, and Keith Owen Yeates discuss their first-hand experiences and practical advice related to formal/informal mentoring and supervising, with a particular focus on women and underrepresented peoples.

Top 50 NIH-Funded Institutions of 2022

Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology NewsVol. 42, No. 7 DepartmentsTop 50 NIH-Funded Institutions of 2022Nearly half of the agency's research funding is awarded to recipients in five statesAlex PhilippidisAlex PhilippidisSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:8 Jul 2022https://doi.org/10.1089/gen.42.07.10AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byParticipation of rural patients in clinical trials at a multisite academic medical center12 July 2021 | Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, Vol. 5, No. 1 Volume 42Issue 7Jul 2022 Information© 2022 by GEN PublishingTo cite this article:Alex Philippidis.Top 50 NIH-Funded Institutions of 2022.Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News.Jul 2022.26-27.http://doi.org/10.1089/gen.42.07.10Published in Volume: 42 Issue 7: July 8, 2022PDF download

Is it sufficient to evaluate COVID‐19 infected critically ill patients only in terms of VTE risk factors? What about disease severity?

Dear Editor, We read with great interest the study by Wang et al.1 which was published online and being ahead of print in the Clinical Respiratory Journal. At the beginning of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemia in their single-centre retrospective, observational study, they retrospectively analysed 138 COVID-19 patients and researched the factors for in-hospital venous thromboembolism (VTE) and bleeding. They found that 16.7% of patients with COVID-19 had high risk for VTE according to Pauda Prediction Score; 6.5% of patients had high risk of bleeding for VTE prophylaxis according to Improve Prediction Score. They identified thrombotic events in four patients (2.9%), all of them had deep vein thrombosis (DVT). They found the incidence of VTE as 20% and one major haemorrhage was happened in critically ill patients during VTE treatment. They defined critically ill patients as those admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) who required mechanical ventilation or had a fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) of at least 60% or more. They used lower extremity compression ultrasound to detect DVT for all critically ill patients with a high risk of VTE and high level of D-dimer. If ultrasound was positive, patients underwent computed tomography pulmonary angiogram.1 This is an important issue, but there are some practical questions to be answered for a proper clinical extrapolation. First, COVID-19 leads coagulation disorders that are triggered by increased level of procoagulant substances. Sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are the main causes of coagulation associated mortality in critically ill patients. The SIC criteria established by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) is often used to guide anticoagulant therapy in hospitalised patients.2 Nevertheless, DVT occurs in majority of patients with critically ill COVID-19. COVID-19 is an acute viral infection which primarily affects respiratory system and if it progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and leads other organ failures, as well. Although Wang et al.1 used Padua Prediction Score and found 16.7% of the patients were at high risk for VTE, VTE was determined in 20% of the patients. According to Padua Prediction Score, patients with chronic conditions such as malignancy, reduced mobility, and thrombophilia get higher risk scores whereas common disorders during COVID-19 course such as heart and respiratory failure, acute myocardial infarction, or ischaemic stroke result in minor score increase. This is the most likely reason of low prediction rate which is reported in the previous study.1 Moreover, apart from thromboembolic situation such as DVT, in patients with COVID-19, pulmonary inflammation may lead susceptibility to embolism.2 Therefore, not only suspicion for DVT, presence of ARDS, elevated D-dimer levels, or worsening in oxygenation should make clinicians consider pulmonary thrombosis and perform chest imaging. Second, it has shown by many studies that severity of COVID-19 is a risk factor for VTE and elevated ferritin, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and interleukin-6 levels are associated with thromboembolic events and poor prognosis.3 In the previous study by Wang et al.,1 there is not enough data on duration and severity of disease. We believe that considering these factors together with Padua Prediction Score provides better prediction rates for VTE. Third, to determine COVID-19 associated thromboembolism, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score that is one of the disease severity and organ failure scores has been evaluated by some previous studies.4, 5 These studies suggest that in critically ill COVID-19 patients, higher SOFA scores are associated with higher DVT frequency, D-dimer levels, duration of disease, hypoalbuminemia, and duration of disease.4 Other previous study5 reported that higher ISTH SIC scores which include SOFA score, prothrombin time–international normalised ratio (PT-INR), and platelet levels are associated with higher mortality and patients with ISTH SIC score higher than 3 had 3.05-fold increased mortality risk. Both haemodynamic situation and arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen ratio (PaO2/FIO2) are components of SOFA score. PaO2/FIO2 ratio is a main determinator of ARDS severity and also reflects the severity of COVID-19. Finally, we believe that further prospective clinical trials need to develop an effectual risk prediction score including disease severity to determine VTE earlier in COVID-19 patients. The authors declare that the letter was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All authors contributed equally to the letter. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

35 Years of Advances in Skin & Wound Care: Celebrating the Evolution of the Wound Care Team.

35 Years of Advances in Skin & Wound Care: Celebrating the Evolution of the Wound Care Team.

Retraction: Ferrari Aggradi, CR, Falcier, E, Lizio, A, et al. Assessment of respiratory function and need for non-invasive ventilation in a cohort of patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 followed at one single expert centre. The Clinical Respiratory Journal. 2022; 1- 13. (https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13516).

The above article, published online on 27 June 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editors in Chief, Professor Paul Jones and Professor Yuanlin Song and John Wiley and Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to an error with the publisher and author which caused a duplicate of the article to be published on 27 June 2022. The correct version of the article is to be found at: Carola R. Ferrari Aggradi, Elisa Falcier, Andrea Lizio, Alice Pirola, Jacopo Casiraghi, Alice Zanolini, Elena Carraro, Luca Mauro, Fabrizio Rao, Elisabetta Roma, Antonino Iannello, Elisa De Mattia, Andrea Barp, Sara Lupone, Valentina Gatti, Cristina Italiano, Valeria A. Sansone, "Assessment of Respiratory Function and Need for Noninvasive Ventilation in a Cohort of Patients with Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Followed at One Single Expert Center", Canadian Respiratory Journal, vol. 2022, Article ID 2321909, 11 pages, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2321909.

Friends as Family: Using Composite Psychotherapy Case Material to Explore the Importance of Friendships for Unaccompanied Adolescent Refugees Coping with the Challenges of Resettlement in Ireland

Abstract Given the absence of family support and the depth of shared experiences, friendships for unaccompanied adolescent refugees often take on ‘suffused’ functions which blur the boundaries between conventional friendship and family roles. This study explores the ways in which such friendships help unaccompanied adolescent refugees to cope with the migration journey and the challenges of resettlement in Ireland. Innovative composite case material was constructed from my reflections on my psychotherapy work with 33 unaccompanied adolescent refugees (engaging in an average of 16 sessions each), as recorded in a reflective clinical journal and portrayed in eco-map photographs between 2016 and 2020. Reflexive and polytextual thematic analysis identified four themes, which captured the deep emotional and experiential bonds of these friendships, their importance in helping these young people to cope with the stressors of resettlement, perceptions of friends as proxy family, and the importance of God as a friend.

Research Policy of Case Report and Case Series Design

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2022,11,2,36-40.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.8Published:June 2022Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Amal Hassan Al-Najjar, Esraa S. Altawil, Maha Hussein Almadany, Ghudair Tashan Alanazi, and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, BSc.Pharm, MSc. Clin Pharm, BCPS, BCNSP, DiBA, CDE Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content Editor, and Data Analyst, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Amal Hassan Al-Najjar, BSc, MSc,Drug and Poison Information Center, Security Forces Hospitals, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Esraa S. Altawil, SCCPN, MSc. Pharm,BCCCP, BCNSP, BCPS Consultant Clinical Pharmacist, Critical Care and Nutrition Support, King Saud University Medical City, SAUDI ARABIA. Maha Hussein Almadany, BSc. Pharm. Health Care Quality Management Professional Diploma (HCQM), Pharmacy Quality Department, King Salman bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Al Madina Al Monwarah, SAUDI ARABIA. Ghudair Tashan Alanazi, BSc. Pharm, Pharm.D, MSc. Clin Pharm, Diploma of Epid, Critical Care Clinical Pharmacist, Internal Medicine Clinical Pharmacist, MOH, Hafrbatin, SAUDI ARABIA. Abeer Hussin Almasoudi, BSc.Pharm Director, Administration of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Tabuk, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objectives: This study aims to declare the Research policy of case reports and case series design in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This article is a narrative review of pharmacy research. Litterateur looked up specific research policies and procedures in pharmacy practice in databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The time frame for the search was from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompasses narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search term includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Besides, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in hospital practice was revised. The pharmacy research committee was formed and consisted of expert members, including clinical pharmacists, pharmacists who specialise in drug information, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy’s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of case reports and case series design. Results: The Pharmacy Research policy regarding the design of case reports and case series in pharmaceutical care services included several items. This included the advantages and disadvantages of case reports and case series, the steps involved in conducting case report research, and the steps involved in implementing the case series model in pharmacy practice. Conclusion: The case report and case series policy in pharmacy is a new initiative that is part of the pharmacy research services and the pharmacy strategic plan. The case report and case series pharmacy policies help a healthcare organisation address its unique drug related issues. Additionally, the efficacy of the particular drug in treating the particular disease condition. Therefore, in Saudi Arabia, the case report and case series in pharmacy research policy are highly recommended. Keywords:Case report, Case series, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (265.06 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Research Policy of Case Report and Case Series Design

Education and Training Research Policy in Pharmacy Practice

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2022,11,2,48-55.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2022.11.10Published:June 2022Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Amal Hassan Al-Najjar, Maha Hussein Almadany, and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, BSc.Pharm, MSc. Clin Pharm, BCPS, BCNSP, DiBA, CDE Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content Editor, and Data Analyst, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Amal Hassan Al-Najjar, BSc, MSc,Drug and Poison Information Center, Security Forces Hospitals, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Maha Hussein Almadany, BSc. Pharm. Health Care Quality Management Professional Diploma (HCQM), Pharmacy Quality Department, King Salman bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Al Madina Al Monwarah, SAUDI ARABIA. Abeer Hussin Almasoudi, BSc.Pharm Director, Administration of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Tabuk, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objectives: This study explores the Research policy of Research Education and Training in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The current topic is a narrative review of education and training procedures in pharmacy research. Litterateur was searched in various databases. That includes PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and academic Microsoft. The period covered for the search is from the 1960s to October 2021. The terms used are in the English language and encompass narrative reviews, systemic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines. The search keyword includes all hospital and community pharmacy-related services. Moreover, there are national and international guidelines for conducting general research in research in pharmacy practice. The committee of pharmacy research was formed and comprised numerous expert members, including clinical pharmacists, drug information pharmacists, and clinical research specialists. A member drafted the policy’s guidelines, which were then reviewed and corrected by another member. The research specialist made the third revision. The topic emphasizes the Pharmacy Research policy of Research Education and Training. Results: Pharmacy Research’s policy on Research Education and Training covered various topics, including the program objectives, admission requirements, teaching, educational methodology, and steps in pharmacy practice involving research, education, and training. Five models were used in research education and training. For instance, skills in searching for and reviewing the literature, research design and methodology, survey design, biostatistics, and research proposal writing. In addition, each model included a description of the module and Learning Objectives, Module Outlines, and Competency Items. Conclusion: The pharmacy research policy is a new initiative and a component of the pharmacy strategic plan. The Research Education and Training pharmacy policy aims to enhance pharmacists’ research abilities and encourage pharmacists to conduct various types of research in multiple settings within the public and healthcare sectors. Therefore, the Research Education and Training policy are critical for the pharmacy career in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Education, Pharmacy, Policy, Research, Saudi Arabia, TrainingView:PDF (152.94 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Education and Training Research Policy in Pharmacy Practice

Journal Selection Primer for Neuroradiology Researchers

Junior Neuroradiology investigators face a rapidly expanding universe of potential journals for manuscript submission. Each journal possesses many unique features, including scope/breadth of research focus, willingness to accept specific types of articles (for example, Review Articles, or Case Reports), status of indexing on major academic indices, scholarly relevance (usually defined as Impact Factor) and access type (Open Access, subscription, or Hybrid Access). An uninformed choice of target journal can burden not only Editors and Reviewers but also increase the effort and frustration level of relatively inexperienced investigators and ultimately result in a worthy manuscript not getting published. In order to assist Junior Neuroradiology investigators in optimizing journal selection for manuscript submission, we provide aPrimerthat includes background information on all the journal features listed previously. We also provide detailed tabular data for all Radiology, Neuroradiology, and associated Neuroscience Clinical Journals that follow proper academic standards as a quick and useful reference guide for optimal journal selection.