Japanese Reading Research Articles

Blooming Autonomy: Reflections on the Use of Bloom’s Taxonomy in a TESOL Graduate Course

Bloom’s Taxonomy is a highly influential framework for classifying cognitive processes and developing course objectives. It has been used by curriculum planners and teachers of subject-matter courses such as history and mathematics to ensure that courses address a variety of cognitive abilities. With the growing emphasis on subject-matter instruction in English language education, as evidenced in approaches such as Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and English-Medium Instruction (EMI), Bloom’s Taxonomy has also become increasingly relevant to language teachers. In this paper, participants in a TESOL graduate course for in-service teachers share their experiences using Bloom’s Taxonomy as a reflective tool for examining educational practices in their contexts. Summaries of reflective diaries are presented and analyzed by course participants for themes among them. Key themes are 1) increased awareness of the over/under emphasis of some cognitive processes in courses, 2) the challenges of incorporating higher-order thinking skills into classes, and 3) the importance of scaffolding higher-order thinking skills. Each of the Taxonomy’s cognitive processes and subprocesses are illustrated in the paper using pedagogical materials developed for a Japanese junior high school EFL textbook reading passage. The authors conclude that Bloom’s Taxonomy can be a valuable resource not just for raising awareness of the extent to which higher or lower-order thinking skills are addressed in courses but for empowering teachers to make informed choices about their course content, thus contributing to greater teacher autonomy.

Rōrensu Sutān no Sekai [The World of Laurence Sterne] ed. by Takeshi Sakamoto

Reviewed by: Rōrensu Sutān no Sekai [The World of Laurence Sterne] ed. by Takeshi Sakamoto Kaz Oishi Rōrensu Sutān no Sekai [The World of Laurence Sterne], ed. Takeshi Sakamoto. Tokyo: Kaibunsha, 2018. Pp. 381. ¥3,000. In 1897, just before his two-year stay in the United Kingdom, the Japanese novelist Natsume Sōseki (known then as Natsume Kin'nosuke) published an article on Tristram Shandy in the literary journal Kōko Bungaku. This was the first time that Sterne and his works were properly introduced to the Japanese public. Sōseki describes Sterne's life and character and the traits of his writings succinctly and expresses his particular admiration of the singular qualities that Tristram Shandy holds in terms of structure, language, and plot: "The morbidly neurotic author 'Sterne' has been best known to later generations through the eccentric, licentious, and morbidly neurotic novel Tristram Shandy." He observed, "No other novel makes fun of human beings, plays the fool, or makes people laugh and cry so well." As Kazuki Ochiai emphasizes in his chapter on the Japanese receptions of Sterne, it is extraordinary that a Japanese intellectual could appreciate the humor and satirical language of an eighteenth-century English novel at the end of the nineteenth century. Moreover, Sōseki incorporates both Shandean wit and satire in his own novels, which he began to write a few years after his return to Japan. Consciously or not, all the essays in the collection share, or are rather possessed by, the wonder Sōseki felt at Sterne's works. Written in Japanese, the essays provide a perfect introduction to Sterne for Japanese students and will provoke renewed interest in him and eighteenth-century literature more generally by demonstrating their significance in today's [End Page 229] Japan. Masaru Uchida's introduction offers a historical overview of Sterne criticism, from the contemporary reception in Britain and Europe, to early twentieth-century acclaim by Mikhail Bakhtin and Virginia Woolf, to scholarly works since the 1950s by well-known authors such as Traugott, Frye, New, and Keymer. The first two chapters by Sakamoto present concise, yet insightful pictures of "A Political Romance" and Tristram Shandy. Sōseki's viewpoint is echoed in Sakamoto's comment that "a music of human sorrow runs at the bottom of the comic world of the novel Tristram Shandy." The chapters that follow cover a range of Sterne's other works including Sentimental Journey and the sermons, examined in the context of the eighteenth century's literary and publishing environment, while also tracing their reception and reverberation in Japan. There are several useful collections of essays for beginning readers of Sterne, but Sakamoto's collection makes an invaluable addition, offering Japanese readers accessible discussions of Sterne and his works. The most perceptive and original readings of Sterne's novels are offered by Masaaki Takeda's "Laurence Sterne's Poetics" and Masashi Suzuki's "The Power of the Moon: Lunacy in Blake and Sterne." Takeda establishes Sterne's fiction in the tradition of "deceptive" literature. He contrasts Sterne's fictive language with that of Swift's, arguing that while A Tale of a Tub and Gulliver's Travels register the author's sharp, rigorous observation of reality, Sterne embraces "the deceptive nature of reality" by playing the fool both in person and in his novels. "His vivacity and cheerfulness are produced when he exposes himself to deceptive and illusionary reality. For this reason, he can laugh at physical frailties." Unlike Swift, Sterne fully accepts the distance between language and reality, Takeda argues. Sterne is keenly aware that the more he writes the further reality recedes; hence, the narrative procrastination of Tristram Shandy. For Sterne, the act of writing is an endorsement of our linguistic inability to capture reality, demonstrating language's deceptive nature while expressing genial sympathy toward those imprisoned in the world of perceptions and sentiments. Sterne's fictive language thus establishes the modern poetics of Zweideutigkeit, a quality Nietzsche found in Sterne, the joining of mirth and sorrow, making readers feel as if they are floating in a world of existential instability. Suzuki provides another new reading of Tristram Shandy by explicating the hitherto...

PENGENALAN BUDAYA JEPANG MELALUI PERMAINAN MANNA SUGOROKU BAGI PEMBELAJAR BAHASA JEPANG TINGKAT DASAR

Generally, students who enter the Japanese Language Education Study Program Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Riau University have a high interest in Japanese Culture. So that, the introduction of Japanese society and culture is presented in the form of Nihon Jijou subjects in semester 1. For the students or Japanese learners at the basic level, the introduction Japanese culture provides its own motivation in learning Japanese. It is just that their understanding of Japanese culture is only found in the material without feeling directly what Japanese culture is like in everyday Japanese life. One of the Japanese culture introductions is to understand the ways or the attitude of Japanese people when using public transportation, especially trains through the Manna Sugoroku game. To understand this, students are asked to read Japanese letters which is one of the obstacles for students to understand Japanese culture well. Through Manna Sugoroku game students were expected to be able to read the rules using Japanese letter so students independently acquire an introduction to Japanese culture that they have never been known before and students were motivated to learn Japanese by increasing their ability in reading Japanese letter.

On recognizing Japanese katakana words: Explaining the reduced priming with hiragana and mixed-kana identity primes.

The Japanese kana syllabary has 2 allographic forms, hiragana and katakana. As with other allographic variants like the uppercase and lowercase letters of the Roman alphabet, they show robust form-independent priming effects in the allograph match task (e.g., Kinoshita, Schubert, & Verdonschot, 2019), suggesting that they share abstract character-level representations. In direct contradiction, Perea, Nakayama, and Lupker (2017) argued that hiragana and katakana do not share character-level representations, based on their finding of reduced priming with identity prime containing a mix of hiragana and katakana (the mixed-kana prime) relative to the all-katakana identity prime in a lexical-decision task with loanword targets written in katakana. Here we sought to reconcile these seemingly contradictory claims, using mixed-kana, hiragana, and katakana primes in lexical decision. The mixed-kana prime and hiragana prime produced priming effects that are indistinguishable, and both were reduced in size relative to the priming effect produced by the katakana identity prime. Furthermore, this pattern was unchanged when the target was presented in hiragana. The findings are interpreted in terms of the assumption that the katakana format is specified in the orthographic representation of loanwords in Japanese readers. Implications of the account for the universality across writing systems is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Ethnographic Essay of the Japanese Turkologist Okubo Koji as a Historical Source about the Life of the Turkic-Tatar Community in Harbin

The article tells about the ethnographic essay “On the Life of the Turkic People in Harbin”, written and published in 1924 in the Japanese magazine “Tōyō” （東洋） by the Japanese Turkologist Okubo Koji (大 久保 幸 次), who later became the founder of Islamic and Turkic academic research in Japan. This essay is considered to be among the first essays in Japanese Turkology regarding the Turkic peoples of Russia. It provides valuable information about various aspects of the lifestyle of the Turkic-Tatar emigrant community in Harbin during the period from the beginning of the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway until 1924. It illustrates Okubo as a mediator in the Tatar-Japanese (Turkic-Japanese) relations in the prewar period and allows us to draw conclusions about Okubo’s views on the Turkic-Tatar people and their national movements. The essay consists of seven parts: 1) Turkic-Tatars as a nation, 2) the gradual advancement of the Turkic peoples to the East and their appearance in Manchuria, 3) national organs of the Turkic-Tatar community, 4) racial stereotypes, 5) Turkic language, 6) religion of Turkic-Tatars, 7) daily life of the Turkic-Tatar community in Harbin. This essay highlights the important, yet underestimated and little-known role of Okubo in supporting Turkic-Tatar emigrants in the Far East. It is alleged that this essay prepared the Japanese reader to accept the Turkic-Tatar people as a possible political ally in the future.

РУССКАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРНО-КРИТИЧЕСКАЯ МЫСЛЬ И СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ НОВОЙ ЯПОНСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

The article examines the history of acquaintance of the Japanese with the Russian literary-critical thought and V. G. Belinsky’s works at the end of the XIX century. Specific examples show how difficult this process was and what complications arose while understanding the critical ideas of the Russian literature by the Japanese reading public. The author demonstrates the role of the famous specialist in the Russian philology Futabatei Shimei in the propaganda of V. G. Belinsky’s critical ideas, in the formation of the Japanese society’s strong interest in the Russian critical thought, which later greatly influenced the process of the new Japanese literature formation and development.

Miscomprehension of Textual References to Characters when Reading Japanese Novels

Miscomprehension of Textual References to Characters when Reading Japanese Novels

Destiny: The Secret Operations of the Yodogō Exiles by Kōji Takazawa

Reviewed by: Destiny: The Secret Operations of the Yodogō Exiles by Kōji Takazawa John Cussen (bio) Destiny: The Secret Operations of the Yodogō Exiles by Kōji Takazawa. Edited and translated by Patricia G. Steinhoff. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. 452 pages. $70.00 cloth. If, as is widely understood, the Japanese public wondered little for three decades about the fate of the nine Japanese student/radicals who in the early spring of 1970 hijacked a passenger-laden, commercial airplane destined for Fukuoka, commandeered its diversion to North Korea, and, for a long time thereafter, largely slipped into the black hole of mystery and enigma that is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), that wonder's shortfall was abundantly compensated for by the relentless, consuming interest of freelance journalist Kōji Takazawa in the last of those decades. A contemporary himself of the student/radicals who had stolen the plane, terrorized for a time their compatriots, and taken refuge in their nation's nearby arch-enemy state, indeed, like them too, a former Red Army Faction member, Takazawa, from the time of the Tiananmen Square protests through to the century's near-end, pursued patiently and yet steadily—by means forensic, ruminative, and journalistic—the questions that most concerned him and his generational contemporaries vis-à-vis the hijacking nine's rude act of rebellion and disappearance: their status and style of life in North Korea, the means and depth of their brainwashing, their relations with their [End Page 196] virulently anti-Japanese hosts, the uses to which those hosts had put them, the possibility of their involvement in the (rumored at that time, but since then confirmed) kidnapping of Japanese citizens by North Korea in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and, most important to Takazawa, the connection, if any, between their in-captivity enthrallment with juche—the DPRK's all-encompassing philosophy, politic, ethic, and playbook—and their prior, first attachment to radical New Left ideology. The culminating product of this long investigation was the monumental history/meditation/cat-and-mouse, journalistic procedural/blockbuster/exposé Shukumei: Yodogō Bomeishatachi no Himitsu Kosaku. Published in 1998, the work was both celebrated and regretted in Japan. For its scope, thoroughness, and bold departure from Japan's regnant journalistic culture—kisha kurabu (press club culture)—wherein no single newsgatherer was allowed to get too far ahead of his or her colleagues nor to challenge their narratives—as well as, too, for its effective straddling of the divide between fiction and nonfiction, it was awarded the 1999 Kodansha Prize for Nonfiction. On the other hand, the book drew a virulently negative response from an important, albeit minority, portion of the Japanese reading public. Ironically, the offended were not those who had written off the hijackers as the worst, traitorous fruits of a misguided generation, but, instead, readers like Takazawa himself, that is, those who had for years stalwartly clung to the fond hope that some remnant of all that was aspirational in the hijacking nine's bold act of Marxist/Socialist, anti-institutional rebellion on the last day of March 1970 was still to be found in them. Indeed, loudest in the Japanese crowd put off by the book were those who had been working to facilitate the hijackers' repatriation by giving them credit for, rather than holding against them, the counter-establishment idealism that had been their generation's defining, if regrettable, trait in and around 1969–1970. For these repatriating folks, an unconscionable stab in the back by one of their own was this large handful of unflattering revelations about the hijackers advanced by Takazawa's text: their palatial lodging in the DPRK's supposed "workers' paradise"; their having abandoned completely their New Left ideologies in favor of juche; their complicity in the rumored kidnappings; their involvement as couriers in North Korea's several European black-market and money laundering rackets of the 1980s and 1990s; their having been at the very least complicit in the murdering of one of their own group's members; and, lastly, their fifth-column intentions, once returned to Japan, for the makeover of their home state in juche's bizarre...

일제강점기 조선총독부 발행 국어(일본어)독본에 관한 서지학적 고찰

일제강점기 조선총독부 발행 국어(일본어)독본에 관한 서지학적 고찰

JAPANESE ADVERTISEMENT FOR IMPROVING STUDENTS READING ABILITY

Advertising is a form of communication that discloses information or messages and promotes the speaker's intent to his or her opponent. The language used in advertising is a language that is easy to understand and persuasive so that the opponent can speak as the speaker means. From advertisements in magazines, used for student learning in Dokkai 5. Dokkai or reading is a very important course for students to welcome the office work normally done by Japanese language graduates. In the office when working related Japanese often read documents and translate documents. In this research, using advertising media because it is usually written in large and striking letters.To make the reading japanese learning more interesting Therefore, they needs to be approach that has never been done before with reading japanese advertisement from japanese magazine. Reading Japanese language is usually difficult because it consists of three figures namely Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji. So that become easier for students to reading through the selected advertising media. This research is qualitative descriptive, and object of our study are students learning Japanese Language Education and Japanese Literature Brawijaya University who have passed JLPT N3 and already received materials about Dokkai 3 and Dokkai 4. Techniques data by purposive sampling and random sampling by using random numbers as much as 10% of the total population. In addition the results of this study will also describe motivation for students to improve their ability of reading. Therefore 指導 ポ イ ン ト (teaching points) as an effort to help the lecture to explain and possibility to use teach for higher education.

Reading habits contribute to the effects of display direction on product choice

It has been shown that people process assortment variety more efficiently in horizontal displays than in vertical displays, owing to human visual characteristics that favor the horizontal direction. Consequently, the number and variety of products chosen tends to increase when they are arranged horizontally. I show that this horizontal display advantage can be modulated by culture, especially writing and reading habits. When Japanese participants, who write and read text vertically as well as horizontally, chose products in horizontal and vertical displays, horizontal displays did not consistently increase the variety of products chosen. In other words, the horizontal display advantage was eliminated (Experiments 1A and 1B). However, when Japanese readers initially read horizontally, it led to a robust advantage for the horizontal display. Similarly, initial vertical reading resulted in a vertical display advantage (Experiments 2 and 3). These results suggest that horizontal displays are not always advantageous, and that optimal display direction for product choice is affected by reading habits.

Reading Never Let Me Go from the Mujo Perspective of Buddhism

Abstract This essay analyzes the children’s imaginative play in Kazuo Ishiguro’s various novels, with a special focus on Never Let Me Go. Children often engage in various types of repetitive imaginative play, acting out stories about things that do not actually exist in order to avoid the pain of confronting their problems. An exploration of children’s play and the roles performed by the guardians and Madam helps us read the novel from a new perspective – the Mujo view of Buddhism. Mujo is the Buddhist philosophy which describes “the impermanence of all phenomena.” In Never Let Me Go, shadows of death weigh heavily on the reader as an unavoidable reminder of the nature of life. This brings Mujo to the Japanese readers’ minds. The Mujo view of Buddhism has imbued Japanese literature since the Kamakura Era (1185), and a reading of Never Let Me Go from the Mujo perspective sheds light on the condition of its protagonists. My analysis aims to introduce the Mujo doctrine to anglophone literary studies by foregrounding the poignancy and resilience found in Never Let Me Go.

Philology and Kundoku—the Japanese Reading of Chinese Literature in Edo Period

<p>江戶幕府立朱子學為官學，但在此學術主線發展的同時，也產生許多回應朱子學的其他儒學門派，促使相關領域的興起。同時，漢學作為一種外來學術，歷來皆有轉譯的需求，翻譯過程中除了解義之外也得解音，基於如此背景，江戶時代之「韻學」也呈現極為活躍的狀態。本論文試圖蒐集江戶儒學著作中關於音韻的記事及論述，爬梳漢學家推廣音韻之學的心態與方法，並探究他們如何讓唐音（當時日本人所認知的中國語）與漢文訓讀進行連結，並比較訓讀法與直讀法的差異。</p> <p>根據本論文之考察，即使徂徠學派等學者大力推廣唐音，以求擺脫漢文訓讀時的翻譯困難，然此種大力推廣唐音的心態與江戶漢學逐步日本化的趨勢有所衝突，就結果來看，唐音的推廣並未改變訓讀傳統。但江戶漢學家重視唐音之事實乃不容忽視，文雄甚至將唐音納入《韻鏡》的分析格局，雖促使唐音日本化，但也使唐音更容易被日本人所利用。總言之，江戶的經典詮釋史上，各家學者對音韻所持的態度與方法，可看作是回應儒學需求的一種學術對話。</p> <p> </p><p>Tokugawa shogunate established the neo-Confucianism as the government school, which forced some other schools to argue the way of Chinese literature and Chinese philosophy. In the meantime, these Chinese documents they had reading, needed to be translated or interpreted into Japanese form, not only with the Syntax but the pronunciation, so the philology study was also popular in the Edo period. The most important translating method to the Japanese reading of Chinese literature called kundoku（訓讀，くんどく），which composed many documents for us to observe how scholars in Edo period exhibited their ideas of syntax and pronunciation in the kundoku. Therefore, we can understand how the philology and kundoku methods had been changed in Edo period.</p> <p>There are some evidences which exhibited the to-on（唐音）, a kind of Chinese pronunciation which understand by Edo Japanese people, was once recommended by some scholars. However, the kundoku has still kept its traditional way in the end, which means a Japanese people could read Chinese literatures without needing to know any Chinese syntax and pronunciation.</p> <p> </p>

Impact of characteristics of L1 literacy experience on picture processing: ERP data from trilingual non-native Chinese and English readers

Previous studies involving ex-illiterate and young readers of alphabetic scripts have shown that processing of non-verbal visual stimuli may be affected by literacy, which is attributable to intensive perceptual training during reading acquisition. This study examined whether the characteristics of one’s native writing system, with respect to visual complexity and overall shape of orthographic unit, would influence the processing of pictured objects using event-related potential (ERP) with linear mixed-effects modeling. Kanji and Hangul constitute an interesting contrast as they differ in visual complexity but are similar in orthographic shape. Neural responses to pictures were analyzed in N170 and N400 reflecting ease of recognition and access to semantic representation, respectively. Trilingual speakers with Japanese or Korean as L1, who learned to read Chinese and English as non-native languages, as well as native Chinese and native English readers participated in a repetition detection task in which mixed blocks of pictures and words (Chinese or English) were presented. The overall results showed bilaterally distributed N170 and N400, and group differences in the N400 were confined to the anterior region. More importantly, Japanese readers exhibited more negative N170 and less negative N400 than Korean participants regardless of language context. The present findings have provided insights into the possible impact of reading acquisition on non-linguistic visual processing, and suggest that one’s early experience of a visually complex orthography has positive transfer to processing of line drawings in terms of more efficient visual recognition and semantic access.

外国にルーツを持つ児童の読み困難度に関する基礎的研究（第2報）−横書き・縦書きテキストの差に注目して−

外国にルーツを持つ児童の読み困難度に関する基礎的研究（第2報）−横書き・縦書きテキストの差に注目して−

The effect of speaker-specific auditory images on reading in Japanese

Auditory images for speech are preserved and can be accessed during reading. This research, conducted in Japan, examined whether and to what extent previous findings on the influence of speaker-specific auditory images in reading can be generalized to non-English speakers in a different cultural context. In two studies, Japanese participants were asked to read a text aloud after being informed that the text had been written by either a fast speaker or a slow speaker whose speech they were to listen to. The participants read the episode more slowly when it was attributed to a slow speaker than when it was attributed to a fast speaker. Individual differences in one’s mimicry of the speaker moderated the influence of speaker-specific auditory images in reading. The influence was confirmed only for those who consciously mimicked the speaker. In contrast, situational cues manipulated to generate affiliation with and closeness to the speakers did not influence the participants’ reading times.

Phonologically-based priming in the same-different task with L1 readers.

The present experiment provides an investigation of a promising new tool, the masked priming same-different task, for investigating the orthographic coding process. Orthographic coding is the process of establishing a mental representation of the letters and letter order in the word being read which is then used by readers to access higher-level (e.g., semantic) information about that word. Prior research (e.g., Norris & Kinoshita, 2008) had suggested that performance in this task may be based entirely on orthographic codes. As reported by Lupker, Nakayama, and Perea (2015a), however, in at least some circumstances, phonological codes also play a role. Specifically, even though their 2 languages are completely different orthographically, Lupker et al.'s Japanese-English bilinguals showed priming in this task when masked L1 primes were phonologically similar to L2 targets. An obvious follow-up question is whether Lupker et al.'s effect might have resulted from a strategy that was adopted by their bilinguals to aid in processing of, and memory for, the somewhat unfamiliar L2 targets. In the present experiment, Japanese readers responded to (Japanese) Kanji targets with phonologically identical primes (on "related" trials) being presented in a completely different but highly familiar Japanese script, Hiragana. Once again, significant priming effects were observed, indicating that, although performance in the masked priming same-different task may be mainly based on orthographic codes, phonological codes can play a role even when the stimuli being matched are familiar words from a reader's L1. (PsycINFO Database Record

Validity Analysis of L2 Japanese Reading Span Test - The Case of Korean Learners of Japanese -

Validity Analysis of L2 Japanese Reading Span Test - The Case of Korean Learners of Japanese -

FOSTERING AUTONOMOUS LEARNERS OF VOCABULARY ACQUISITION USING CONTENT-BASED ICT METHODS

Purpose: This paper investigated that (1) the effective use of content-based ICT methods of vocabulary acquisition through reading activities, and (2) the encouragement of learner's vocabulary building up autonomous learning. A considerable number of studies have been conducted on vocabulary acquisition in the EFL field in Japan,and researchers advocate vocabulary knowledge is the most important factor contributing to reading comprehension, yet, a firm effective pedagogy has not been established. In fact, university students encounter difficulties in reading comprehension because of their deficiencies in vocabulary knowledge during English reading class.
 Methodology: The free applications, Quizlet and Kahoot!, were adopted to incorporate language-focused learning while adding some gamification aspects to aid in vocabulary acquisition. The experiment was conducted in a Japanese undergraduate first-year reading class over an 11-week period. Quizlet was used for vocabulary learning prior to the reading class. Students were given multiple-choice vocabulary Cloze tests of new words from the textbook using Kahoot!, a free game-based educational platform.
 Main Findings: The results of this study indicated that content-based vocabulary instruction using ICT is effective and improves learner’s academic performance in vocabulary acquisition. Moreover, questionnaires were thoroughly reviewed and uncovered that students felt they developed more autonomy and this enhanced their motivation for vocabulary learning.
 Implications: In view of this study, ICT methods closely related to reading contexts and a variety of applications for vocabulary acquisition and improvement of reading performance should be introduced in EFL classrooms.
 Originality: This study was conducted in a Japanese undergraduate first-year reading class by author researcher.

Preamble to the first Japanese translation of The Canterbury Tales: A social mirror and a cultural bridge

AbstractIn this essay, I explain the history and characteristics of translation by Kenji Kaneko, the first Japanese translator of The Canterbury Tales, and describe how he transplants a different literary culture. Kaneko invited Japanese readers to the unknown medieval Western world, putting Chaucer's Middle English into forms and idioms familiar to Japanese readers. In the prewar version, censorship caused random parts of the main text to be deleted, but the postwar version provides a complete translation and conveys a truer sense of the original text.