In 1998 "SHAPE ver.1.3" was developed by Assoc. Prof. Hiroyoshi Iwata for assessment of various biological shapes. We have decided to test this program in the odontology field as it is common to deal with the problem of recognizing teeth in radiographic images when teeth crowns are damaged or teeth position is changed. This can make the diagnosis and treatment more complicated. Our interest would be to create an additional and more precise teeth shape database, which could help to recognize teeth from radiograph images. This method is more precise because we draw the outer edge of the tooth shape, and other methods draw the bounding boxes around the tooth shape (Hegde et al., 2023), (Bilgir et al., 2021). Besides, creating a teeth shape database could help identify human postmortem (Nomir & Abdel-Mottaleb, 2007), (Nomir & Abdel-Mottaleb, 2005). Moreover, this program package could help us compare prostheses or dental fillings with natural teeth anatomy. Our study aimed to compare different teeth shapes (single-rooted and double-rooted) and evaluate the prosthetic quality of a lower jaw 4th quarter tooth by comparing it to the same lower jaw tooth with dental filling in the 3rd quarter. Dental radiographs of each 43rd, 45th, and 46th with dental filling, 47th and 36th with zirconia crown teeth were made with a dental X-ray machine. Afterwards, dental radiographs were processed by using the "Image-J" and "Adobe Photoshop'' programs. The methodical part was followed by Assoc. Prof. Hiroyoshi Iwata's publication with Japanese radish (Iwata et al., 2000). Images were uploaded to "SHAPE ver.1.3" software package following programs: "ChainCoder", "CHC2NEF", "PrinComp", "PrinPrint". Using the third program "PrinComp", principal components analysis was applied and harmonics were calculated for each 43rd, 45th, 46th, 47th, 36th teeth radiographic images. Eigenvalue and proportions results were calculated. 43rd teeth radiographic images 1st harmonic made up – 58,47%, 45th teeth radiographic images – 62,45%, 46th teeth radiographic images – 88,45%, 47th teeth radiographic images – 79.82% and 36th teeth radiographic images – 78.64%.

Understanding the impacts on urban food supply from extreme climate events is a first step towards building climate-resilient agri-food systems. Here, we report on vegetable supply disruptions in the Tokyo metropolitan area due to the summer heatwaves of 2023 and 2024, using the governmental survey on wholesale market arrival volumes and prices. Fifteen vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, carrot, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, Japanese radish, lettuce, onions, potatoes, spinach, sweet pepper, taro, tomato and Welsh onion) were considered. Compared to the 2010-2022 average, the arrival volume in the September-October period was on the bottom third level or severer for carrot (-27.1%) and Japanese radish (-22.3%) in 2023, and for tomato in both 2023 (-19.9%) and 2024 (-22.9%), with their price increases of 46.0-81.9%. The negative impact of high temperatures in August or September on arrival volumes in the following month was detected for these vegetables in at least one main producing prefecture. However, in 2024, the price increases were more widespread, affecting 14 vegetables. As there were no appreciable decreases in arrival volumes, it is unlikely that climatic factors were the primary cause of the price increases in 2024. These results highlight the need for domestic vegetable production to be more heat tolerant, given its influence on downstream of agri-food systems, such as urban consumers.

Simmered dishes were prepared using the Japanese radish (daikon) and taro (satoimo) by the vacuum cooking method in order to determine whether the quality of the dishes is maintained after storage.

Using D2 gas as a substrate, this study investigated the hydrogen deposition velocities of farmland soils around a reprocessing plant located in Rokkasho Village, Aomori, Japan. To determine the hydrogen deposition velocities, closed chambers with fans were set on the soils of farmlands that grow Japanese radishes, and changes in D2 concentration in the chambers were measured by gas chromatography. Results showed hydrogen deposition velocities of six soils were within the range of 1.0×10-4~2.0×10-4ms-1. The heavy water (HDO) formations were detected in the soil after the experiment, showing the oxidation of D2 and conversion to water. Relationships between the obtained hydrogen deposition velocities and environmental conditions such as soil temperature, moisture and porosity were examined. A correlation was found between the hydrogen deposition velocities and soil gas phase rate (r=0.98, p<0.05).

In this study, the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was determined in five selected vegetable microgreens (daikon, i.e., Japanese radish; Chinese red radish; pea; beetroot; and onion). Total phenolics and chlorophylls were analyzed spectrophotometrically in all investigated microgreens. In addition, the content of betalains was determined spectrophotometrically in beetroot microgreens. HPLC analysis was used to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity of microgreens was determined by DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assays. The highest content of total phenolics, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was found in beetroot microgreens (639.85 mg GAE/100 g DW, 202.17 mg/100 g DW and 79.53 mg/100 g DW, respectively). In beetroot microgreens, the content of total betalains, betacyanins and betaxanthins was determined to be 57.27 mg/100 g DW, 43.58 mg BE/100 g DW and 13.68 mg VE/100 g DW, respectively. Among the investigated microgreens, beetroot microgreens showed the highest antioxidant activity, while pea microgreens exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity in all applied assays. The highest correlation was observed for the content of total phenolics and phenolic acids, as determined by HPLC analysis with antioxidant activity using all applied assays, indicating that these compounds were most important contributors to the antioxidant activity of the investigated vegetable microgreens.

(b) (c) (d) 3 (e) 1

Non-target metabolomics approach for the investigation of the hidden effects induced by atrazine and its degradation products on plant metabolism

Longitudinal- and shear-wave velocities were determined for Japanese radish, watermelon and potato. Pulsed waves propagating in cylindrically shaped specimens were detected, and their phase differences obtained in specimens of different lengths yielded phase velocities in the frequency range 0.4–8 kHz at 27 kHz. The Pochhammer–Chree dispersion relation was applied to analyze the fundamental and second modes of the measured velocities, which provided the longitudinal- and shear-wave velocities in an infinite medium. Longitudinal-wave velocities of 202, 82 and 571 m s−1 and shear-wave velocities of 61, 36 and 80 m s–1 for Japanese radish, watermelon and potato, respectively, were obtained. Furthermore, the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio were determined. The drying effect of the velocities obtained in the Japanese radish suggested that gas porosity substantially influenced the velocities, resulting in smaller values of the longitudinal-wave velocity compared with that in water.

The study presents the first to characterize novel Erucastrum canarianse Webb and Berthel (or Can) sterile cytoplasm-based CMS lines in Indian cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) and investigating their commercial suitability. Eleven Can-based CMS lines were examined for 12 agro-morphological and yield traits,18 floral traits, four seed yield traits together with three each of the Ogura (source: wild Japanese Radish) and Tour (Source: Brassica tournefortii) cytoplasms. All of the recorded floral and seed traits showed significant (P > 0.05) differences between the CMS lines of each group. Agro-morphological and yield traits in CMS lines and their maintainers, however, were non-significantly different. All the Can- and Ogura-based CMS lines showed flowering and appropriate seed formation by natural cross-pollination. Only two Tour cytoplasm-based CMS lines, Tour (DC-41-5) and Tour (DC-67), produced the smallest malformed flowers and stigma. The highest seed yield per plant in CMS lines was in Ogu (DC-98-4) and the lowest in Tour (DC-67). P14 and P15, two polymorphic mtDNA markers, were discovered for the Can CMS system for early detection. Five primers (ITS5a-ITS4, atpF-atpH, P16, rbeL and trnL), along with their maintainers, were sequenced and aligned to detect nucleotide changes including as additions and or deletions at different positions. The newly introduced E. canariense sterile cytoplasm-based CMS system in cauliflower is the subject of the first comprehensive report, which emphasises their potential as a further stable and reliable genetic mechanism for hybrid breeding.

The temperature dependence of vegetable hardening due to preheating was found to be similar for Japanese radishes, carrots and potatoes. The hardening phenomenon occurred slightly at 50–55 °C and markedly at 60–70 °C, especially at 65 °C, and decreased at 80 °C. However, temperature dependence of the cell membrane damage that triggered hardening was different across the vegetables, as revealed by the measurements of eluted potassium ions and electrical properties. The highest heat sensitivity of the cell membrane was observed in carrots while the lowest was in potatoes. The maximum hardening at 65 °C was confirmed by a complete loss of cell membrane integrity, followed by adequate leakage of intracellular potassium ions, resulting in high PME activity despite the effect of heat inactivation. A sample size of 1 cm cubic used this study was beneficial for distinguishing the effect of different temperatures, because the inner temperature quickly matched the preheating temperature.

Phytoremediation is a low-cost and sustainable green technology that uses plants to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from aquatic environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytoextraction, phytoaccumulation, and phytotransformation of three fluoroquinolones (FQs) (ciprofloxacin [CIP], enrofloxacin [ENF], and levofloxacin [LVF]) by Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) and duckweed (Lemma minor). Determination of FQs and identification of their transformation products (TPs) were performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Inter-tissue translocation of FQs in Japanese radish tissues depended on their initial concentration in the medium. CIP (IT = 14.4) and ENF (IT = 17.0) accumulated mainly in radish roots, while LVF in leaves (IT = 230.8) at an initial concentration of 10 µg g−1. CIP (2,104 ng g−1) was detected in the highest concentration, followed by ENF (426.3 ng g−1) and LVF (273.3 ng g−1) in the tissues of both plants. FQs’ bioaccumulation factors were significantly higher for duckweed (1.490–18.240) than Japanese radish (0.027–0.103). The removal of FQs from water using duckweed was mainly due to their photolysis and hydrolysis than plant sorption. In the screening, analysis detected 29 FQ TPs. The biotransformation pathways of FQs are described in detail, and the factors that influence their formation are indicated.

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Frozen Japanese Radish by Combination of Low- and High-temperature Blanching Pretreatment

This study aimed to investigate the textural properties and cellular structure of three frozen/thawed Japanese radish cultivars (‘Kenka aokubi’, ‘Hoshi riso’, and ‘Ryujin miura No. 2’) after freezing and thawing. The impacts of the cell wall components, cell membrane parameters, and total soluble solids on the textural properties were also studied. The greatest firmness and least drip loss were found in the frozen/thawed ‘Ryujin miura No. 2’, followed by the ‘Hoshi riso’ and ‘Kenka aokubi’ cultivars. The cellular structure of frozen/thawed ‘Ryujin miura No. 2’ was well preserved while cell damage was found in the other cultivars. ‘Ryujin miura No. 2’ contained the highest amount of Na2CO3 soluble pectin and the lowest amounts of water soluble pectin in the alcohol-insoluble solids, indicating the greater cell wall rigidity compared to the other cultivars. However, cell membrane parameters were completely lost and no relationship between total soluble solids and textural properties was detected for all frozen/thawed samples. These findings highlight the importance of cultivar selection and cell wall rigidity for improvement of the quality of frozen/thawed Japanese radish.

In Japan, the empirical method for preventing root vegetable collapse is to place them in room temperature water and then heating them. This study aims to determine the effects of water temperature increase rate on the softening and optimum boiling duration of the Japanese radish and potato. We found that the lower the rate of increase in water temperature, the lower the softening rate constants (k) of both the radish and potato. With decreasing rates of water temperature increase, the optimum boiling duration of radish increased. However, because the potato softened easily before boiling, the difference in optimum boiling duration among all rates of water temperature increase was very small. The k and degree of methylation (DM) of pectin showed a linear relationship, which suggested that the decrease in DM is the main reason for the reduction in k at low rates of water temperature increase.

ABSTRACT Brown heart, or internal browning, is a physiological disorder in crops including radish. It is characterized by brown pigmentation in the internal tissue, which significantly reduces commercial value of the products. Field studies have revealed that the appearance of symptom is correlated with several stresses, including drought, high temperature, and boron deficiency. However, fluctuating and non-reproducible environmental factors in field experiments complicate the interpretation of the direct cause of the symptom. For studying the mechanism of the symptom, experiments under more controlled conditions with less fluctuating environmental factors are desirable. Here, we established culture method to observe brown heart in lab condition, where light, temperature, and nutrient is controlled. Under our culture conditions, we successfully observed internal browning in Japanese radish by lowering boron concentrations without heat and drought stresses, indicating that boron deficiency alone can cause internal browning. Furthermore, we cultured three cultivars and observed differences in susceptibility to internal browning, establishing that our culture method is applicable for studies that utilize inter-cultivar variations, such as QTL mapping.

Translocation of acibenzolar, an active metabolic substance of acibenzolar-S-methyl, to distal leaves in cabbage and Japanese radish

ABSTRACT Atmospheric 14C released from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants can accumulate in crop plants. Japanese radish (daikon) is a major crop plant in the area surrounding the Japan’s first commercial nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Rokkasho. We previously developed a dynamic two-compartment model for 14C accumulation in the leaves and roots of Japanese radish. This model was constructed using measured data obtained under controlled experimental conditions in a growth chamber; however, it was not capable of simulating plant carbon accumulation in actual fields resulting from photosynthesis and respiration under fluctuating environments. In order to apply our previous model to actual fields, the present study aims to modify the model by incorporating the environmental responses of photosynthesis and respiration. The modified model was validated with observed temporal changes in the carbon inventories of the leaves and roots of Japanese radish in the field. The model estimates were found to be in relatively good agreement with the observed data. In addition, our modified model provides reasonable simulation results for 14C accumulation in Japanese radish exposed to 14CO2 at different growth stages. The results of this study indicate that our modified model could contribute to the estimation of 14C accumulation in Japanese radish under field conditions.

The state of emergency (SOE) period in Tokyo under the COVID-19 pandemic restricted people to staying in their homes and changed human mobility, which has impacted the major agricultural markets in Tokyo. In this research, we analyzed how the changes in people’s staying-at-home behaviors during the four SOE periods (7 April 2020–28 October 2021) in Tokyo affected the daily market prices of cabbage, tomato, Japanese radish, carrot, and potato. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, the study reveals that all the investigated vegetables except potatoes have a long-term relationship with the staying-at-home index. The long-term influence of staying-at-home behaviors on cabbage, tomato, radish, and carrot markets during the early SOE periods had a negative impact on these vegetable prices, indicating that an increase in the hours of staying-at-home as related to SOE measures might have decreased the demand for these vegetables. The negative impact of the stay-at-home index on vegetable prices lessened in the fourth SOE period, likely because more people did not remain in their homes. Moreover, the study findings reveal that, compared to less perishable vegetables, the price of perishable vegetables is more likely to have been affected by human mobility constraints during the pandemic. Therefore, agricultural policymakers should consider providing subsidies to producers based on the negative influence on market prices of perishable and less perishable vegetables in pandemic situations, such as COVID-19.

Assessment of Japanese radish derivatives as nitrite substitute on the physicochemical properties, sensorial profile, and consumer acceptability of restructured cooked hams

Investigation of ratio of carbon to hydrogen (C/H ratio) in agricultural plants for further estimation of their productivity of organically bound tritium