Logical Issues Research Articles

“All knowledge is either conception or assent”. On the history and significance of a fundamental distinction in Islamic philosophy

ABSTRACT Following Aristotle, classical Islamic philosophers distinguished between two types of knowledge: conception and assent. This paper argues that the discussions elicited by this distinction are an essential feature of postclassical Islamic philosophy (ca. 1200–1800). The early postclassical philosophers made the distinction central to logic and thereby to epistemology and scientific inquiry at large. As the distinction came to be perceived as problematic, it sparked philosophical arguments about a range of issues in logic and epistemology. One particularly pertinent problem was the nature of the distinction itself: it was understood as an exclusive disjunction, but it seemed impossible to define one notion without recourse to the other. In the fourteenth century this led to the emergence of a new genre of philosophical writings exclusively dedicated to discussing the precise nature of the distinction. This paper discusses some of the central arguments of these writings, showing how philosophers grappling with that problem devised new theories of judgement and new forms of the proposition as they were continuously developing their theory of knowledge.

MODELING PROBLEMS OF LOGICAL THINKING IN PRIMARY CLASS MATHEMATICS LESSONS

Models are created for various purposes (analysis of the studied processes, verification or demonstration of a new idea, method, system; to study and change reality, as a means of forecasting) and in a clear and concise form the studied system, process, characteristics of the idea; allows you to get important things about the connections and relations of the object. V.V. According to Davydov, the model will contain an image of the studied object. According to the nature of the description of the modeled system, there are modeling of the structure (structural models) and modeling of the operation of the processes occurring in it (flow or process models). To solve the second problem, mathematical modeling is the most effective. Modeling involves the use of abstraction and idealization. Reflecting the essential features of the original, the model acts as a kind of implementation of abstraction. The effectiveness of modeling as an achievement of consistency between model and reality is complicated by uncertainty, an important feature of models in the humanities. E. N. Gusinsky, studying the characteristics of social and humanitarian systems, emphasizes that they always have conscious and unconscious motives, are determined not only by past experience, but also are influenced by many factors of the current environment and the external environment. A.N. Dakhin emphasizes the complexity of modeling humanitarian systems, because they do not have clear components that make up the system - each of the components can "over time" become a pedagogical bifurcation point and dominate the design of goals and teaching technology. This article talks about the modeling of logical issues, the need for its application, the diversity of educational content, and the increase in requirements for the quality of education.

The Research Advance in Ethical Issues of AI Application

The topic of AI has become more and more discussed ever since the release of ChatGPT, as its astonishing intelligence has made humans to challenge the boundary. This vagueness then contributes to the emergence of discussions on the ethics of AI. Aiming to clarify the many current academic discussions on the ethics of artificial intelligence and to recognize different ethical perspectives, this study conducts a literature review of the research and discussions among different scholars on ethical issues in the application of artificial intelligence technologies. It is found that the current relevant discussion extends from a micro perspective emphasizing the individual to a macro perspective emphasizing the human race. Research advances on ethical issues in AI applications can be categorized into three levels: personal, social, and global. Among which, the individual level focuses on the ethical issues in algorithmic logic and user data management. The social level focuses on the social employment and public accountability systems. While the global level discusses intellectual property disputes and the social identity of AI robots. Finally, the author gave an evaluation of the gaps and challenges of studying AI ethics and emphasize the importance of addressing ethical issues in AI development and deployment. The paper aims to serve as information for scholars and policymakers, fostering ethical awareness in the AI research community and helping AI technologies to be developed and used responsibly.

What is special about the public service logic?

The article addresses the issues of the public service logic (PSL), one of the avenues of studying public and municipal administration. Developing this concept will contribute to the theory and practice of providing public services in the Russian system of state and municipal government. Methodologically, the paper rests on the provisions of public administration, as well as the concepts of service-dominant logic and public service-dominant logic. It follows the principles of methodological individualism and interdisciplinary approach that allows adding the findings of the existing economic studies to our analysis. Among the research methods applied are comparison, content analysis and systematization. We have identified the following theoretical gaps that need to be bridged to develop the PSL: first, the lack of a scientifically grounded definition of “public service value” as a form of service co-production involving the seller and the buyer, and, second, determining behavioural characteristics of employees of public (non-profit) organizations rendering credence goods-related services. Thus, the PSL outlines an important research area, namely studying value co-creation mechanisms in the public sector. The research findings can be utilized to refine public policy and produce strategic documents for the development of non-profit organizations providing public services.

Study of the Subjectivity of ChatGPT in Literary Creation from the Perspective of the Media Equation

Based on the perspective of The Media Equation, this study explores the issues of creative subject logic, intersubjective relationships, and subject rights brought about by the involvement of large language model technology, represented by ChatGPT, in literary creation. From the aspect of creative subject logic, although ChatGPT can generate structurally rigorous and grammatically standard texts, it still has noticeable deficiencies in emotional depth and originality compared to human creators. This phenomenon not only triggers a profound reflection on the essence of AI creation but also prompts a reevaluation of the importance of emotion in literary creation. From the aspect of intersubjective relationships, the emergence of ChatGPT has changed the relationship pattern between authors, readers, and AI, constructing a new triangular interactive model. This shift in power requires a redefinition of the boundaries of literary creation and an exploration of new paradigms of human-machine collaboration in creation. From the aspect of subject rights, the development of technology also poses new challenges to the existing legal system, especially copyright law. How to reasonably define the legal status of AI-generated content while protecting originality and encouraging human creation has become an urgent issue to be addressed.

Logic taking care of itself: the case of connexive logic

Logic is an excellent tool for reasoning about most philosophical topics, including logical issues themselves. Discussions about the validity or otherwise of certain principles have been widespread throughout the history of logic. This chapter exemplifies that with the analysis of the debate surrounding connexive logics. In connexive logics, certain principles involving mainly negation and implication hold good, whereas they are not valid in most well-known logics. Despite their intuitiveness, the connexive principles quickly lead to contradictions and even to triviality, i.e. to the truth of every proposition. This chapter surveys the main arguments against the connexive principles and discusses some prospects for challenging those arguments and endorsing the connexive principles.

The Essence and Meaning of Repetition in the Criminal Law of Russia

Introduction. From the standpoint of a critical analysis of the current criminal legislation of Russia, as well as the doctrine of criminal law and criminology, the article examines the essence and significance of the institution of repetition in the criminal law of Russia. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The research was carried out taking into account the directions of criminal policy in Russia, the constitutional analysis of normative legal provisions on responsibility for committing crimes. The use of the formal-logical research method made it possible to identify the essence and types of repetition in criminal law, and to establish the patterns of its implementation in criminal law. Results. In the course of the study, attention is drawn to the fact that the formation of the concept of “repeatedness”, in the context of the development of the sociological school of criminal law, implied the attribution to this institution, first of all, of situations of committing several criminal acts, bearing in mind the objective danger to society of the multiplicity of crimes and persons who commit them (for example, recidivists and professional criminals). At the same time, not only the multiplicity of crimes poses a danger to society and the State, but also the commission of other unlawful acts, which, if repeated, in some cases can acquire a qualitatively different character and reach the level of a criminal act. This position is the basis of the current institution of repetition and, in particular, the institution of administrative prejudice. In this regard, the presented work examines the essence, types, and meaning of repetition in its existing version in the criminal law of Russia. Discussion and Сonclusion. The problems of repetition are also considered in the aspect of the correlation of this institution with the theory of the dangerous state of the individual, the principle of the prohibition of punishment twice for the same act. The indicated aspects of the topic necessitated the appeal not only to works on the theory of criminal law, but also to the relevant issues of philosophy and logic. As a result, the author concludes that such a type of multiplicity as the repetition of offenses is singled out, the types of this multiplicity are determined and its importance for the criminalization and decriminalization of crimes is substantiated.

Письмо Д.И. Чижевского Л.Я. Ганчикову (1953)

We publish the letter from the philosopher D.I. Chizhevsky (1894–1977), who lived in Germany, to his colleague and compatriot professor L.Ya. Ganchikov (1893–1968), who lived in Italy and worked on the history of Russian religious thought. Chizhevsky, apparently answering the addressee’s questions, essentially sets out his scientific curriculum vitae, with a brief biography and a list of main publications. The letter is an auto-interpretation of the creative heritage of D.I. Chizhevsky, in which the thinker defines his main interest as an attempt to substantiate some issues of logic and ethics by distinguishing those areas in which different types of logical categories are applicable, and also points to the philosophers closest to him – E. Husserl, H.W.F. Hegel, S.L. Frank, N.O. Lossky. The publication of the letter is accompanied by a thorough academic commentary, which fits the information given in it into the context of the life and creative path of D.I. Chizhevsky.

SOME DIDACTIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES OF UPDATING THE EDUCATIONAL CONTENT

The article presents the role and importance of pedagogical, psychological and didactic theories, which are the fundamental ideas of updating the content of education in the continuous education system, as well as some principles and logical issues of their implementation in the current period.

Письмо Д.И. Чижевского Л.Я. Ганчикову (1953)

We publish the letter from the philosopher D.I. Chizhevsky (1894–1977), who lived in Germany, to his colleague and compatriot professor L.Ya. Ganchikov (1893–1968), who lived in Italy and worked on the history of Russian religious thought. Chizhevsky, apparently answering the addressee’s questions, essentially sets out his scientific curriculum vitae, with a brief biography and a list of main publications. The letter is an auto-interpretation of the creative heritage of D.I. Chizhevsky, in which the thinker defines his main interest as an attempt to substantiate some issues of logic and ethics by distinguishing those areas in which different types of logical categories are applicable, and also points to the philosophers closest to him – E. Husserl, H.W.F. Hegel, S.L. Frank, N.O. Lossky. The publication of the letter is accompanied by a thorough academic commentary, which fits the information given in it into the context of the life and creative path of D.I. Chizhevsky.

COMPONENTS OF SERVICE-DOMINANT LOGIC IN B2B MARKETING

Introduction. In the dynamic landscape of contemporary business, the traditional marketing concept undergoes critique due to its limitations concerning B2B interactions. The incongruity between theoretical developments and practical market needs has spurred the emergence of supplementary marketing disciplines, such as service marketing, relationship marketing, etc. The fragmentation of marketing theory has necessitated the formulation of a unifying paradigm that encompasses a multitude of aspects and challenges inherent to modern economics.
 Scholars S. Vargo and R. Lusch have proposed the concept of service-dominant logic as a unifying paradigm that emphasizes the central role of service, the concept of value, and co-creation as opposed to the mere exchange of products. In our view, within the debate regarding the role of service in marketing, attention should be directed toward the fundamental components of service-dominant logic, the role and influence of customers on value creation and service provision. Crucial questions include the alignment of market participants into networked structures (service ecosystems) and the search for sources of competitive advantage amidst rapid commoditization of almost any offering.
 The hypothesis of the scientific research consists in substantiating the prevalence of the service-dominant logic in B2B marketing compared to the traditional marketing concept and the decisive role of the customer experience as a source of competitive advantage.
 The purpose of the study is to examine the components of the service-dominant logic, to identify key distinctions from the traditional marketing paradigm, and to substantiate the significance of the customer experience in B2B marketing.
 The methodology of scientific research is general scientific research methods, including: induction and deduction, comparison, expert analysis, classification and description, evaluation grouping, and comparison methods.
 Conclusions and prospects for further research. Theoretical provisions of the service-dominant logic and its key distinctions from the traditional marketing paradigm were analyzed. The importance of the customer experience in B2B interactions was substantiated. Further research should focus on empirical validation and implementation issues of service logic, customer experience management and the principles of creation and functioning of service network structures.
 Keywords: service-dominant logic; customer experience; value co-creation; value proposition; resource integration; service ecosystem.

BCG vaccination: issues of fuzzy logic in assessing its effectiveness

Background. Vaccination, as a method of specific prevention, is more than 100 years old. Over the years, there have been significant changes in living standards, children’s health, and immunology. The issues of the effectiveness of vaccination, the effectiveness of chemotherapy, and the need for revaccination are relevant in modern conditions. Aim. To evaluate long-term BCG vaccination data among the medical university students with assessment of the effectiveness of vaccination, and MBT infection during 20 years of follow-up. Materials and methods. 274 students of the medical university took part in the study, medical records were used (form No. 112/y). Records of BCG vaccination and Mantoux test results by year in mm. Results. In the long-term assessment of the phthisiological status of the students with 100% BCG vaccination in childhood, it was recognized as effective in 63.1%, ineffective in 18.3%. In 18.6%, the results did not meet the accepted standards. When evaluating the Mantoux 2 TE sample, MBT infection did not differ in the number and size of papules in all groups. Some students remained sensitive to tuberculin in the presence of a positive Diaskintest, in the absence of data for tuberculosis. Conclusion. Not all common concepts about the criteria for the effectiveness of vaccination fit into the existing rules, some aspects relate to the concept of fuzzy logic. Long-term observations using new methods of immunodiagnostics will allow to solve the issues at a new evidentiary level.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПЕСНИ «ДЖУРДЖЕВДАН»: К ПРОБЛЕМЕ ПОДБОРА МУЗЫКАЛЬНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА ДЛЯ УЧЕБНЫХ РАБОТ

The author touches upon the issue of justification and logic of musical material (folk and/or original) used in the process of directing performances or student sketches. This aspect is emphasized in the context of the problem of upbringing and education of future directors and actors. Emphasis is placed on the need for a more careful selection of any, including world-famous, musical material in order to avoid harmful mistakes when preparing performances. Freedom of creativity does not give theater workers the right to distort history. In this article, the object of study was the song “Djurdjevdan”, the historical roots of which, according to one version, go back to the “death trains” during the Second World War, the Serbian genocide, but which is now interpreted as a song about love conflicts, out of ignorance it is performed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia “both at weddings and funerals.” The song “Djurdjevdan” became popular in Yugoslavia in 1942 after it was sung by one of the Bosnian Serbs transported to the Jasenovac concentration camp. Then other, no less tragic events from the history of Serbia were layered. The song became world famous thanks to the film by E. Kusturica “House for Hanging” (“Time of the Gypsies”), in which the key scene is the celebration of St. George’s Day (St. George’s Day), Djurdjevdan in Serbian or, in the language of the Gypsies, Ederlezi.

Finiteness of One-Valued Function Classes in Many-Valued Logic

This paper addresses the theoretical issues in k-valued logic, which are crucial for developing solutions in various fields of science and technology. One of the fundamental issues is a complete description of the closed classes of functions of three-valued logic. The explicit description of closed classes in multivalued logic is an open problem. In this study, we consider a special case of the finite generation of all closed classes of three-valued logic through the operation of superposition. Previously, we considered the issue of the finite generation of classes containing a subset of single-variable functions. We have also provided a description of superlattices (lattices of lattices) containing a precomplete class of unary functions. The finite generation of these superlattices is proved. On the basis of these results, in this paper, we have proven that any class containing any of the precomplete classes from the set of single-valued functions is also finitely generated. The main result of this paper consists of three theorems on the finite generation of classes containing precomplete classes of single-valued functions and classes including all monotone unary functions. Thus, the obtained theoretical result provides easily verifiable criteria for the finiteness of classes of multivalued logic functions. It allows you to use simple procedures instead of cumbersome explicit constructs. The finite generation of overlattices allows the development of digital computing circuits that are crucial for practical applications. The proofs are based on an explicit description of these classes by an induction in the number of variables and essentially use the properties of functionally closed (Burle) classes of functions.

Energy-Efficient High-Speed dynamic logic-based One-Trit multiplier in CNTFET technology

The appeal of portable electronics, embedded systems, and other smart devices has been steadily growing over time. The multi-valued logic (MVL) was primarily introduced to handle the interconnect issues in binary logic. The use of ternary logic reduces the circuit complexity, power consumption in interconnects, and total chip area. The carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) offers some significant features like low leakage power, equal hole and electron mobility, and modulation in threshold voltage by adjusting the diameter of the carbon nanotube (CNT). In this paper, a clocked dynamic and pass transistor logic-based ternary 1-trit multiplier circuit with only 28 transistors has been proposed. The proposed logic avoids the conventional approach of using logic gates, encoder/decoder, and multiplexers, which reduces the total device count to implement the multiplier. The reduced transistor count offers a reduction in power consumption, delay, power-delay-product (PDP), and energy-delay-product (EDP) in comparison to other state-of-the-art designs. Stanford 32-nm CNTFET model file and Synopsis HSPICE simulator have been used to carry out the simulations at a supply of 0.9 V. The proposed circuit shows a 34.16 %, 66.44 %, and 82.80 % reduction in power, PDP, and EDP as compared to the lowest power, delay, and PDP of the designs under consideration. The performance of the multiplier is evaluated under different temperatures, supply voltages, loads, and oxide thickness.

Special Issue of Natural Logic Meets Machine Learning (NALOMA): Selected Papers from the First Three Workshops of NALOMA

Special Issue of Natural Logic Meets Machine Learning (NALOMA): Selected Papers from the First Three Workshops of NALOMA

The revision of the origins science of fiqh model: Ibn Rushd’s book"aldarory

The revision of the origins science of fiqh model: Ibn Rushd’s book"aldarory

Concepts and Reasoning: a Conceptual Review and Analysis of Logical Issues in Empirical Social Science Research.

A substantial number of social science studies have shown a lack of conceptual clarity, inadequate understanding of the nature of the empirical research approaches, and undue preference for deduction, which have caused much confusion, created paradigmatic incommensurability, and impeded scientific advancement. This study, through conceptual review and analysis of canonical discussions of concepts and the reasoning approaches of deduction and induction and their applications in social science theorization by philosophers and social scientists, is purported to unveil the logical nature of empirical research and examine the legitimacy of the preference of deduction among social scientists. The findings note that conceptual clarity as the foundation of social science research, exchange, and replication can be achieved through interdisciplinary stress of conceptual analyses to establish universal measurements and that the primacy of deduction in social sciences needs to concede to or be balanced with induction for new knowledge, more discoveries, and scientific advancement. The study recommends that institutions and researchers of social sciences invest more in conceptual analysis and inductive research through collaboration and separate efforts.

Intellectual Virtue in Critical Thinking and Its Instruction

How is intellectual virtue related to critical thinking? Can one be a critical thinker without exercising intellectual virtue? Can one be intellectually virtuous without thereby being a critical thinker? How should our answers to these questions inform the instruction of critical thinking? These were the questions informing the 2023 Charles McCracken endowed lectureships given at Michigan State University by Professors Harvey Siegel and Jason Baehr. This brief commentary introduces their respective papers, which appear in the current issue of Informal Logic.

З історії викладання логіки в Університеті Св. Володимира

The history of logic in Ukraine is still not sufficiently studied. Researchers, as a rule, analyze the legacy of outstanding scholars from a historical-philosophical point of view, paying attention to philosophical problems considered in their works. Logical issues are left out of consideration. One of the reasons is that a small number of original logical works have survived to this day. Besides, these are mostly archival documents, including lecture manuscripts, essays on specific issues of logic, curriculums, etc. If we consider the published works, they are mostly textbooks, some of which remain unknown to a wide circle of scholars.
 In this context, the purpose of the paper is to analyze the teaching of logic at St. Volodymyr University from 1834 until 1917. The author set four research objectives. The first is to find out what place logic took among another academic disciplines at the University. The second is to analyze and systematize information about teachers who taught logic. The third is to investigate textbooks and manuals that students used to master the logic course. The fourth is to analyze the logical curriculums used at that time. In the paper the author distinguishes the peculiarities of logic teaching at the University of St. Volodymyr; reveals the reasons why logic had been presented to students in the traditional view; answers the question, of which relevant problems to that time had impacted the teachers’ logical treatments; shows how European trends in the development of logical knowledge had been taken into account in the logic courses offered to students at St. Volodymyr University.