Contamination Issues Research Articles

High Nitrogen Fertilization Suppresses Dollar Spot in Amenity Turfgrass Through Promoting Oxalic Acid-Degrading Bacteria.

High nitrogen (N) fertilization can suppress dollar spot (Clarireedia spp.) disease of amenity turfgrass. However, golf course superintendents avoid high N fertilization due to the reduced playability of putting greens and concerns over increased cost and environmental contamination issues. Understanding how N fertilization suppresses dollar spot could result in novel control strategies that do not rely on high N fertilization or repeated pesticide applications. In 2017, we sampled a previous 3-year study conducted in Madison, WI, on turfgrass treated with either 0, 4.9, and 29.3 kg N/ha/yr. Dollar spot was assessed every two weeks during the study period, and microbiome samples were collected from each plot at 6 different time points during 2017. The bacterial 16s rRNA gene and fungal ITS region were sequenced using high-throughput sequencing, and the frc gene copy number was quantified using droplet digital PCR. The frc gene was previously established as a biomarker for oxalic acid-degrading bacteria. The 29.3 kg N/ha treatment reduced disease severity and had higher frc gene expression than lower N rates. Prokaryotic alpha diversity significantly declined under 29.3 kg N/ha, while fungal diversity remained relatively stable. N treatment significantly affected prokaryotic beta diversity but not fungal. The results suggest that N may have a role in selecting microbes that degrade oxalic acid (OA), an important virulence factor of C. jacksonii. Identifying the specific organisms involved in OA degradation may result in new biocontrol strategies and improve the sustainable management of dollar spot.

Novel Focused Ion Beam Techniques for Enhanced Sample Preparation for In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Heating and Irradiation Experiments.

Focused ion beam (FIB) systems have revolutionized sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), enabling precise and site-specific material analysis. However, the conventional ion beam-induced deposition (IBID) approach to preparing FIB samples can lead to contamination effects that can compromise the quality of TEM data acquisition. This study introduces an innovative FIB method for connecting TEM lamellae to support grids via redeposition, avoiding the contamination issue. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique through observations of a SiC phase within tristructural-isotropic particles during in situ high-temperature and irradiation TEM experiments, establishing an improved process for characterizing material behaviors during exposure to their industrially relevant environmental conditions.

A Mini Review: Key Applications and Advances of Photodynamic Inactivation Against Bacteria in the Food Industry

ABSTRACTWith the increasingly severe global food safety issues, food‐borne pathogenic bacteria pose a significant threat. The traditional thermal inactivation approach has drawbacks such as high energy consumption and potential damage to food quality. Moreover, the advantages of current non‐thermal inactivation techniques need to be further enhanced and extended. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI), an innovative non‐thermal inactivation approach, has garnered significant interest in the realm of food preservation owing to its eco‐friendly nature and remarkable antimicrobial efficacy. This paper aims to discuss the applications of PDI technology in the food antibacterial field. It encompasses the capacity to eliminate planktonic bacteria and biofilms, along with its potential for application in antibacterial packaging films. Furthermore, this study systematically examines the utilization of various natural photosensitizers within PDI systems, analyzes their distinct antimicrobial activities against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial strains, and evaluates innovative approaches to optimize the bactericidal performance of PDI technology. Overall, PDI technology exhibits a broad‐spectrum antibacterial effect. However, its inactivation potency against Gram‐negative bacteria and biofilms is relatively weak. Through measures such as optimizing photosensitizer performance, adding adjuvants, and adjusting the reaction environment, the inactivation efficiency of PDI technology can be notably enhanced. This comprehensive review aims to provide groundbreaking perspectives and strategic guidance for the implementation of PDI technology in food safety applications, as well as to inspire the advancement of next‐generation antimicrobial solutions. Significantly, this contributes to effectively addressing food microbial contamination issues and safeguarding food safety. Moreover, it holds promise for promoting the widespread application and in‐depth development of PDI technology in related fields like food packaging.

Smart River cleaning bot

Abstract - This paper introduces the development of a Smart River Cleaning Bot designed to mitigate the growing issue of water contamination in rivers and other natural water bodies. The bot integrates artificial intelligence for recognizing and classifying waste, along with robotic components to efficiently collect and manage floating debris. It supports both autonomous and manual modes of operation and is equipped with a robotic arm for precise extraction, a conveyor belt for bulk waste transport, and pH sensors for monitoring water quality in real time. The detection system utilizes the YOLO algorithm, trained on a custom dataset, enabling fast and accurate identification of various waste types. With its modular structure and affordability, the bot is suitable for widespread use across urban and rural settings. This solution aims to enhance waste management efficiency, minimize human involvement, and support sustainable environmental practices.. Key Words: Smart River Cleaning Bot, Robotic Arm Mechanism, Image Processing, Autonomous Waste Collection, Manual Mode Operation, Conveyor Belt System,pH Sensor Integration, Waste Segregation and Classification, Real-Time Detection System,Intelligent Navigation System

RISK ANALYSIS OF WATER-NITRATE METHEMOGLOBINEMIA IN THE HYGIENIC MONITORING SYSTEM OF DECENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

In the context of numerous water and environmental challenges, nitrate contamination of well water stands out as a particularly urgent concern, posing a significant risk for the development of water-nitrate methemoglobinemia – especially in young children. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment of this condition associated with elevated nitrate levels in decentralized water supply sources in the Kharkiv region and to develop a scientifically grounded set of preventive measures. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on laboratory monitoring data of well and spring water quality in the Kharkiv region, alongside an age- and sex-based statistical analysis of methemoglobinemia incidence. Results. A systemic issue of nitrate contamination in well water was identified, with the proportion of samples exceeding permissible nitrate levels ranging from 37.7% to 47.2%, and an average non-compliance rate of 42.2 ± 3.22%. Additionally, an age- and sex-based analysis of water-nitrate methemoglobinemia cases was conducted. It was found that the concentration of nitrates in the water that caused the poisoning ranged from 51 to 530 mg/dm³, with an average value of 287.3±146.14 mg/dm³. The maximum concentration of cases occurred in the first year of life (70 %), of which 25 % were recorded in the group of infants under 1 month of age. Conclusions. This article highlights the ongoing issue of nitrate contamination in decentralized water supply sources in the Kharkiv region, which poses a continuous risk of water-nitrate methemoglobinemia, particularly among young children. Addressing this challenge requires a comprehensive strategy that includes strengthening the water quality monitoring system, establishing an early warning mechanism for hazardous contamination levels, and raising public awareness about the risks of consuming polluted water and available treatment methods.

Impact of power plant-east of AL-Diwaniyah /Iraq- on soil pollution with heavy metals (HMs)

Monitoring soil contaminants is crucial in addressing sustainability issues. This study directly addresses the environmental sustainability issue of soil contamination with heavy metals (HMs) due to anthropogenic activities, particularly in soil surrounding the Al-Diwaniyah power plant, which is one of Iraq's electricity sources. Samples were obtained at the power station's three sites: right (R), left (L), and direction (D) (term "direction" refers to sampling site located directly in front of power plant, aligned with prevailing wind path). Soil samples were collected from different locations throughout 2024, with two separate soil sub-samples from the same site. Samples were obtained at the power station's three sites: right (R), left (L), direction. The concentrations of HMs chromium, nickel, cadmium, and lead were evaluated using an atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and results were expressed in milligrams of metal per kilogram of dry soil (mg/kg). The findings showed that the total concentrations of HMs were Ni> Pb> Cr> Cd, with values of 17.32 -41.27, 33.61-0.32 -6.07, and 12.77 -46.89 mg/kg for Cr, Ni, Cd), and Pb, respectively. The Contamination Factor (CF) and Ecological Risk Index (Er) calculation showed that the soil samples were heavily polluted. Furthermore, HMs concentrations were usually high throughout the autumn season at all three investigated sites. The elevated concentrations observed during autumn season may be due to reduced rainfall and limited leaching, resulting in increased accumulation of HMs in upper soil layers. It may be concluded that human activities have an influence on soil health, and these findings might emphasize the need of preserving soil health and sustainability from HMs contamination induced by neighboring activities such as electricity generation facilities.

Smart River Cleaning Bot

This paper introduces the development of a Smart River Cleaning Bot designed to mitigate the growing issue of water contamination in rivers and other natural water bodies. The bot integrates artificial intelligence for recognizing and classifying waste, along with robotic components to efficiently collect and manage floating debris. It supports both autonomous and manual modes of operation and is equipped with a robotic arm for precise extraction, a conveyor belt for bulk waste transport, and pH sensors for monitoring water quality in real time. The detection system utilizes the YOLO algorithm, trained on a custom dataset, enabling fast and accurate identification of various waste types. With its modular structure and affordability, the bot is suitable for widespread use across urban and rural settings. This solution aims to enhance waste management efficiency, minimize human involvement, and support sustainable environmental practices.

Remediation of Lead-Contaminated Sludge for Soil Conditioning Using Waste Lemon Peel

Enhancing soil fertility, organic matter, and nutrient content through sludge application to agricultural land is a promising approach to improve crop efficiency. Waste lemon peel, considered agricultural waste, has potential as a remediation agent for lead-contaminated sewage. This study examines the physical and chemical properties of lemon peel extract to evaluate its potential as a substitute for commercial fertilizer. The response surface methodology was employed to investigate the factors influencing the process. A multi-objective numerical optimization technique based on the desirability function was used to identify the optimal conditions for lead removal efficiency in contaminated wastewater. The study focuses on parameters such as pH, extractant concentration, and contact time. The optimization analysis achieved a maximum removal efficiency (ER) of 94.42% at a pH of 5.0, an extractant concentration of 20 g/L, and a contact time of 135 minutes. Under optimal conditions, the highest lead removal efficiency was 90.50%, while the lowest efficiency observed was 47.0%. The findings of this study underscore the significant issue of environmental contamination, particularly with heavy metals like lead, and highlight the necessity for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions. The effective use of lemon peel extract demonstrates its potential as a viable alternative for remediating lead-contaminated wastewater.

A combined model method was used to identify the main influencing factors of soil heavy metal pollution sources in Qian river, China

The issue of soil heavy metal contamination has garnered significant global attention, with the identification of heavy metal sources and their driving factors being crucial for the prevention and management of soil heavy metal pollution. This study introduces a comprehensive source-driver model integrating the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and Geo-detector Model (GDM). Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to quantify the concentrations of eight heavy metals in the soils of the lower reaches of the Qian River. The findings revealed that: (1) The average concentrations of the 8 heavy metals did not exceed the risk screening thresholds for soil environmental quality. Specifically, the mean concentrations of Ni, Zn, As, and Cd were 42.16, 102.07, 18.23, and 0.32 mg kg−1, respectively, which are 1.46, 1.47, 3.7, and 6.17 times higher than the background values for soil in Shaanxi Province, with Cd exhibiting a coefficient of variation of 0.58. This high degree of variation is attributed to anthropogenic activities. Spatially, each heavy metal was more heavily concentrated in the southeastern and northwestern regions of the study area. (2) The results of PMF model showed that soil heavy metals in the study area mainly came from nature, industry, agriculture, and traffic, and the contribution of each source was 19.12%, 23.42%, 36.85% and 20.61%. Notably, agricultural sources emerged as the predominant contributors to soil pollution in the region. (3) GDM and GWR results showed that distance from village, soil type and elevation were the main drivers of soil heavy metal pollution sources in the study area. This study provides a reference for the analysis of soil heavy metal sources, and the results can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of soil heavy metal pollution in the study area.

Methods for Nucleic Acid Extraction from Ticks: Challenges and Potential for Advancement.

Background: DNA extraction from ticks is essential for research on tick-borne diseases, yet the methodologies currently employed exhibit significant variability in terms of yield and purity. This systematic review aims to consolidate existing literature on DNA extraction from ticks, evaluate the various methodologies, challenges, and research gap. Methodology: A systematic review of existing literature was conducted to assess the efficacy, yield, and purity of DNA extracted from various tick species using the aforementioned methods. Comparative analyses focused on factors such as extraction efficiency, contamination issues, and the impact of tick exoskeleton resilience. Results: Phenol-chloroform extraction achieved high DNA yields (50-100 ng/µL) but posed safety risks and was time-consuming. Silica-based methods provided yields of 40-80 ng/µL, effective for many species but less so for those with high microbial loads. Magnetic bead-based extraction offered rapid results with yields ranging from 20 to 70 ng/µL, although it faced challenges such as bead carryover and equipment requirements. Variability in extraction efficiency was noted across different tick species, necessitating method optimization. Conclusion: The review identified several critical research gaps in DNA extraction methods for tick-borne disease diagnostics and research. Currently, methods such as mechanical disruption combined with chemical lysis and column-based methods have shown effectiveness in extracting DNA from ticks, but they come with limitations, including high cost, labor intensity, and reduced efficiency under certain conditions. Despite their utility, these methods often face challenges in resource-limited settings or in varying environmental conditions. To address these issues, there is a need for standardized protocols, cost-effective extraction techniques, and longitudinal studies to evaluate performance under diverse conditions. By addressing these gaps, we can improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance our understanding of tick-borne diseases, and advance both research and public health efforts.

Water Quality Monitoring System Based on IOT

This initiative tackles the pressing issue of water contamination within the broader context of globalenvironmental challenges. It proposes an affordable, real-time water quality monitoring system powered byInternet of Things (IoT) technology. The system utilizes a network of sensors to monitor critical physical andchemical characteristics, including temperature, pH levels, turbidity, and water flow. An Arduino microcontrolleracts as the central processing unit, integrating and analyzing the data from the sensors. This information is thentransmitted over Wi-Fi to a cloud-based platform, enabling remote access and analysis. The system’s architecturedemonstrates its potential to protect water resources, foster environmental sustainability, and promoteeconomic development—particularly in rural communities. By utilizing sensors for turbidity, pH, and TDS, thesystem effectively evaluates water potability. Continuous monitoring is made possible by transmitting data fromvarious water sources, including wells, lakes, and rivers, to an integrated development environment (IDE) andsubsequently to a cloud server. This project highlights the significance of real-time data for informed decision-making in water resource management.

Regional Gross Primary Productivity Estimation Using Passive Microwave Observations From China's Fengyun‐3B Satellite

AbstractIn this study, we present the development and validation of a microwave‐based regional gross primary productivity (GPP) estimation method, EDVI‐GPP, using the Emissivity Difference Vegetation Index (EDVI) retrieved from the China's Fengyun‐3B satellite over East Asia for the period 2016–2018. Given the common issue of cloud cover contamination in optical remote sensing, microwave remote sensing is explored as a viable alternative due to its ability to penetrate clouds. Our approach is substantiated with in situ GPP measurements from 18 eddy covariance flux sites and comparative analysis against four satellite‐derived GPP products. At a daily scale, EDVI‐GPP demonstrated proficiency in capturing day‐to‐day variations of GPP on a regional scale, exhibiting a strong correlation with in situ measurements. When extended to an 8‐day temporal resolution, EDVI‐GPP correlations (R2 = 0.51) are comparable to MODIS‐GPP (R2 = 0.59), FLUXCOM‐GPP (R2 = 0.66), GLASS‐GPP (R2 = 0.53), and VODCA2‐GPP (R2 = 0.13), with a reduced bias of −0.84 gC/m2/day. Notably, under moderate to heavy cloud cover, the method maintained superior performance, suggesting resilience to cloud interference. On a regional scale, EDVI‐GPP exhibited spatial consistency and high spatiotemporal correlation with the compared GPP products (R = 0.69–0.83). Such robust correlations lay the groundwork for the method's application across broader geographical extents. The annual averaged EDVI‐GPP of China was 6.00 Pg C yr−1, which was in close agreement with other published estimates and thereby supported China's carbon peak and carbon neutrality objectives. This research marks a pioneering effort to incorporate microwave‐derived variables into daily GPP estimation on a regional scale, with potential for global application, providing a less cloud‐affected and reliable measurement.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Sironcha Tehsil, Maharashtra: Physico-Chemical Characterization and Health Risk Assessment

The easy access to the clean drinking water is a requisite for the health of dependent population. However drinking water quality degradation remains a significant challenge, especially in the regions, where groundwater acts as a key source. The groundwater regimes are more vulnerable to the contamination, because of its physical setup. Hence, thoughtful efforts are certainly needed to take over groundwater contamination issues. This study evaluates the physico- chemical quality of drinking water from Sironcha Tehsil of Gadchiroli District in the state of Maharashtra, India, by analysing the parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, Nitrate, Chloride, Fluoride, and Iron. The results were then compared with the standards prescribed by WHO, to depict the contamination patterns. Apart of the pH and fluoride, rest of the parameters comprising TDS, nitrate, and iron were exceeding the safe thresholds in several samples. The elevated nitrate levels could be attributed to the agricultural runoff; whereas, the geo-genic sources could be held accountable for the high iron concentrations. These apexes pose an undisputed health risk to the dependent population. The correlations among parameters were also measured to sort out the probable contamination sources. In comprehensive picture, the findings underscore the need for targeted water treatment and sustainable management strategies for the study area. This study provides critical insights for the policymakers and public health officials, emphasizing regular monitoring and region specific interventions to ensure safe drinking water.

A double cross-linked film based on carboxymethyl chitosan binding with L-cysteine/ oxidized konjac glucomannan with slow-release of nisin for food preservation.

A double cross-linked film based on carboxymethyl chitosan binding with L-cysteine/ oxidized konjac glucomannan with slow-release of nisin for food preservation.

Discovery and solution for microplastics: New risk carriers in food.

Discovery and solution for microplastics: New risk carriers in food.

Proper reference selection and re-referencing to mitigate bias in single pulse electrical stimulation data.

Proper reference selection and re-referencing to mitigate bias in single pulse electrical stimulation data.

Sanger sequencing reveals <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> was the most common cross-contamination of gastrointestinal endoscopy

A common cause of nosocomial infections is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Has become a significant pathogen over the last two decades, accounting for 10% to 20% of infections in many hospitals. It demonstrates an inherent resistance to numerous antibiotics. This study was aimed to utilized advanced molecular techniques to identified Pseudomonas spp. that caused cross-contamination of stomach biopsies specimens taken by gastrointestinal endoscopy and its resistance to some common used antibiotics. A total of sixty-one biopsy tissue samples were taken from patients suffering of gastrointestinal disorder at Al-Karama and Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospitals. Bacterial species were identified by traditional techniques (Gram stain and biochemical tests) and molecular techniques (16S rRNA PCR-based techniques and Sanger sequencing) methods. On average 54.1% showed bacterial growth, 56.0% of them was identified as Pseudomonas.spp (P.aeruginosa and P.nitroreducens). In this study, P.aeruginosa was identified as the most prevalent contaminant associated with gastrointestinal endoscopies. It known to cause opportunistic and severe co-infections in patients. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of its kind identified and studied P.nitroreducens as a contaminant in Iraqi patients. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done and isolates showed various resistance and sensitivity patterns (high antibiotic resistance to Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, Erythromycin and Trimethoprim, and low antibiotic resistance to Amikacin, Gentamicin, Levofloxacin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam). This study highlights attention to the critical issue of contamination in gastrointestinal endoscopes due to inadequate sterilization. Molecular methods especially Sanger sequencing proved more accurate than traditional identification. To the best of our knowledge, this study reveals new bacterial species in hospitals in Iraq. Additionally, the isolated bacterial species demonstrated various patterns of resistance and sensitivity based on antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Harnessing Hydroxyapatite: A Review on Synthesis and Green Solution for Cadmium and Lead Contamination in Wastewater

Abstract: Wastewater management has emerged as a critical global challenge in the contemporary era. Several contaminants, like textile dyes, heavy metals, non-metals, various organic compounds, etc., are discharged into water sources, causing a significant threat to the ecosystem. With the limited availability of water resources, it is required to adopt green and sustainable wastewater treatment methods aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 7, and 13. This review paper draws insights on Hydroxyapatite (HAP), a versatile sustainable material derived from waste sources, both biological and non-biological sources, as a promising candidate for sustainable wastewater treatment. The study described the innovations using wastes for the synthesis of HAP by diverse methods like wet, dry, high-temperature, and hybrid methods, offering flexibility and adaptability in tailoring HAP material to particular applications. Additionally, the potential to fabricate HAP in various nanoscale structures, like nanoribbons, nanoflakes, and nanocomposites, further exalts its ability for effective contaminant removal. Cadmium and Lead are the key heavy metals of significant interest, have detrimental effects on various environmental factors, and their presence necessitates effective removal strategies. HAP, with its innate properties like high stability, swift kinetics, good adsorption capacity, and availability, has emerged as a promising waste-derived adsorbent for the removal of hazardous Cd and Lead ions. This review paper provides insights on a comprehensive overview of research works on HAP-based wastewater treatment, extending its potential to address the issue of heavy metal contamination and highlighting the universal principle ‘One Health’- the health of the ecosystem and its parts.

Congener-specific transfer modelling of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in free-ranging cattle grazing in the Dutch floodplains

Cattle grazing in the Dutch floodplains are exposed to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (dioxins) and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) through the consumption of grass and adhering soil. This can lead to elevated dioxin and dl-PCB levels in meat fat. To manage this contamination issue, the kinetics of these compounds in cattle need to be better understood. This study describes the development and application of a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model to predict dioxin and dl-PCB levels in muscle fat of ‘Rode Geus’ cattle based on measured levels in grass and soil. Calibration of the model was performed separately for each congener, using measured dioxin and dl-PCB levels in various tissues of 14 animals. Model validation performed using dioxin and dl-PCB samples of 14 other cattle, showed that PBK model predictions were on average a factor 2.4 higher than the measured dioxin and dl-PCB TEQ levels in fat. Despite this difference, the model may still be particularly useful to better understand the relation between environmental dioxin and dl-PCB levels and those in cattle. The model is publicly available with a user-friendly interface on www.feedfoodtransfer.nl and may provide relevant insights for risk assessment and risk management.

Methods for Eliminating Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Pollution for Ultradeep Source Rock Cuttings: A Case from the Kuqa Depression, NW China.

Obtaining core samples from ultradeep hydrocarbon source rocks poses significant challenges, and the more readily available hydrocarbon source rock cuttings are often contaminated to varying degrees by oil-based drilling fluids (OBDF). This makes it difficult to obtain the real geochemical characteristics of ultradeep hydrocarbon source rocks, which is one of the key problems faced by ultradeep oil and gas exploration at present. To address the issue of OBDF contamination in rock cuttings, this study examines rock cuttings from well T in the Kuqa Depression (∼6980 m) and cores from other wells within the same stratigraphic position as examples. By comparing molecular geochemical parameters from both cores and rock cuttings, this study evaluates the decontamination effects of three different treatment methods: twice-extraction method (TEM), extraction method of hydrocarbons from kerogen adsorption (EMHK), and microablation. Results reveal significant differences in biomarker compounds extracted from source rock cuttings processed by TEM. Biomarkers from the first extraction are largely consistent with those of oil-based drilling fluids, which indicates that the rock cuttings have suffered from different degrees of contamination. Big particle rock cuttings exhibit relatively lower contamination levels, and their biomarker compounds from the second extraction are similar to those from the core. On the other hand, biomarker compounds extracted by EMHK differ notably from those in oil-based drilling fluids and exhibit partial similarity with uncontaminated core samples, but certain parameters remain inconsistent, likely due to incomplete pretreatment (e.g., insufficient solvent washing before kerogen making). In contrast, biomarker parameters and GC-MS spectra of surface-stripping powders obtained via microablation initially show contamination similar to OBDF. However, biomarker parameters and GC-MS spectra from the inner portions of big particles processed via microablation closely align with those of uncontaminated cores, reflecting the authentic geochemical characteristics of source rocks. Comparatively, TEM demonstrates incomplete decontamination, and the effectiveness of EMHK is heavily influenced by the thoroughness of pretreatment. Microablation effectively reveals the true biogenic signature of ultradeep hydrocarbon source rocks. Thus, the broader adoption and application of microablation techniques hold great promise for advancing global ultradeep hydrocarbon exploration.