Isopropylamine Research Articles

Coexistence of GABAA and GABAB receptors on A delta and C primary afferents.

Intracellular recordings from adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurones were performed in vitro and the coexistence of two gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors on the membrane of identified A delta and C primary afferents was demonstrated. Transient applications of GABA (10(-6)-10(-2) M) evoked dose-dependent depolarizations and increased membrane conductance. The responses were mimicked by muscimol, isoguvacine, THIP and 3 amino propane sulphonic acid (3 APS); they were blocked by bicuculline and picrotoxin. Pentobarbitone induced an increase of GABA-induced depolarizations. Perfusion of tetraethylammonium (TEA, 7.5 mM) and intracellular injection of Cs+ ions unmasked the Ca2+ component of action potentials, which appeared as long-lasting plateau depolarizations. Such action potentials were shortened in the presence of methoxyverapamil (D600, 5 X 10(-6)-10(-5) M) and in a medium without Ca+ ions. Prolonged (5-10 min) perfusion of GABA (10(-9)-10(-5) M) shortened the Ca2+ component of action potentials. This effect was mimicked by baclofen (10(-7)-5 X 10(-6) M) and muscimol (5 X 10(-7)-10(-5) M) and was not affected by bicuculline perfusion (5 X 10(-6)-10(-5) M). Isoguvacine (2.5 X 10(-5) M) did not affect action potential duration. It is concluded that two GABA receptors coexist on the membrane of slow conducting primary afferents: the bicuculline-sensitive GABAA receptor mediates depolarizations and the bicuculline-insensitive GABAB receptor shortens the calcium component of action potentials.

Studies on whitening phenomena induced by some non‐solvents on highly oriented glassy polymers

AbstractWhitening phenomena, characterized by optically opaque regions when a highly oriented glassy polymer is immersed in some liquids, were investigated as a function of temperature, extent of molecular orientation, different solvent and molecular weight, using oriented polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) obtained by hot‐stretching and cold drawn polycarbonate (PC). Whitened PMMA is highly porous resembling foamed plastics and shows the same Tg as in unwhitened PMMA, while whitened PC is denser with much smaller pores and exhibits melting behavior characteristic of solvent‐induced crystallinity. Whitening progresses with a sharp boundary between whitened and unwhitened layers, which advanced at a constant velocity. This feature is similar to Case II transport. However, whitening differs from Case II sorption in that it only occurs in highly oriented polymers in contact with liquids of negligible sorption. Activation enthalpy of 44.1 and 39.7 kcal/mol has been found in a certain temperature range for PMMA/N‐methyl formamide (N‐MF) and PC/di‐isopropyl amine (DIPA) respectively. At a given temperature, a higher extent of orientation leads to faster whitening process. Entropy correlation theory, in which the decrease in the configurational entropy (ΔSc) due to orientation is assumed to approximate an inerease in the activation entropy, was employed to correlate the dependency of the whitening rate on orientation. For hotstretched PMMA, where ΔSc is proportionl to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\alpha ^2 + 2/\alpha - 3) $\end{document} since affine deformation applies, a good correlation is observed. For cold drawn PC, correlation was poor, probably because ΔSc cannot be expressed to be proportational to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\alpha ^2 + 2/\alpha - 3) $\end{document}. In PMMA, when the molecular weight is in the same order as the average molecular weight between entanglements, the orientation and the whitening rate are both lower than higher molecular weight speciments. This may be due to a smaller number of chain entanglements and consequent chain slippage. In PMMA, whitening induced liquids seem to have a solubility parameter somewhat greater (2.5 ∼ 5.0) than that of PMMA. For PC, no consistent tendency is found.

Chemical and Cultural Methods for Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Control in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

A field study was conducted to develop systems using cultural and chemical methods for control of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylonL.) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.). Several control options were promising. On areas prepared either with a moldboard plow or a disk, the sodium and magnesium salts of dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) at 4.7 kg/ha directed to 25-cm-high cotton and repeated at the 40-cm height or the ethyl ester of difenopenten {4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy] phenoxy]-2-pentenoic acid} directed to 15-cm-high cotton and repeated at the 30-cm height, with either standard or close cultivation as needed, provided good bermudagrass control. On areas prepared with a moldboard plow, the isopropyl amine salt of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 4.4 kg/ha over-the-top as a fall application with cultivation as needed was promising.

Thermal decomposition of ethyl and isopropyl amine perchlorates

Thermal decomposition of ethyl and isopropyl amine perchlorates has been studied by methods such as DTA, TG, isothermal weight loss measurements and the decomposition products have been analyzed in a mass spectrometer. Activation energy values for thermal decomposition have been calculated fromα-t plots. The proton transfer dissociation mechanism proposed for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) has been extended to explain the decomposition products of these twosubstituted amine perchlorates.

Charge transfer initiation of methylmethacrylate by isopropylamine

Methylmethacrylate (MMA) can be initiated by charge transfer complexes (i) formed by the interaction of aliphatic amines and MMA and (ii) formed by the interaction of aliphatic amines and carbon tetrachloride in a solvent like N-N dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) or chloroform. This paper reports the polymerization of MMA by isopropylamine (IPA) in the presence of CCl 4 in DMSO at 30. The rate of polymerization, R p increases rapidly with CCl 4 up to a concentration of 0.25 mol l −1 but, for a higher concentration, it is practically independent of the CCl 4 concentration. R p is proportional to (IPA concentration) 1 2 and to power of (MMA concentration) 1.30 when [CCl 4] ⩾ [IPA]. The average rate constant, k, is 2.1 × 10 −6 l mol · 1 sec − 1.

Modification of Herbicide Binding to Photosystem II in Two Biotypes of Senecio vulgaris L

THE PRESENT STUDY COMPARES THE BINDING AND INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF TWO PHOTOSYSTEM II INHIBITORS: 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron [DCMU]) and 2-chloro-4-(ethylamine)-6-(isopropyl amine)-S-triazene (atrazine). Chloroplasts isolated from naturally occurring triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant biotypes of common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) showed the following characteristics. (a) Diuron strongly inhibited photosynthetic electron transport from H(2)O to 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol in both biotypes. Strong inhibition by atrazine was observed only with the susceptible chloroplasts. (b) Hill plots of electron transport inhibition data indicate a noncooperative binding of one inhibitor molecule at the site of action for both diuron and atrazine. (c) Susceptible chloroplasts show a strong diuron and atrazine binding ((14)C-radiolabel assays) with binding constants (K) of 1.4 x 10(-8) molar and 4 x 10(-8) molar, respectively. In the resistant chloroplasts the diuron binding was slightly decreased (K = 5 x 10(-8) molar), whereas no specific atrazine binding was detected. (d) In susceptible chloroplasts, competitive binding between radioactively labeled diuron and non-labeled atrazine was observed. This competition was absent in the resistant chloroplasts.We conclude that triazine resistance of both intact plants and isolated chloroplasts of Senecio vulgaris L. is based upon a minor modification of the protein in the photosystem II complex which is responsible for herbicide binding. This change results in a specific loss of atrazine (triazine)-binding capacity.

Mechanism of radiation‐induced addition reaction of carbon tetrachloride onto liquid 1,2‐polybutadiene accompanied by cyclization

AbstractEffects of irradiation conditions were investigated in the γ‐ray‐induced addition reaction of carbon tetrachloride onto liquid 1,2‐polybutadiene. The rate of addition reaction was proportional to the dose rate, and its apparent activation energy was 1.4 kcal/mole in the range of ca. 20–80°C; the G values for the addition of carbon tetrachloride and vinyl consumption were high. The addition reactions of methyl isobutylate, isopropyl amine, and bromotrichloromethane to liquid 1,2‐polybutadiene by γ rays were studied to compare with carbon tetrachloride. Methyl isobutylate and isopropyl amine were added much more slowly. On the other hand, in bromotrichloromethane the rate of addition reaction was much faster but cyclization was less pronounced than in carbon tetrachloride. On the basis of these results a mechanism of a radical chain reaction which includes the addition of carbon tetrachloride, cyclization, and crosslinking, is proposed.

Folgeprodukte halogenierter Aldehyde. XVI [1]. Untersuchungen über Chloralammoniak

Derivatives of Halogenated Aldehydes. XVI. Investigations of ChloralammoniaN‐(1,2,2,2‐Tetrachloroethyl)trichloroacetaldimine 8 is formed by heating of chloral‐ammonia 2 with thionyl chloride. The reaction of 2 with phosphorus pentachloride in ether leads to a mixture of aldimine 8, 1,2,2,2‐tetrachloroethyl‐phosphorodichloridate 5, N‐(1,2,2,2‐tetrachloroethyl)‐phosphorimidic acid trichloride 6 and N‐(1,2,2,2‐tetrachloroethyl)‐phosphoramidic acid dichloride 7. From compound 7, the phosphoramidic acid ester 9, the substituted phosphoric acid triamide 10 and the N‐dichlorophosphoryl trichloroacetaldimine 11 are obtained on treatment with methanol, isopropyl amine or triethyl amine, respectively. Compound 9 is also formed from 6 by reaction with methanol. The data of i. r. spectra are concordant with the assigned structures of the compounds 6–11.

The effect of temperature on the optical spectra and the yields of solvated electrons and ion-pairs in amines

Optical absorption spectra for the solvated electron, es−, and ion-pairs, (Na+, es−), have been observed in methylamine (MA), ethylamine (EA), and isopropylamine (IPA), at temperatures ranging from 184 to 338 K. Changes in the (Na+, es−) spectra, relative to es−, are consistent with a gradual transition in the ion-pair structure toward a more 'electron-like' entity with decreasing temperature and increasing solvent polarity. Extinction coefficients, εmax(es−) = 3.3 ± 0.2, 3.2 ± 0.5, and 3.2 ± 0.5 × 104 M−1 cm−1 in MA, EA, and IPA respectively. Corresponding values for the ion-pairs, εmax(Na+, es−) = 2.5 ± 0.2, 2.1 ± 0.2, and 1.9 ± 0.2 × 104 M−1 cm−1.In EA and IPA, the yield [Formula: see text] (molecules/100 eV) shows a marked solute concentration dependence. This is consistent with an empirical scavenging model from which the escaped solvated G(es−)esc and spur G(es−)spur electrons are estimated as G(es−)esc = 0.5 and 0.4, G(es−)spur = 1.8 and 1.4, giving G(es−)total = 2.3 and 1.8 in EA and IPA, respectively. In MA, [Formula: see text] = G(es−)esc = 2.25 ± 0.2, independent of solute concentration.

Effect of Herbicides on Production and Protein Levels in Pasture Grasses1

AbstractField studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of spring application of picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid), tebuthiuron (N‐[5‐(1,l‐dimethylethyl)‐1,3, 4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl] ‐N,N′‐dimethylurea), 2,4‐D (isopropyl amine of (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid), and glypho‐ sate (N‐[phosphonomethyl]glycine) on five grasses. The grasses were Common and ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.), buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) and an F1 apomictic buffel × birdwood (Cenchrus setigerus Vahl.) hybrid. Grasses were grown in soils classified as either a vertic albaqualf (bermudagrasses) or vertic haplustoll (klein‐ grass, buffelgrass, buffel × birdwood hybrid). All grasses tolerated (with regard to productivity) rates up to 2.2 kg/ha of 2,4‐D applied at all dates, and March applications of glyphosate. Common bermudagrass and klein‐ grass were tolerant to March and April applications of tebuthiuron, with later applications (June) causing reduced production. Coastal bermudagrass was tolerant to tebuthiuron applied in March but not April or June. The only adverse effects of picloram were noted for March applications to Common bermudagrass and all dates for Coastal bermudagrass. The herbicides used had little effect on protein concentration in Coastal bermudagrass. Picloram, tebuthiuron and 2,4‐D reduced protein concentrations in the buffel × birdwood hybrid. Glyphosate caused increases in protein levels in buffelgrass and kleingrass.

Optical spectra and yields of solvated electrons and metal-electron species in alkali metal systems

The effect of solvent on the optical spectra of solvated electrons, e–s, cation-electron aggregates, (M+, e–s), and alkali metal anions, M–, is discussed for a variety of alkali metal systems. With increasing solvent polarity the optical band maxima shift toward the blue with the solvent dependence decreasing significantly in the order (M+, e–s) > e–s > M–. The relative differences are interpreted in terms of ion-pairing and cation solvation. In ethylamine + ammonia mixtures only the e–s band exhibits a pronounced dependence on solvent composition consistent with preferential solvation by NH3 molecules.Initial yields of e–s measured by pulse radiolysis in methylamine (MA), ethylamine (EA) and isopropylamine (IPA) correspond to G(e–s)∼ 2, whereas the fraction of electrons escaping the spur decreases markedly in the order MA > EA > IPA. The results indicate that the decay processes for e–s in MA (and NH3) are slow compared with the rate of diffusion. In EA and IPA the decay is markedly temperature dependent and at temperatures approaching the freezing point is comparable with that in MA. This leads to an escaped yield approaching that observed for MA.

Circular dichroism—LXIX

Abstract The complexes of formula [CuSu 2 Am 2 * ] formed in situ from amino steroids (Am * ) and a methylene chloride solution of the complex [CuSu 2 Pr 2 ] (Su: succinimidate; Pr: isopropyl amine) show in the range of the d-d bands two Cotton effects at approx. 700 (Band I) and 600 nm (Band II), whose signs are correlated with the preferred torsion angle of the H 2 N-Cu moiety: a positive torsion angle leads to a positive CD-band I and to a negative CD-band II. These complexes form useful Cottonogenic derivatives of primary amino compounds.

Spectrophotormetric determination of microgram amounts of copper(II) with succinimide in presence of aliphatic amines

Succinimide has been employed for the spectrophotomet r ic determinat ion o fcopper ( I I ) in presence o f aliphatic amines. The mixed ligand complexes o f the type [Cu(succ.)2(A)2] o f ink blue colour are formed in the p H range f rom 4 . 0 1 0 . 5 . The value o f stability constant when A = iso-butyl amine is 7.5 x 105 and when A = iso-propyl amine is 8.2 x 105. The complex of isobutyl amine was found to obey Lamber t Beer's law, as determined f rom R i n g b o m plot, over the concent ra t ion range f rom 1 4 1 7 8 ppm and of isopropyl amine f rom 1 3 1 0 0 ppm for 1 cm cell at 590 nm. The mean sensitivities for these two complexes are 0.038 gg and 0.02 gg/cm2/0.005 absorbance unit. The blue colour formed when A = ammonia , methyle amine or ethyle amine, is not sufficiently strong to be o f much value in small amoun t analysis.

Metabolism of n-propylamine, isopropylamine, and 1,3-propane diamine by Mycobacterium convolutum.

Mycobacterium convolutum strain NPA-1 can utilize n-propylamine (NPA), isopropylamine (IPA), and 1,3-propane diamine (PD) as sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Enzyme assays, fatty acid profiles, and 14CO2 incorporation experiments indicate that NPA is deaminated to propionate and further metabolized via the methylmalonyl succinate pathway, and IPA and PD were metabolized (after deamination) through a C2 + C1 cleavage. An inducible amine dehydrogenase was present in cell extracts after growth on the three amines. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell extracts from NPA- and IPA-grown cells yielded one major band of amine dehydrogenase activity. When extracts of NPA-grown cells were assayed with NPA, IPA, or PD as substrate, the relative position of the major band on gel electrophoresis was equivalent. Similar results were obtained with extracts prepared from IPA-grown cells. Sephadex G-100 chromatography also indicated one major peak of activity. This suggests that one enzyme of broad specificity is involved in deamination of IPA, NPA, and PD. IPA-grown cells utilized NPA readily, whereas NPA-grown cells could not utilize IPA without lag. Since amine dehydrogenase activity was present in extracts of cells after growth on either substrate, this lag was probably due to the inability to transport IPA without an induction period. The molecular weight of the amine dehydrogenase was approximately 38,500 as determined by gel filtration.

The photochemical reactions of 1,3-dimethyluracil with 1-aminopropane and poly-L-lysine.

Abstract— Irradiation of 1,3–dimethyluracil (DMU) in 1–aminopropane (AP) with u.v. light resulted in the formation of reduced and dimeric forms of DMU and adducts between DMU and AP. The formation of these compounds may be rationalized from the activation of either DMU or AP. Irradiation of DMU and poly‐l‐lysine in water with u.v. light resulted in the extensive binding of DMU to poly‐l‐lysine. The pyrimidine is probably attached to the ε‐carbon of the polypeptide at the 6–position. The biological implications of these studies are discussed.

Pulse radiolytic investigation of aliphatic amines in aqueous solution

The rates of reaction of hydroxyl radicals with various aliphatic amines have been determined as a function of pH. These include methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, trimethyl and triethyl amines. Rate constants of ap 3 × 10 8 dm 3 mol −1s −1 for protonated amines and ap 1 × 10 10 dm 3 mol −1s −1 for unprotonated amines have been obtained. This marked difference is attributed to the electrophilic character of the hydroxyl radical and its unfavorable interaction with the positive center. The transient absorption spectra of the various aminoalkyl and alkylamino radicals produced from the reaction of OH radicals with these amines were derived over the pH range 3–13. The transient species produced from trimethyl and triethyl amines have absorption maxima at ap 260 nm, all the other amines showed no maxima down to ap 230 nm, the limit imposed by experimental condictions. Strong pH dependence of the initial transient absorption is observed for all the amines examined. These changes are caused by the acid-base dissociation of the radicals, and by changes in the site of OH radical attack. Generally, it can be stated that hydrogen atom abstraction by OH radicals from unprotonated amines takes place mainly from an α-position and/or from hydrogen bonded to nitrogen, whereas abstraction from protonated amines occurs mainly at positions β- and/or γ-from the  ▪H group.

Electron Spin Resonance Studies of the Radiolysis of Aliphatic Amines at 77 °K

Several frozen aliphatic amines have been γ-irradiated at 77 °K and the electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) spectra of the trapped radicals obtained at 77 °K and on warming. Radiolysis of methyl, ethyl and isopropyl amines produces predominantly alkylamino [Formula: see text] radicals. The proton hyperfine (h.f.) couplings of [Formula: see text] radicals are 10–30% larger than those in the corresponding isoelectronic alkyl radicals and the parallel component of the 14N coupling is about 35 G. Restricted rotation of alkyl groups occurs at 77 °K in some cases. On warming from 77 °K, the [Formula: see text] radicals generally abstract from the solvent or isomerize to produce radicals of the aminoalkyl type (e.g. RĊHNH2). The alkyl proton h.f. splittings of these latter radicals are 20–40% lower than in the corresponding alkyl radicals, and the observed 14N coupling was [Formula: see text] in ĊH2NR2 and [Formula: see text] in (CH3)2ĊNH2 and CH3ĊHNH2. The amino proton couplings in the aminoalkyl radicals were not resolved. Irradiated dimethylamine produces both (CH3)2N and CH2N(CH3) radicals, but (CH3)2N disappears on warming. Only ĊH2N(CH3)2 was observed after irradiation of (CH3)3N at 77 °K. Solid methoxyamine (giving CH3ONH) and tert-butyl-amine were also studied.

Determination of amphetamine as its N-acetyl derivative by gas-liquid chromatography

A method is proposed for the determination of amphetamine (phenyl-1-(2-amino) propane) as its N-acetyl derivative. As little as 100 nanograms can be detected, using a column suitable also for the determination of barbiturate drugs.

Effects of Some Spray Adjuvants on DDT Emulsifiable Concentrate

A laboratory study was made on the effects of some metallic salts and cationic surface-active agents on the deposition of DDT emulsifiable concentrate sprays. An anionic surface-active agent, Atlox 3300® (isopropyl amine dodecyl benzene sulfonate), was used as the emulsifier for the DDT spray. The adjuvants were injected into the spray stream at various concentrations during the spraying operation. Beeswax- and collodion-coated glass vials were used as the standard surfaces for spraying. The total amount of spray deposit was determined by weight and the quantity of DDT by chemical analysis. The effectiveness of the metallic salts in increasing spray deposits was in the following order: FeCl3·6H2O>Pb (NO3)2>CaCl2·2H2O>ZnCl2>MgCl2·6H2O. The effectiveness of cationic surface-active agents was in the following order: Armac 18D® (acetic acid salts of fatty amine) >Armac C® (acetic acid salts of fatty amine)>Hyamine 2389® (methyl dodecyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) > CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bormide) >Emcol E-607® N-(laurol colaminoformylmethyl) pyridinium chloride> Arguad 12-50® (alkyl quaternary ammonium chloride) > Ethomeen C/15® (ethoxylated tertiary amine). The change in dynamic surface tension was related to spray deposit, i.e., the adjuvants which increased the dynamic surface tension also increased the amounts of spray deposit. A converse relation was also demonstracted. When water and xylene were emulsified with the anionic surface-active agent, an oil-in-water type of emulsion was formed. With the exception of Ethomeen C/15, the addition of adjuvants produced an inverted type of water-in-oil emulsion. In the case of the cationic surface-active agents, further addition reverted the water-in-oil to an oil-in-water type of emulsion. The adjuvants reacted with the DDT emulsion spray to form a precipitate and the adhesive quality of this precipitate appeared to influence the quantity of the spray deposit. The nature of the sprayed surface also influenced the quantity of the deposit, the amount being lower on a collodion than on a beeswax surface.

CHLORPHENTERMINE S.A. IN THE TREATMENT OF OBESITY AND THE EFFECT OF WEIGHT LOSS ON STEROID EXCRETION.

A number of trials have been undertaken to test the efficacy of chlorphentermine (l-(p-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl 2-amino propane hydrochloride ; Lucofen) as an anorectic agent, and it has been shown to be superior to placebo (Lucey and Hadden, 1962 ; Levin et al., 1963). Recently a sustained-action chlor phentermine (chlorphentermine S.A.) has become available and has been used by Seaton et al. (1964) in a group of patients with refractory as defined by Duncan et al. (1960). Their results showed a small but significant loss of weight after six weeks by patients on chlorphentermine S.A. compared with those on a dummy preparation, but thereafter the loss of weight was not significant. For many obese patients the difficulties in losing weight by adherence to low-calorie diets are immense, and the availability of a drug which can act as an appetite suppressant would theoretically seem of advantage in such cases. In practice the anorectic agents, most of which are derived from amphetamine, have not only proved disappointing in the management of obesity but have also produced serious side-effects, including habituation and addiction (Kiloh and Brandon, 1962). Modell (1960) has suggested that the anorexigenic action of the amphetamines is closely related to their cortical excitatory action, a fact which probably accounts for their addictive quali ties. Chlorphentermine differs chemically from amphetamine (see Formulae) and appears to be metabolized differently, prob ably owing to the para-chloro substitution ; certainly neither in experimental animals (Holm et al., 1960) nor in therapeutic dosage in clinical practice (Levin et al., 1963) has chlorphentermine been reported to produce cortical stimulation.