ISA Brown Research Articles

The Response of Layer Hen Productivity and Egg Quality to an Additional Limestone Source When Offered Diets Differing in Calcium Concentrations and the Inclusion of Phytase.

Simple SummaryDietary calcium is essential for optimal egg production and quality in laying hens, but high concentrations can impede the digestibility of other dietary components. The provision of limestone grit in addition to the main diet may help maintain overall calcium intake while allowing a reduction in dietary calcium levels. The impact of phytase, an enzyme that increases calcium availability in the gut, on the voluntary consumption of limestone grit is unknown. Here, the capacity for hens with access to a separate limestone grit source to modify Ca consumption when offered varying dietary Ca levels and phytase was evaluated. Dietary phytase reduced limestone grit consumption. Egg production was unaffected by reducing dietary calcium levels or the phytase addition. Eggshell measurements worsened in line with decreasing dietary calcium levels despite the provision of limestone grit. In summary, the provision of limestone grit resulted in comparable egg production but not eggshell quality in hens offered suboptimal levels of dietary calcium. Laying hens require substantial quantities of calcium (Ca) to maintain egg production. However, maintaining recommended dietary Ca through inclusion of limestone may impede nutrient digestibility, including that of other minerals. It was hypothesized that providing a separate source of dietary Ca in the form of limestone grit would preserve Ca intake of hens offered diets containing suboptimal Ca concentrations. Furthermore, the impact of dietary phytase at a “superdosing” inclusion rate on the voluntary consumption of limestone grit was evaluated. One hundred and forty-four laying hens (19 weeks of age) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement comprising three dietary Ca concentrations (40, 30, and 20 g/kg) and ±dietary phytase (3500 FYT/kg diet) on an ad libitum basis for six weeks. Limestone grit (3.4 ± 1.0 mm) was provided to all hens ad libitum. Hens offered diets containing phytase consumed significantly less limestone grit p = 0.024). Egg weight, rate of lay, and egg mass were unaffected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). Egg shell weight % (p < 0.001), shell thickness (p < 0.001), and shell breaking strength (p < 0.01) decreased in line with dietary Ca levels. In summary, dietary superdosing with phytase reduced the consumption of a separate limestone source in individually housed, early lay ISA Brown hens. Egg shell quality variables but not egg production worsened in line with lower dietary Ca levels.

Comparative study on stress-induced hyperthermia, level of fear and behaviour of two genetically selected strains of domestic chicks to playback calls

Feed and alarm calls induce arousal in chicks, the former for feeding and the latter for danger. However, the response of birds genetically selected for meat or egg production to these calls have not been investigated. Thirty-six chicks each of the ISA Brown pullet and FUNAAB Alpha broiler (2 weeks old) were randomly allocated into three groups per strain and subjected to three playbacks: no call (NCP), feed call (FCP) and alarm call (ACP) continuously for 1 h. The test was carried out for 3 days/week for two weeks. The behaviours monitored were foraging, feeding, pecking (grouped as oral-related behaviour, ORB), freezing and clustering (grouped as fear-related behaviour, FRB). The eye (ET) and under wing (WT) temperatures were measured before and after each call and the change (ΔET and ΔWT) calculated. Tonic immobility (TI) test was performed after each call and the number of attempts to induce TI (NOATI) and the duration of TI (DTI) was recorded. Data on these two behavioural categories were subjected to General Linear Model analyses separately for each call having strain and day as fixed factors. The ΔET, ΔWT, NOATI and DTI were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. On both days, ΔET and ΔWT was similar after exposure to 1 h of FCP, ACP and NCP. FCP caused more (P < 0.001) ΔWT in pullet than broiler. Fear responses during FCP was not affected (P > 0.05) by day and strain. Strain × day interaction influenced (P < 0.05) only ORB, higher in the pullet on the 2nd day of FCP. Both strains showed similar ORB and FRB during FCP with ORB greater (P < 0.05) on the 2nd day. The ACP caused more (P < 0.05) ΔWT in broiler than pullet. Fear response to ACP was similar on both days. Although, DTI was similar for both strains, NOATI was greater (P < 0.001) in broiler than pullet. Interestingly, during NCP; ORB and FRB were similar on both days and for both strains. Although, fear response was similar on both days, DTI was greater (P < 0.05) in pullet than broiler. Finally, there was no significant (P > 0.05) strain × day or strain effects on ORB and FRB, with ORB greater (P < 0.05) on the 2nd day. In conclusion, pullet and broiler chicks showed greater arousal (higher ΔWT) to FCP and ACP, respectively. The pullets showed more fear responses during NCP and ACP than the broilers. The ORB and FRB were similar in both strains during each of the three calls.

EVALUATION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY BETWEEN THREE LINES OF CHICKENS BASED ON RAPD-PCR AND 18S rRNA GENE SEQUENCING IN ERBIL (IRAQI KURDISTAN REGION)

The current study was carried out to evaluate and identify the genetic variation between Local Black chicken lines with two commercial Layer (Isa Brown) and Broiler (Rose) breeds using RAPD markers and sequencing approach of 18s rRNA gene. From the result of the RAPD marker, all primers used were produced 152 scorable bands ranging from 2 to 9 with the size ranging from 320 to 2990 bp with percentage polymorphic loci 64.86% among chicken populations. The highest amplified fragments by primer OPC-11 and lowest by OPAA-03 were 24 and 8, respectively. The mean of the observed number of alleles (na), effective number of alleles (ne), gene diversity (h), Shannon's information index (I) for all loci found to be 1.6486, 1.5189, 0.2883 and 0.4129, respectively. The existence of a high level of polymorphisms and targeted (74) loci throughout all chicken populations/primers indicate sufficient genetic distance and more genetic variability among chicken populations using RAPD-PCR techniques. Result of blasted sequences of 18srRNA gene of local chicken has GenBank accession number MT808178 and MT808179 by BLAST tool against Gallus gallus, it showed the highest identity 95.74% and 94.88% for data of first and second part, respectively. The overall dendrograms clustered showed that the local chicken was closer to the commercial layer than to the broiler chicken lines. Therefore, it suggests that improving the local Black chicken line according to the layer breeding program to collect genetically invaluable genetic resources

English

Antibacterial is extensively used in poultry to enhance productivity. Inappropriate use could yield unsafe edible poultry products. The study aimed to investigate the pattern of antibacterial use in commercial layer poultry farms in Gombe metropolis. Semi-structured questionnaire was designed and validated. The questionnaire was administered to 38 layer poultry farms to obtain information on poultry farm practices. Data was analysed by inferential statistics using SPSS (Version 20). Of the 38 administered questionnaires, 33 (86.8%) were returned and analysed. Most farms had over 500 birds (69.7%, 23/33) and Isa Brown was the most predominant strain (x2= 63.11, df=3, p&lt; 0.05). Most farms conduct routine vaccination (93.9%, p&lt;0.05) and use mixed formulations (78.6%, p&lt;0.05) for prophylaxis (87.9%, p&lt;0.05). Seven of the nine used formulations (77.8%, p&lt;0.05) contain unapproved drugs. Farmers were aware of withdrawal period (84.8%) and the consequences of residues (60.6%) but most (75.8%) do not observe withdrawal period. The inappropriate antibacterial use in layer poultry in Gombe was high and oxytetracycline was the most predominant. Such practice could yield unsafe table eggs with dire health consequences. Key words: Antibacterial, residues, public health risks, layer poultry farms, table eggs.&nbsp;

Potensi Dedak Padi yang Difermentasi dengan Enzim Fitase dalam Pakan Basal Terhadap Kolesterol Total Darah Ayam Petelur

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of rice bran fermented by the enzyme phytase in basal feed to the total blood cholesterol level of laying hen. This research use an experimental method in vivo with a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments and four replications in each treatment. The experimental animals used 24 48-week-old female laying hen strain Isa Brown. The treatment wa given basal feed substituted with different percentage of fermented rice bran by phytase enzyme and 2% lemuru fish oil supplementation. In this research the amount of fermented rice bran by phytase enzyme substituted on basal feed was: treatment P0 (-) (0%), P0 (+) (0%), P1 (5%), P2 (10%) P3 (15%) and P4 (20%). The results of the statistical analysis showed that there are no significant differences (p&gt; 0.05) on total blood cholesterol levels in all treatments. The conclusion of the research is that rice bran fermented by phytase enzymes tends to decrease total blood cholesterol levels in laying hen.

The Impact of Effective Microorganisms (EM) on Egg Quality and Laying Performance of Chickens.

Chickens kept under modern production system are very small and contribute less than 2% of eggs and meat production in Ethiopia. In some parts of the country, effective microorganism (EM) has been used as a means of improving egg and meat production. However, there is information gap on the use and effect of EM on egg quality and laying performance of chickens in the local context. This study was conducted in Aksum University's poultry farm located at the main campus in Axum, to evaluate egg laying performance and quality of eggs in layer chickens treated with effective microorganisms in feed and water. In this experiment, 180 pullets of ISA Brown chickens with uniform age and weight were used and managed in a cage system. Chickens were subjected to 4 treatments with 3 replications, and each replication consisted of 15 chickens. Data collection was started at the first egg lay. Data including feed intake, conversion ratio, and age at first laying, laying percentage, and egg quality parameters were collected. Statistical analysis was carried out using JMP. Chickens fed with EM in feed and drinking water had higher egg production percentage. There was a significant difference in egg laying percentage between the treated and control groups (P < 0.001). Eggs from chickens given EM in feed and water were 6% heavier in weight than those from control birds. Lower feed daily intake (115.5 gram) and feed conversion rate (2.05) were achieved in chickens treated with EM in feed and water. Significant improvement on egg quality was revealed in chickens that received EM in feed and water. From this experiment, it can be concluded that the use of EM in feed and water improves egg production in layer chickens and therefore recommended for medium-scale poultry farms in Northern Ethiopia.

Effect of saline processed Icacinia manni (earthball) on performance, egg quality, blood profiles and carcass indices of laying hens

Twelve week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of 10 and 20% replacement of maize with Icacinia manni meal processed in saline on the laying performance, egg quality characteristics, internal organ evaluation, hematological and serum biochemistry of laying hens. Three experimental diets were formulated in which Icacinia manni processed in saline replaced maize at 0% for T1 (control) 10 and 20% for T2 and T3, respectively. One hundred and eighty laying hens (Isa Brown) with 6 weeks of laying life were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments with nine replicates of twenty birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. The laying performance, carcass/organs, hematology and serum biochemistry, egg quality analysis showed no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) at the end of the experiment. The values for hen-day production of birds fed 10% Icacinia manni processed in saline showed numerical increase for hen day egg production and egg weight over the control and 20% groups (T1 and T3 respectively). The study revealed that Icacinia manni processed in saline can replace 20% maize in layers diets without detrimental effect on the performance, egg quality characteristics, internal organs, haematology and serum biochemical indices.

Dietary Silymarin (silybum marianum) to Improve The Health Status of Layer Chickens

The study aimed to evaluate silymarin material (SM) in reducing the damage in the body caused by residual aflatoxin as well as to improve the health status and quality of the produced eggs in laying hens which were fed on a contaminated diet with aflatoxin. The experiment was conducted on 120 layer chickens (ISA Brown” strain) aged 240-day were randomly divided into three equal groups (40 hens). The first group was fed a basal diet free of aflatoxin. The 2nd group fed on contaminated diet with aflatoxin (14.6 ppb) while the 3rd group fed on the same diet (in 2nd group) with 0.5% of silymarin/kg feed. Ten hens from each group were slaughtered at the end of the experiment for the histopathological examination to evaluate the harmful effect of aflatoxin in tissues (liver, spleen and intestine) as well as, estimated the production and quality of the produced eggs during experiment study. Abnormal visible symptoms observed on 2nd group include decreased in feed intake and body weight, as well as, in some there was abnormal pigmentation (comb and wattles). The most frequent effects on eggs were poor egg quality as decreased egg production, reduced egg size, thin or rough egg shell. The most common pathological lesions associated with aflatoxin residue in chickens were found in liver, spleen and intestine organs. In advanced cases, these organs become enlarged, swollen and changed colour into yellowish. While in the 3rd group, the macroscopic examination of the same organs was less pronounced and almost invisible. We conclude that silymarin has a significant effect and is highly effective in repairing the damage caused by aflatoxin to the body tissues of laying hens. The production in terms of the quantity and quality of eggs was not affected as well as, improving the health status.

Alterations on vitamin C synthesis and transportation and egg deposition induced by dietary vitamin C supplementation in Hy-Line Brown layer model.

In ovo feeding of vitamin C (VC) has positive effects on the growth performance, immune and antioxidant function in poultry, which indicates that increasing VC content in eggs may be of benefit. This study was to investigate the effects of dietary VC supplementation on VC synthesis and transportation and egg deposition. In Exp. 1, in order to select a suitable animal model, VC content was detected in different eggs from different layer species. Vitamin C content was lower in ISA Brown breeder eggs and Hy-Line Brown layer eggs (P < 0.05) then in Arbor Acres breeder eggs. In Exp. 2, a total of 24 Hy-Line Brown layers (42-week-old) were randomly divided into 3 treatments with 8 replicates and fed a basal diet with VC at 0, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Sodium-dependent VC transporter 1 and 2 (SVCT1 and SVCT2) expressions were higher in ileum than in duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). SVCT1 expression was higher but SVCT2 expression was lower in the magnum than in the ovary (P < 0.05). L-Gulonolactone oxidase (GLO) and SVCT1 expressions were higher but SVCT2 was lower in the kidney than in the liver (P < 0.05). Dietary VC supplementation at 400 mg/kg increased SVCT1 expression in duodenum, ovary and magnum, but decreased GLO and SVCT1 expression in liver (P < 0.05). Dietary VC supplementation at 200 and 400 mg/kg increased SVCT2 expression in duodenum, but decreased GLO and SVCT1 expression in kidney and SVCT2 expression in liver (P < 0.05). Dietary VC supplementation promoted VC absorption in duodenum and jejunum, but reduced endogenous VC synthesis in liver and kidney. Although dietary VC supplementation enhanced VC transportation in ovary and magnum, it did not increase VC deposition in produced eggs.

Effects of dietary supplementation of herbal active ingredients promoting insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion on production performance, egg quality, blood hematology, and excreta gas emission in laying hens.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing herbal active ingredients (YGF251) which can promote the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the diet on production performance, egg quality, blood hematology, and excreta gas emission in laying hens.MethodsA total of 288 ISA Brown (41-week-old) laying hens with an initial body weight of 1.83±0.68 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized block design based on body weight. Each treatment had 12 replicate cages having 6 adjacent cages per replicate (hens are kept in cages alone). The experimental period was 35 days. Dietary treatments were based on the corn-soybean meal-wheat-based basal diet and supplemented with 0.00%, 0.05%, 0.10%, or 0.15% YGF251.ResultsThere was a linear increased egg weight in weeks 1 to 5 (p<0.05), egg mass in week 1 (p<0.05) and weeks 1 to 5 (p<0.05), egg strength on day 7 (p<0.05), 21 (p<0.01), and 35 (p<0.01), eggshell thickness on day 21 (p<0.05) and 35 (p<0.01), haugh unit on day 21 (p< 0.01) and 35 (p<0.05), serum IGF-1 concentration on day 21 (p<0.05) and 35 (p<0.01), and serum total protein concentration on day 35 (p<0.05) were observed with the supplementing YGF251 increased in the diet, while feed conversion ratio in weeks 1 to 5 (p<0.05) and excreta ammonia emission (p<0.01) decreased linearly with the dose of YGF251 increased.ConclusionDietary supplementation of YGF251 positively affected the production performance and egg quality of laying hens through increasing serum IGF-1 concentration in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, YGF251 supplementation improved barn environment by reducing excreta noxious gas emission.

The influence used of calcium and acidifier to performance, internal egg quality, and metabolizable energy of laying hens: In-vivo trial

The combination between CaCO3 and Averrhoa bilimbi L. as a novelty later namely calcidifier conducted to determined possible effect on the growth performance, internal egg quality, and energy of metabolism in laying hens. Eighty-lying hens of Isa Brown strain randomly allocated into five dietary treatments and four replicates with two lying hens each cages. The treatments were formulated as follows: To control, basal diet + calcidifier 0.1% (T1), 0.2% calcidifier (T2), basal feed + 0.3% calcidifier (T3), basal feed + calcidifier 0.3% (T4). The statistical analysis were performed according one-way-anova using SAS academic online Ed. It was shown that using those combination concomitantly no significance effect on overall parameters. In summary, the used of calcidifier did not impacted well on lying hens, in line, didn’t help improve on the lying hens.

Pengaruh Teknik Micronizing Jagung Kuning pada Ransum Ayam Isa Brown Leghorn Terhadap Kualitas Isi Telur

This article presents the results of research on the effect of micronizing techniques on chicken rations isa brown leghorn on the quality of egg contents. Isa Brown eggs are one type of egg that can meet the nutritional needs of people in Indonesia. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) using 3 treatments. and 6 replications. The analysis used one factor ANOVA test (One Way ANOVA) with SPSS 16.0. Followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a level of 5%. Based on the results of the study showed that the yellow corn micronizing technique had a significant effect on egg quality in (1) ration consumption of; (2) Hen day production (HDP); (3) Index albumen; (4) Yolk index; (5) Haugh index, with sig. (P&lt;0.05). While the yellow corn micronizing technique had a significant effect on egg yolk color and eggshell color (P&gt;0.05). The effect of the yellow corn micronizing technique on brown leghorn isa chicken rations on the quality of egg contents showed an increase in quality in the treatment of fine grain yellow corn rations.

The Effects of Lampung Robusta Green Coffee Extract (Coffee Canephora Var Robusta) on Layer Chicken’s Humoral Immune System and Intestinal Histophalogy

Lampung Robusta green coffee is an authentic Indonesian coffee that is in great demand by the public. The active ingredients in coffee such as chlorogenic acid and polyphenols are useful antihypertensive, antibacterial, immunomodulator, and antioxidant. Research on the effects of coffee in chicken’s health such as the immune system or as antioxidants has not yet existed. The aim of the study, therefore, was to determine the effects of giving Robusta coffee extract on chickens to the antibody titers and intestinal damage. The study was experimental with post-test control only design, using Isa Brown layer chickens, consisting of 60. The treatment group included: negative control (healthy, without coffee), P1: 500mg coffee/kg bw (body weight), P2: 1000mg coffee/kg bw, and P3: 1500mg coffee/kg bw. The coffee was given using gastric tube when the chickens were 3-16 days old, and the serum was taken on day 18. Data on antibody titer and MDA levels were analyzed using One Way ANOVA with a standard error of 0.05 while histopathology of jejunum was analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the extracts of Lampung robusta coffee could not increase antibodies against AI virus (Avian Influenza) or the ND virus (Newcastle disease), decrease levels of MDA (Malondyaldehyde), or improve jejunum histopathology in P3 as the analysis found no erosion of epithelial cells or cell infiltration inflammation. These findings suggest that Lampung robusta coffee extract can be used as an imunosupressor against humoral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses in laying hens.

Use of extruded eggshell as a calcium source substituting limestone or oyster shell in the diet of laying hens.

The nutritional values of limestone, oyster shell and extruded eggshells were evaluated using different methods. In total, 120 ready‐to‐lay pullets, 18‐week‐old ISA Brown were distributed into six dietary groups, namely D1 (4% limestone), D2 (8% limestone), D3 (4% oyster shell), D4 (8% oyster shell), D5 (4% eggshell) and D6 (8% eggshell), to assess the effect of calcium sources on egg production, egg quality, dry matter and cholesterol content of the egg. Kitchen‐extruded eggshell contained 98.52, 4.24, 29.75 and 14.82% DM, CP, Ca and P, whereas hatchery‐extruded eggshell contained 99.20, 13.80, 25.53 and 13.87% DM, CP, Ca and P, respectively. Limestone and Oyster shells contained 99.60 and 99.51% DM, and 37.12 and 35.20% Ca, respectively. Body weight, egg, hen day and egg mass production, and FCR did not differ among diets (p > .05). Egg production tended to increase with the increase of hen‐housed egg production (p < .001) in D6, followed by D2, D5, D3, D4 and D1, respectively. The lowest production cost and the highest net profit were observed in D6, followed by D2, D4, D5, D1 and D3, respectively. Diet with 8% Ca sources performed better than the diets with 4% Ca sources in terms of egg quality and dry matter content, where D6 was comparable to D2 or D4. The weight of egg, albumen, yolk, eggshell, dry yolk and yolk–albumen ratio increased, while dry albumen and eggshell weight, eggshell strength and thickness, Haugh unit, yolk index and egg‐specific gravity decreased with the increase in bird's age. The cholesterol content of yolk was statistically similar among diets. Therefore, no adverse effect of calcium sources on the production of laying hen was observed. Of these, extruded eggshell especially the 8% extruded eggshell may be beneficial to use in the diet of laying hen for producing a quality, safe and profitable egg.

Dietary Supplementation of Calcium Propionate and Calcium Butyrate Improves Eggshell Quality of Laying Hens in the Late Phase of Production.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of calcium propionate and calcium butyrate on the laying performance, eggshell quality, and expression of genes related to calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the tibia. One hundred and twenty 70-week-old Isa Brown hens were randomly assigned to three treatments, and each treatment had four replicates of 10 birds fed a basal diet (control) or a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% calcium propionate (CP) or 0.5% calcium butyrate (CB) for 8 weeks. The CB and CP treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the laying rate, egg production, egg weight, and feed efficiency. The eggshell percentage was increased from week 2 (P<0.05) and eggshell thickness was elevated at week 8 (P<0.01) by both CP and CB treatments. Compared to the control treatment, the CB treatment increased serum calcium and phosphorus levels at week 4 (P<0.05), whereas the CP and CB treatments decreased serum phosphorus at weeks 6 and 8, respectively (P<0.05). Dietary supplementation had no effect on the bone index and bending strength of the tibia (P>0.05). The calcium and phosphorus content of the tibia was decreased by the CB treatment (P<0.05). In the spleen, NF-κB and IL-6 transcript levels were not influenced (P>0.05) but TNF-α transcript levels were decreased by the CP treatment (P<0.05). In the tibia, the expression levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-17 were not affected by the CP or CB treatment (P>0.05). The CP and CB treatments had no significant effect on the transcript levels of RANKL, OPG, RNUX2, OPN, α-Clotho, and VDR (P>0.05). In contrast, PHEX transcript levels were increased by the CP treatment (P<0.05). The expression levels of osteocalcin (P=0.094) and FGF23 (P=0.087) tended to decrease under the CB treatment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.5% calcium butyrate or 0.5% calcium propionate improved the eggshell quality of aged laying hens, possibly as a result of decreased deposition or enhanced mobilization of bone calcium and phosphorus.

The Effect of the Use of Licorice Leaf Powder on the Productive Performance of Layers Chicken ISA Brown

This study was conducted in the field of poultry for the Department of Livestock - Faculty of Agriculture -Kirkuk University for the period 10/14 until 2019/12/9 To find out the effect of different levels of glyyrrhizaglabra leaf powder on productive performance and some of the fascal qualities of blood and intestinalflora of white chicken. In this experiment In this experiment, 28 chickens at the age of 24 weeks wereused., randomly distributed to the cages with five treatments and a rate of two repeaters per treatments(2b/treatments), the first treatments (control) diet without any addition while the second, third, fourth andfifth treatment was taken on a scent edited by Glyyrrhiza glabra 0.25, 0.5.0.75, 0.1% respectively, Theexperiment period of 56 days was divided into three equal periods (14 days/ period). I has shown in theproductive qualities produced in the rate of egg production in the first period significant different the third,fourth and fifth treatments and in the general rate significant different the fourth and fifth treatments In theaverage weight of the eggs, there were no significant differences between the treatments. We note in theegg mass rate in the second period the fifth treatments significant different on the other treatments. At thegeneral rate, the treatment fourth and fifth on the other treatments In the rate of feed consumption shows asignificant different in the first and second periods and the general rate in the fourth and fifth treatments onthe other treatments and in the third periods significant different the fifth treatments In the food conversion.

The effects of in ovo administered bisphenol A on tibial growth plate histology in chicken

The aim of this study was to determine of the effects of in ovo administered BPA on embryonic development of the tibial growth plate using histological methods in chickens. Three hundred and ten fertile eggs of Isa Brown laying parent stock were divided into five groups as untreated control, vehicle-injected control, 50, 100, and 250 μg/egg BPA. At the 13th, 18th, and 21st days of incubation, eggs were randomly opened from each group until 10 live embryos were obtained. Embryos were weighed and crown-rump length was measured. Tibial tissue samples were taken from embryos. Tibia weight, relative tibia weight and tibia length were determined. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution. Sections were stained with Safranin O staining methods and zones in the growth plate were measured. Also, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was stained immunohistochemically. The mortality in the BPA treated groups was higher than untreated control group. The results have revealed that mean relative embryo weights, crown-rump length, mean tibia weight, relative tibia weight, and tibia length of BPA treated groups were significantly lower when compared to the untreated control and vehicle-injected control groups. Also, proliferative zone get significantly narrowed, whereas the transitional and hypertrophic zone thickened and PCNA positive chondrocytes increased in growth plate of BPA treated groups. These results have suggested that developmental exposure to BPA adversely affected development of the tibial growth plate.

Influences of lead exposure on its accumulation in organs, meat, eggs and bone during laying period of hens

Elevating levels of environmental lead (Pb) results in serious hazards to health of animals and human beings. In this study, daily diet with three different levels of Pb (Pb nitrate at doses of 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body weight) were fed to ISA Brown layers. It showed that the kidney and liver have the relatively high Pb concentration (2.34 and 0.51 ppm) after culture, while the meat has the Pb concentration as low as 0.07 ppm (lower than the standard of Codex Alimentarius). It was also confirmed that egg laying worked as a potential pathway for hens to excrete Pb as Pb concentrations in eggshell and yolk increased from 0.10 to 3.11 ppm. However, the Pb concentration in egg white remains at a safe level (<0.10 ppm). Furthermore, even the intake of low dose Pb can cause a decline of bone mineral density and bone strength. Raman spot and mapping analysis indicated that carotenoids content in humerus from the hens of high dose group increased significantly, which hence can be applied as an indicator for resist stress. The degradation of bone quality will further damage the health of laying hens. Therefore, Pb exposure not only toxifies organs and reduces physiological features (e.g., body weight and laying rate) instantly, but also hurts poultry via degrading bone quality in long term. Additionally, the probability of excessive Pb in poultry meat is less than those of viscera and eggs, indicating its low risk to food safety.

Consequences of new approach in production system of commercial layer (Isa Brown) in Iraqi Kurdistan region

This was study under taken as a first attempt to investigate the effect of new production system of commercial layer with special emphasis on organic technique. A total 360 one-day-old Isa Brown chicks were obtained from Evan hatchery-Erbil. The birds assigned into 18 indoor pens (2×2 m) for the first 18 weeks . Each pen represented a replicate with 20 chicks. At beginning, birds assigned to the same condition and fed their daily requirements according to Isa Brown guide (2018). The fed as commercial and organic feed. Birds were randomly divided into six treatment groups of three replicates. the treatments were as follows; first treatment (T1): as control birds fed their full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guid (2018), fed commercial feed, reared indoor house, second treatment (T2): birds fed organic feed full requirements according to Isa Brown layers (2018) reared indoor house, third treatment (T3): birds fed 75% of full requirements commercial feed + pasture indoor and outdoor, fourth treatment (T4): birds fed 75% full requirement organic feed + pasture indoor and outdoor, fifth treatment (T5): birds fed full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) commercial feed + pasture indoor and outdoor housed, sixth treatment (T6): birds fed full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) organic feed + pasture indoor and outdoor housed. At the beginning of week 19, birds had free access to pasture through a hole from indoor to the outdoor except control (T1) and (T2). The outdoor area measured 2 × 10 m (1 m2/bird) for each pen and separated by fence. The outdoor area designed to provide bird a natural behavior and covered with alfalfa(Medicagosativa).The results of this study indicates that commercial strain had higher (P<0.01) haugh unit (73.08),the highest Haugh unit was recorded in T1 72.89.Birds in T2 of commercial strain had higher (P< 0.01) total UFA content 71.42, total n-3 in T4 was 1.80. n-6 was higher in T2 21.48 comparing to the other treatments. Significant differences (p≤ 0.01) for amino acids in commercial eggs found among treatments and T6 content higher percentage of all amino acids. The overall means of profit from only eggs was 197,403 ID and for eggs with hen was 282,208 ID. Significant differences found among treatments for sensory evaluation of commercial eggs. T6 had higher (P<0.01) score of overall acceptances for both commercial eggs.

A new approach in production system of local layer in Iraqi Kurdistan Region

The study was conducted to investigate the effect organic system on performance of local layer as a first attempt to apply organic system in the area. A total 360 one-day-old local mixed colored hatched at Evan hatchery- Erbil from eggs brought agricultural research Baghdad chicks were reared in 18 pen s indoor 2×2 m for the first 18 weeks of bird’s age and each box represented a replicate contains of 20 chicks At beginning of birds assigned to the same condition and fed the weekly requirement according to Isa Brown guide (2018) on two types of fees as commercial and organic .Birds were randomly divided into six (6) treatment groups and three (3) replicates per treatment- first treatment (T1): as control their full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) fed commercial feed reared indoor house, second treatment (T2): birds fed organic feed full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) reared indoor house, third treatment (T3): birds fed 75% of full requirements commercial feed + pasture indoor and outdoor, fourth treatment (T4): birds fed 75% full requirement organic feed + pasture indoor and outdoor, fifth treatment (T5): birds fed full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) commercial feed + pasture indoor and outdoor housed, while sixth treatment (T6): birds fed full requirements according to Isa Brown layers guide (2018) organic feed + pasture indoor and outdoor housed. At the beginning of week 19 all birds had free access to pasture through a hole from indoor to the outdoor except control T1 and T2 birds housed indoor. The outdoor area measured 2 × 10 m (1 m2/bird) for each box and separated by fence. The outdoor area designed to provide bird a natural behavior and covered with alfalfa (Medicago sativa).The results of this study indicates that haugh unit was (67.14). Total UFA and n-3 in T2 of local egg were higher (P<0.01) than other treatments. T3 had higher content of n-6 (21.13). Birds in T6 of local strain had higher (P<0.01) percentage of amino acids among treatments. The significant difference found between treatments of local strains profit for both eggs and hen with eggs. Significant differences found among treatments for sensory evaluation of local egg. T6 had higher (P<0.01) score of overall acceptances. . in this study results showed that local strain able to perform under organic and commercial condition. The egg properties and fatty, amino and sensory evaluation of local eggs under different production system were differed. Profits from eggs and eggs with hens were different depending on the production systems.