Irrigation Intake Research Articles

Dynamic measurements to assess stress levels on buried hydraulic structures

ABSTRACT Old masonry structures have a very special nature that require periodical inspection and evaluation programs. The problem becomes more sophisticated when dealing with vital buried hydraulic structures under continuous functional operation while bearing additional loads from running public services such as railways. This could add extra challenges for determining their structural performance and engineering characteristics if conventional methods are used. Moreover, traditional methods are sometimes costly, time consuming, and can lead to some damage to the structure. The importance of the current research is therefore providing a rapid methodology for evaluating these structures to confirm their current ability to resist operating loads safely, especially when subjected to aging. In this study, the evaluation depends mainly on analyzing the vibration acceleration response of a structure under dynamic loads. Insight into system identification using formal modal analysis was also conducted. Simultaneously, calibrated numerical model was then adopted to predict the expected level of internal stresses. An old masonry irrigation intake buried culvert underneath the main railway lines was selected for examination. The structure was firstly plugged from both sides and emptied, site inspection as well as core sampling of construction materials were conducted. Vibration time history was recorded due to train passage with different speeds. The filed measurements along with mathematical model were used to estimate the level of stresses among the structure. The results showed the ability of the proposed method to evaluate structures in an easy and rapid fashion compared to traditional methods without stopping serviceability of the structure.

SIMULASI POLA OPERASI EMBUNG SERBAGUNA TAMBAKSARI KABUPATEN CILACAP DENGAN METODE STANDARD OPERATING RULE (SOR)

Abstract Human survival depends on water availability as water is a basic needs. As population increases, water becomes more limited. One of the ways to prevent draught is collecting water in retention basin. Tambaksari Multipurpose Retention Basin serves to provide basic water demand and irrigation water for the local community. Water availability and water demand should be equal, so a simulation of the operating patter of the retention basin is necessary to distribute water equally and determining the failure level of the retention basin in performing its task. In the present study, the retention basin operating pattern was simulated using Standard Operating Rule (SOR) method. The present study used secondary data, including population data, rainfall data, climatological data and technical data of the retention basin. The size of DAS Tambaksari is 0.41 km² while the size of the irrigated land is 12 Ha. The rainfall data was from 2008-2018 obtained from two rain stations, population data of Tambaksari Village was from 2008-2019, and the climatological data was from 2014-2019. The simulation result of the retention basin operating pattern using SOR method showed that the final collection wasn’t under minimum collection and failure happened in the operation of the retention basin for one year. . The optimal ability of the target release is 70.83% for the reliability of irrigation needs and the level of reliability for raw water needs of 58.33%. Population projection analysis to determine the population in 20 years showed that the future population of 4044 required 3.861 l/person/s of water. Irrigation demands for rice-rice-palawija planting pattern showed that irrigation intake was 11.89 l/s. Water balance determined the balance between inflow and outflow. The value for average water availability was 0.021 m³/s while total average water demand was 0.016 m³/s. therefore, the water availability in partial intake wasn’t able to meet the irrigation and basic water demands. Keywords: discharge, retention basin operation simulation, SOR

The Monsoon Pattern Analyses on the Irrigation Water Balance

The water balance for irrigation is affected by conditional monsoon patterns, including the beginning of the season and the duration. In a technical irrigation service, the actual dynamic of monsoon patterns may influence the crop pattern schedule and the standard operating rule of irrigation intake. Some significant impacts on the water balance characteristics can enlarge the water deficit during drought periods and reduce the efficiency of crop intensity. Its significance can be detected by conducting hydrological simulations of water availability and water demand in certain seasonal periods. Hence, the updated crop pattern schedule and the standard operating rule of irrigation intake can be adjusted correspondingly. Moreover, the social conflict during the water distribution can be diminished, and water efficiency can be increased as well as the crop intensity. This study is conducted at Tibu Kuning irrigation area, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province using 15 daily rainfall data for 25-year from 1993 to 2017. The results show that the monsoon shift pattern in the study area has an interval of 3-year with the maximum shifting period is about one month. Moreover, the monsoon shift pattern has affected the reliability of irrigation water services. In this situation, an adaptive crop pattern schedule needs to be updated to maintain agricultural productivities. Based on the results obtained in this study, updating of the crop pattern schedule and the standard operating rule of irrigation intake can be be adjusted for the upcoming periods.

Detection of cyanotoxins in irrigation water and potential impact on putting green health

AbstractCreeping bentgrass putting greens require frequent irrigation during summer months to meet evapotranspiration requirements. Golf courses that utilize local water bodies for irrigation may potentially spread phytopathogenic waterborne microbes, or toxins they produce, to putting greens. Cyanobacteria associated with yellow spot and black layer have been detected in water bodies and are known to produce cyanotoxins that may hinder plant growth at high concentrations. Water samples were collected from irrigation heads, irrigation intakes, and the epilimnion of exposed water sources. Anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin, microcystin, and saxitoxin concentrations were analyzed using ELISA kits. Microcystin and saxitoxin were detected in irrigation systems that utilize surface water sources. Anatoxin was detected in every irrigation system, regardless of water source. Cylindrospermopsin was only detected in one system that utilized a local water body as a water source. Only two samples from one site contained cyanotoxin (microcystin) concentrations that exceeded the recommended threshold for recreational water use.

Simulation of sediment transport in Krueng Baro River, Indonesia.

An alluvial river system is a dynamic system that can alter the hydraulic flow and sediment load. Sediment modelling can enhance our understanding of river morphology. This model has also proved to be a useful tool to overcome problems concerning sediment transport and sedimentation and to provide effective mitigation measures. This article discussed the concept of sediment modelling. The sediment transport simulation method used sediment river hydraulic – two dimension (SRH-2D), which is a hydraulic model for river systems developed by United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). The SRH-2D results showed that the Krueng Baro River underwent many sedimentations, and the increase in the height of the layers was observed during the simulation period. It examined the main categories of sediment transport models and presented the boundaries. Besides, this study also considered the constraints on the operation of Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (Indonesian regional water utility company) (PDAM) and irrigation intakes because of the sedimentation in the Krueng Baro River flow, taking into account the structure of the Keumala weir. Specifically, this study thoroughly discussed the position and altitude of river aggradation and degradation to minimise conflict of interest between the PDAM and irrigation water supply because of sedimentation.

SIMULASI POLA OPERASI EMBUNG SERBAGUNA TAMBAKSARI KABUPATEN CILACAP DENGAN METODE STANDARD OPERATING RULE (SOR)

Abstract Human survival depends on water availability as water is a basic needs. As population increases, water becomes more limited. One of the ways to prevent draught is collecting water in retention basin. Tambaksari Multipurpose Retention Basin serves to provide basic water demand and irrigation water for the local community. Water availability and water demand should be equal, so a simulation of the operating patter of the retention basin is necessary to distribute water equally and determining the failure level of the retention basin in performing its task. In the present study, the retention basin operating pattern was simulated using Standard Operating Rule (SOR) method. The present study used secondary data, including population data, rainfall data, climatological data and technical data of the retention basin. The size of DAS Tambaksari is 0.41 km² while the size of the irrigated land is 12 Ha. The rainfall data was from 2008-2018 obtained from two rain stations, population data of Tambaksari Village was from 2008-2019, and the climatological data was from 2014-2019. The simulation result of the retention basin operating pattern using SOR method showed that the final collection wasn’t under minimum collection and failure happened in the operation of the retention basin for one year. . The optimal ability of the target release is 70.83% for the reliability of irrigation needs and the level of reliability for raw water needs of 58.33%. Population projection analysis to determine the population in 20 years showed that the future population of 4044 required 3.861 l/person/s of water. Irrigation demands for rice-rice-palawija planting pattern showed that irrigation intake was 11.89 l/s. Water balance determined the balance between inflow and outflow. The value for average water availability was 0.021 m³/s while total average water demand was 0.016 m³/s. therefore, the water availability in partial intake wasn’t able to meet the irrigation and basic water demands. Keywords: discharge, retention basin operation simulation, SOR

Evaluation of the sand trap performance of the Pengasih weir during the operational period

Sedimentation is the main trigger in reducing the capacity of the irrigation channel. The weir is equipped with a sand trap, to withstand the volume of sediments originating from the upstream area, some of which enter the irrigation intake. The sand trap is designed with sufficient width and sloping energy slope, allowing sediment to settle. The Pengasih Weir, located in Kulonprogo Regency, is one of the weirs that is equipped with a sand trap building. The Pengasih Weir and the sand trap were built-in 1972. With the development of current conditions, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the sand trap of The Pengasih Weir. In this study, the evaluation of sand trap performance is reviewed during the operational (settling) period. The result showed that the Meyer-Peter Muller formula can be used as an approach in the calculation of the amount of sediment transport and also to estimate the settled volume. It is recommended to flush the sand trap in between 184.922 days. The average value of trap efficiency was 0.89%. It can be concluded that the Pegasih Weir sand trap design still has good performance in settling the sediment inflow.

Real-Time Identification of Irrigation Water Pollution Sources and Pathways with a Wireless Sensor Network and Blockchain Framework.

Real-time identification of irrigation water pollution sources and pathways (PSP) is crucial to ensure both environmental and food safety. This study uses an integrated framework based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and the blockchain technology that incorporates a directed acyclic graph (DAG)-configured wireless sensor network (WSN), and GIS tools for real-time water pollution source tracing. Water quality sensors were installed at monitoring stations in irrigation channel systems within the study area. Irrigation water quality data were delivered to databases via the WSN and IoT technologies. Blockchain and GIS tools were used to trace pollution at mapped irrigation units and to spatially identify upstream polluted units at irrigation intakes. A Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) model was then used to simulate water quality by using backward propagation and identify potential pollution sources. We applied a “backward pollution source tracing” (BPST) process to successfully and rapidly identify electrical conductivity (EC) and copper (Cu2+) polluted sources and pathways in upstream irrigation water. With the BPST process, the WASP model effectively simulated EC and Cu2+ concentration data to identify likely EC and Cu2+ pollution sources. The study framework is the first application of blockchain technology for effective real-time water quality monitoring and rapid multiple PSPs identification. The pollution event data associated with the PSP are immutable.

Improving spate flow diversions in spate irrigation intake structures

ABSTRACT This study evaluated alternatives to the main intake designs of spate irrigation structures. Relevant data were collected from a field and offices. Four scenarios were developed based on current problems. The Delft3D model was employed to simulate hydrodynamic and morphodynamic flow characteristics around the main intake. The study showed that increasing the deflection angle from 120° to 150° for a 3-m-wide intake can improve the irrigation water abstraction by 21%. Changing the width from 3 to 5 m at 120° can improve the irrigation water abstraction by 81%. In addition to changing the width, increasing the deflection angle to 150° can improve the spate irrigation water abstraction by 101%. These interventions did not reduce the sediment deposition at the intake. However, the enhanced supply of water through main spate flow gates may convince farmers not to block scour sluice gates. Based on the pure design, an intake width of 5 m and a deflection angle of 150° can be recommended.

Application of Soft Fabric Structures for Improvement of the Selective Irrigation Intake of the Partisan Water Reservoir

To protect irrigation intake structures from the deposition of sediments (from bottom, middle, upper layers), which can be a source of secondary water pollution, a large number of different designs of sediment interceptors have been developed. Increasing requirements for withdrawn water quality from the watercourses for irrigation and water supply, necessity of reconstruction on a large part of the previously constructed headwaters and have led to the development of an effective protective device.In the 20th century, world population has tripled from 1.6 to 6 billion people, irrigated farming area increased from 50 to 267 million hectares, and water consumption increased six-fold - from 500 to 3,500 km3 / year. The real water shortage is provoked by increased demand, associated, according to experts and international organizations, with demographic boom, change in food intake of large groups of population, industry and energy development, urbanization and popularization of biofuels. Factors that reduce available water resources include inefficient water use, water pollution and, increasingly, climate change. This issue remains very important for the Crimea and its successful resolution will become one of the foundations for the sustainable development of the peninsula.Water resources are one of the factors of sustainable development of the territories on global and regional levels. Entire hydro transport system improvement of water resources delivery to the final consumer of the Crimea (population, agriculturally used areas, industry, tourist complex, etc.) is the main strategic issue on optimization of water resources potential and sustainable development of various sectors at the socio-economic sphere.It is supplied up to 80,000 m3 / day water for drinking purposes from the Partizansky Reservoir, 215,000 Simferopol residents use water from the Partizansky Reservoir for living. Partisan reservoir is the main source of water supply for settlements in Simferopol and Bakhchisaray districts.

The Influence of Sediment Loads on the Irrigation Discharge in The Upstream and Downstream of the Major River in Banyuwangi Regency

In Banyuwangi Regency there are four major rivers include the Tambong, Bomo, Setail and Baru river. Those rivers often overflow due to the high sediment deposition in the weir. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of sediment loads upstream and downstream of the four rivers on irrigation impact. Suspended load analysis used method of Engelund and Hansen; Einstein; and Chang Simons & Richardson. Bed load analysis using methods of the Meyer-peter; Duboys; and Shields. Loads of sediment, both suspended load and bed load on the irrigation discharge in both the upstream and downstream of the major rivers in Banyuwangi greatly influences the sedimentation of irrigation channels which affect on fluctuations of irrigation discharge to irrigate land of Agriculture. The Baru River carried the largest sediment load in irrigation intake of Karangdoro Weir that carried Qs of 385.96 tons/year and Qb of 6.37 tons/year. It is necessary to have policies and efforts to control sediment and study about the maintenance of weirs periodically to maintain the volume of irrigation water so that it can increase agricultural productivity in Banyuwangi Regency.

Development of a polder module in the SWAT model: SWATpld for simulating polder areas in south‐eastern China

AbstractPolders are one of the most common artificial hydrological entities in the plain river network regions of China. Due to enclosed dikes, manual drainage, and irrigation intake operations, polders have had a significant impact on the hydrological processes of these areas. Distributed hydrological models are effective tools to understand and reproduce the hydrological processes of a watershed. To date, however, few models are able to simulate the drainage and irrigation intake interactions of polders at a watershed scale. This study develops a modified version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, which is designed to better represent polders (SWATpld). The SWATpld model simulates drainage and irrigation intake processes by calculating the excess‐water storage in the inner rivers and irrigation schedule for paddy rice in the polder. Both SWAT and SWATpld models were tested for the Liyang watershed. SWATpld outperformed SWAT in simulating the daily discharge and intake of the experimental polder and predicting the monthly peak flow at the outlet of the Liyang watershed, which suggests that the modified model simulates the hydrological responses of the study watershed with polder operations more realistically than the original SWAT model does. Further evaluation at various locations and in various climate conditions would increase the confidence of this model.

Salinity intrusion and rice production in Red River Delta under changing climate conditions

This study was carried out to identify the vulnerability of rice production to salinity intrusion arising from climate change in Giao Thuy, a coastal district of Nam Dinh Province, located in Red River Delta in Vietnam. From the analysis of historical climate data at Nam Dinh city, both mean maximum and minimum temperatures increased by about 0.3 and 0.1 °C per decade, respectively, during the period of 1961–2010. Salt concentration of the river water was higher at the irrigation gate closer to river mouth (Con Nhat) than at the upstream gate (Ha Mieu), which generally increased from 2003 to 2012, with the average maximum concentration up to 2.13 % at Con Nhat gate in 2010. The salt water concentration in the riverside field outside the dyke reached 3.6 %, while among the fields within dyke the salinity was only 0.7 % at maximum in January 2013, and the values were higher in paddy fields close to the dyke than far from the dyke. Average yield among the selected 27 fields from 2011 summer to 2013 spring rice was higher in spring rice (748 g m−2) but lower in summer rice (417 g m−2) mainly due to unfavorable weather such as cold spell at flowering and flood at harvesting time. Rice yield was lowest in general in the most downstream commune Giao Thien, and was significantly lower in field located close to the dyke than those far from the dyke. This spatial variability of rice yield may not be directly attributable to salinity, but to the other factors such as shift of irrigation intake gate to further upstream and/or different management such as less input of N fertilizer and use of traditional local variety.

Population status and habitat occupancy of endangered river dolphins in the Karnali River system of Nepal during low water season

AbstractGanges river dolphin abundance has undergone a predominant decline across its range since monitoring began. In Nepal, disappearance from some of the rivers it once used has already occurred. Today this species can only be found in three river systems in Nepal, the Karnali, Sapta Koshi, and Narayani, but numbers are low in these locations. To determine the abundance of dolphins remaining in the Karnali system (which includes the Karnali, Geruwa, and Mohana), and factors affecting dolphin habitat use, we conducted surveys where we recorded dolphin presence. Dolphins within this river system were sighted only in the Karnali and an abundance estimate of 5.04 ± 0.753 SE was calculated. This pattern of ranging differed from that previously reported (from previous sightings only in the Geruwa to current sightings only in the Karnali). River depth likely contributed to the presence or absence of dolphins. Shifts in available habitat between the Geruwa and Karnali have resulted from changes in the course of the main stream Karnali following construction of the Chisapani irrigation intake. Because of the low numbers of dolphins reported, there is great concern that loss of this species in Nepal is likely in the near future.

Methodology to improve water and energy use by proper irrigation scheduling in pressurised networks

With the aim of reducing energy consumption and improving water use in pressurised irrigation systems, the methodology to minimise energy consumption by grouping intakes of pressurised irrigation networks into sectors, as developed by Jimenez-Bello et al. (2010b), was modified to enable irrigation intakes to operate during the scheduled period for each intake instead of operating during restricted irrigation periods of the same length. Moreover, a method was developed to detect the maximum number of intakes that can operate without extra energy if the source has sufficient head to feed at least some of the intakes.These methods were applied to a Mediterranean irrigation system, where the total cropped area was mainly citrus orchards. In this case study, water was allocated to two groups of intakes, one fed by gravity and the other by pumps. A saving of 36.3% was achieved by increasing the total volume supplied by gravity, decreasing the injection pump head, and improving the pump performance. Therefore, all the intakes only operated during the irrigation periods at the minimum required pressure.

Impacts of River Groove Propagation on Irrigation Infrastructural Failures

Water supply of irrigation intakes are generally from the river. The system considers the lowest water level of the river on its mechanism. River groove propagation is a development of erosion at some parts and at the same time a development of sedimentation at the other parts of the river bed. This phenomenon is identified as an indication that cause the flood which might endangers the surrounding infrastructures. Analysis by KUN-QARSHOV method on Brantas river groove propagation in Mojokerto areas is acquired. Most progressive vertical meander shifting is at cross section KB63. The shift isas deep as 0.38 metres per year. The second progressive vertical meander shifting is at cross section KB64. The shift is as deep as 0.27 metres per year. The most progressive horizontal meander shifting is at cross section KB64. The horizontal shift moves toward the right cliff at 0.17 metres per year. The second progressive horizontal meander shifting occurs at cross section KB63. The horizontal shift moves toward the right cliff at 0.14 metres per year. The groove propagation could be more dangerous if there is a combination between vertical and horizontal shifts at the same time that might cause severe cliff slides. The failure of the irrigation sytem at Brantas River in Mojokerto areas was due to the water level of the river below the irrigation intake level. Among others are the intakes at Keboan, Ngareskidul, and Gedeg irrigation areas. Another is due to the erosion of river bed at the syphon of Watudakon irrigation area.

Integrating water resources management in eco-hydrological modelling

In this paper the integration of water resources management with regard to reservoir management in an eco-hydrological model is described. The model was designed to simulate different reservoir management options, such as optimized hydropower production, irrigation intake from the reservoir or optimized provisioning downstream. The integrated model can be used to investigate the impacts of climate variability/change on discharge or to study possible adaptation strategies in terms of reservoir management. The study area, the Upper Niger Basin located in the West African Sahel, is characterized by a monsoon-type climate. Rainfall and discharge regime are subject to strong seasonality. Measured data from a reservoir are used to show that the reservoir model and the integrated management options can be used to simulate the regulation of this reservoir. The inflow into the reservoir and the discharge downstream of the reservoir are quite distinctive, which points out the importance of the inclusion of water resources management.

Entrainment and impingement of juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, and golden perch, Macquaria ambigua, at a fish screen: effect of velocity and light

AbstractEntrainment and impingement of two non‐salmonid species susceptible to entrainment at irrigation diversions, silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), and golden perch, Macquaria ambigua (Richardson), were examined at an experimental intake screen in a laboratory flume under a range of velocities and light levels. The presence of an intake screen significantly reduced entrainment, in some cases reducing mortality from over 90% (unscreened) to less than 2% (when screened). Although some differences in behaviour existed between species, approach velocities (measured 8 cm in front of the screen) up to 0.4 m s−1 effectively reduced entrainment, with very little injury or mortality resulting from incidental screen contacts or impingement. Both species used visual cues to negotiate the screen face, thereby increasing their ability to avoid contact at higher velocities. In the absence of these visual cues, positive rheotactic behaviour was enhanced and fish mostly avoided approaching the screen. These results demonstrate that fish screens operated at approach velocities of up to 0.4 m s−1 have great potential for the protection of silver perch and golden perch juveniles at irrigation intakes.

Validation of a methodology for grouping intakes of pressurized irrigation networks into sectors to minimize energy consumption

Abstract A methodology to optimise the amount of energy consumed in pressurized irrigation systems was presented by Jimenez-Bello et al. (2010a) . These authors proposed grouping pressurized irrigation network intakes, each of the water turnouts resulting from a shared hydrant, into sectors via a genetic algorithm. In the present research, the methodology was applied and validated in a water users association. Several energy efficiency indicators were calculated and compared during five consecutive seasons (2006–2010). The first two seasons, when the methodology was not employed, were used as reference for the results obtained from 2008 onwards, when the methodology was applied to the management of irrigation network. Results obtained in seasons 2008–2010 showed that the average energy savings were 16% in comparisons to the 2006 season. However, it should be noted that the potential, theoretical savings, could have been as high as 22.3% if the modelled grouping networks would have been accurately followed. There was in fact some discrepancy between the theoretical model outputs and the final groupings due to some intake restrictions. In addition, during the irrigation campaigns, the number of irrigation intakes that operated within each sector was not always equal to the modelled sectoring, a fact that reduced the overall water users association energy efficiency. This occurred particularly during rainy periods, when some users deliberately decided to close their manual irrigation intakes valves. Overall, results showed the potential of the validated methodology for optimising energy use. However, the final overall system efficiency might depend on specific constraints that need to be taken into account when attempting to use model output predictions.

The water balance of irrigated forages in northern Victoria, Australia

Knowledge of the components of the water balance – evaporation, transpiration and deep drainage – would be beneficial for targeting productivity improvements for irrigated forages in northern Victoria. We aimed to estimate these components using a simple water balance and the dual crop coefficients provided in FAO-56. Soil water deficits from a field experiment, comparing the water use of six border-check and one spray irrigated forage system, agreed well with the modelled values, except for alfalfa where irrigation intake was restricted. About 85% of the water applied to perennial forages (perennial ryegrass/white clover, tall fescue/white clover and alfalfa) was used for transpiration, 10% for evaporation and 5% was lost as drainage below the root zone. Evaporation was highest from the double-cropped (oats/millet) system (30%) and was 5–25% of the water used by winter-growing annual pastures (Persian clover/Italian ryegrass and both border-check and spray irrigated subterranean clover/Italian ryegrass). The high proportion of water used as transpiration by the perennial forages was due to their high ground cover maintained throughout the year. When compared over similar seasonal conditions, actively growing forages used similar amounts of water, indicating that any increases in water productivity will be mainly due to higher production and/or to matching the growing season of the forage to periods of lower potential evapotranspiration.