Irrigation Facilities Research Articles

Socio – Economic Impacts of Prolonged Little Dry Season (August Break) in a Climatic Changed Era in Agrarian Communities of Anambra River Basin, Anambra State, Nigeria

The food supply and demand situation for the 2020 fiscal year concerning the main seasonal crops in Nigeria was unpredictable due to the effect of Covid-19 pandemic. Federal and state governments laid much emphasis as a result on agriculture, especially crop production in order to produce food enough to ameliorate hunger, which is one of the negative effects of Covid-19. Nigeria been a rain fed dependent agricultural nation, follows the dictate of weather and other weather elements in her agricultural activities. With climate change and the effect of Little Dry Season, there was a reduction in rainfall in mid-July through August 2020. Rice and Maize which are among the staple foods in Nigeria requires about 750mm to 1200mm of rainfall to thrive. The mean monthly rainfall recorded in our study area (part of Anambra River Basin) consisting of Ayamelum, Anambra West, Anambra East, Oyi and Dunukofia local government areas are 21.15mm and 3.25mm for July, 2020 and August, 2020 respectively. As a result of the shortage of rainfall in these two months, the farmers and the authors observed these negative outcomes which are early maturity of crops; early harvesting of crops as well as poor yields for early season crops. While during the late season planting, farming was affected by the hardening of the ground as a result of absence of rainfall; undissolved fertilizers in farm lands; partial germination of scattered seedlings; Ant, Birds and Rodent infestation and stunted growth. Base on our observation, it was concluded that yields and harvest would be poor and subsequently there would be shortage of food and price hike in food items. The paper recommends for the revitalization of the moribund irrigation facility in Omor, Ayamelum local government area to provide for the shortfall in moisture that is likely to occur in the absence of rainfall.

A Study on Production and Marketing Constraints of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Growers in Bishnupur District of Manipur

The study was conducted to analyze the production and marketing constraints of French beans in the Bishnupur district of Manipur. The primary data was collected through a personal interview technique from 100 respondent farmers. Garrett's ranking technique was used for the analysis. Higher cost of labor, pesticide and fertilizer, inadequate irrigation facilities, high seed cost, non-availability of labor, credit, and seed on time, and lack of technical guidance and credit facilities were the main constraint’s found during the production. In case of marketing constraints, price fluctuation high perishability of the produce, high transportation cost and lack of transportation and storage facilities, presence of an exploitative middleman, bandhs and strikes, untimely payment of sale, lack of price and market information, and absence of regulated markets were the major constraints. These constraints are giving huge hindrances to the farmers during the production and marketing and hence proper remedies should be imposed so that the production and marketing of this particular crop can be improved efficiently.

On‐farm irrigation water management in India: Challenges and research gaps*

AbstractThe growing demand for food to feed the increasing population of India has made it necessary to bring more land under cultivation with assured irrigation facilities. The irrigation sector demands a high amount of the available freshwater resources of the country. Thus, the efficiency of its use is of utmost importance for sustainable agriculture. India is the second‐largest irrigated country and is one of the leading countries in terms of the expansion of irrigated areas in the world. Researchers and various agencies are working towards increasing the irrigation efficiency of the system and the water productivity of the crops. The formulation of any irrigation scheme and policy to be sustainable should be based on scientific inputs and supported by pertinent research studies. The effective communication between policymakers and the research community is the main key to the success of such formulated schemes and policies. This paper provides an overview of current challenges and problems associated with irrigation at the field level vis‐à‐vis research gaps for scientific management of irrigation water in the farmer's field. The apathy of farmers for adopting modern irrigation practices has also been reasoned in this review paper. This review paper would provide an insight into common irrigation‐related problems of farmers to researchers and policymakers.

Productivity and Nutrient Balance of an Intensive Rice-Rice Cropping System Are Influenced by Different Nutrient Management in the Red and Lateritic Belt of West Bengal, India.

Rice is the lifeline for more than half of the world population, and in India, in view of its huge demand in the country, farmers adopt a rice–rice cropping system where the irrigation facility is available. As rice is a nutrient-exhausting crop, sustainable productivity of rice–rice cropping system greatly depends on appropriate nutrient management in accordance with the inherent soil fertility. The application of an ample dose of fertilizer is the key factor for maintaining sustainable rice yields and nutrient balance of the soil. Considering the above facts, an experiment was conducted on nutrient management in a rice–rice cropping system at the university farm of Visva-Bharati, situated in a sub-tropical climate under the red and lateritic belt of the western part of West Bengal, India, during two consecutive years (2014–2016). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design with 12 treatments and three replications, with different rates of N:P:K:Zn:S application in both of the growing seasons, namely, kharif and Boro. The recommended (ample) dose of nutrients was 80:40:40:25:20 and 120:60:60:25:20 kg ha−1 of N:P2O5:K2O:Zn:S in the Kharif and Boro season, respectively. A high yielding variety, named MTU 7029, and a hybrid, Arize 6444 GOLD, were taken in the Kharif and Boro seasons, respectively. The results clearly indicated that the application of a recommended dose of nutrients showed its superiority over the control (no fertilizer application) in the expression of growth characters, yield attributes, yields, and nutrient uptake of Kharif as well as Boro rice. Out of the all treatments, the best result was found in the treatment where the ample dose of nutrients was applied, resulting in maximum grain yield in both the Kharif (5.6 t ha−1) and Boro (6.6 t ha−1) season. The corresponding yield attributes for the same treatment in the Kharif (panicles m−2: 247.9; grains panicle−1: 132.0; spikelets panicle−1: 149.6; test weight: 23.8 g; and panicle length: 30.6 cm) and Boro (panicles m−2: 281.6; grains panicle−1: 142.7; spikelets panicle−1: 157.2; test weight: 24.8 g; and panicle length: 32.8 cm) season explained the maximum yield in this treatment. Further, a reduction or omission of individual nutrients adversely impacted on the above traits and resulted in a negative balance of the respective nutrients. The study concluded that the application of a recommended dose of nutrients was essential for proper nutrient balance and sustainable yields in the rice–rice cropping system.

전통적 水利시설의 근대적 변동양상— 漢灘江水系 鐵原･漣川지구의 사례 —

This paper is to clarify the modern reorganization process of traditional irrigation facilities such like Bo(洑) and Zeon(堤堰) in the modern transitory period, Korea rural. Zeon is a kind of reservoir, and Bo is an irrigation canal from the river-bank. In the perspectives of local society history, these traditional facilities in Cheorwon(鐵原) and Yeoncheon(漣川) county, Hantangang-river(漢灘江) valley, had continued long-term existence in the transitory period, colonial period. The case of Bo(洑) shows these characteristics well. This remarkable facts displays long-term sustainability of local irrigation community in a peasant community. Especially, historical materials in Joongang Irrigation Association(中央水利組合) of Cheorwon county present a lots of traditional irrigation facilities in the upstream of the Hantangang-river. This case study brings light on the research of close corporate community in context of East Asian studies.

Balancing Employee Skill with Technology Adoption in Indian Context

From the study it is concluded that after implementation of the scheme, 93% respondents stated that they have been provided irrigation facilities for farming to enhance agriculture productivity. Around 91.8% respondents admitted that due to the provision of irrigation facilities for farming, the production of commercial crops (89.5% respondents) have increased and 91.8% respondents stated that agriculture lands have been covered under cultivation.

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Economic Growth of India

From the study it is concluded that after implementation of the scheme, 93% respondents stated that they have been provided irrigation facilities for farming to enhance agriculture productivity. Around 91.8% respondents admitted that due to the provision of irrigation facilities for farming, the production of commercial crops (89.5% respondents) have increased and 91.8% respondents stated that agriculture lands have been covered under cultivation.

Empirical Evidences of Tribal Women Participation in Local Economy

From the study it is concluded that after implementation of the scheme, 93% respondents stated that they have been provided irrigation facilities for farming to enhance agriculture productivity. Around 91.8% respondents admitted that due to the provision of irrigation facilities for farming, the production of commercial crops (89.5% respondents) have increased and 91.8% respondents stated that agriculture lands have been covered under cultivation.

Problems and Prospectus of Mushroom Farming in Nepal

Mushroom farming is popular among farmers worldwide since consumers demand it as a vegetable and rich source of protein. Farming itself has been surrounded by various problems in Nepal, like countries worldwide. Based on primary data, it was revealed that open border was the main problem faced by Nepalese farmers to get reasonable price of mushrooms. 56.7 % of respondents opined that there is a market problem as well as poor technologies in the time of cultivation and harvesting of product. Forty-three percent of the respondents had a market problem but no poor technology. It can be explained as better technology used in the field of production. Total production starts to increase and may not have a market problem. Seventy-five percent of the farmers believed there was no adequate fund or irrigation facility. High cost and middle man problems were felt by 90 percent of farmers. There was a labour problem and a lack of training. Only 20 % have training in this farming. These two variables were statistically significant. P-Value is less than .05 > .002 show their association. 90 % of the farmer has an open border, which is the cause of a decrease in mushroom farming. These variables are statistically significant. P-Value is less than .05 > .03, representing a close relationship between these problems. Eliminating such problems may open the door to more investment, employment and income in the national economy.

Factors Influencing Commercialization of Horticultural Crops Among Smallholder Farmers in Juba, South Sudan

This paper aims at analyzing socio-economic and institutional factors influencing the commercialization of horticultural crops among smallholder farm households in Juba, South Sudan. The study adopted a multi-stage sampling technique to select a sample of 151 respondents. The survey was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires to collect primary data. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a Tobit regression model by STATA analytical software. The results from descriptive statistics indicated that 77.48% of the farmers are female, 36.65% have access to land, 37.09% have access to education at the primary level, 96.69% have no access to market information, 74.17% do not have group membership and only 54.97% have access to irrigation facilities. The findings further revealed that the mean household commercialization index (HCI) was 74.81% and the specific HCI for the selected vegetable crops; tomato, okra and cowpeas were 74.92%, 72.96%, and 74.84% respectively. The results from the Tobit regression model revealed that commercialization of horticultural crops is influenced by the age of the farmer, farming experience, type of land acquisition, the quantity of crop produced, group membership, total variable costs, total farm revenue, and access to irrigation facilities. The finding revealed that the age of a farmer, types of crop produced, type of land acquisition, and group membership are negatively significant whereas, farming experience, total variable costs, total farm revenue, and access to irrigation facilities are positively significant. The study suggests that further evaluation of the factors influencing the commercialization of indigenous and exotic vegetables would be required in rural and peri-urban settings of South Sudan. This study provides an insight for policymakers to formulate appropriate policies that can promote domestic production and accelerate the transition of smallholder farmers from subsistence to the market-oriented production system. Keywords: Commercialization, Horticultural crops, Peri-urban areas, smallholder, Tobit regression model DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-14-05 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

A SURVEY ON A PLANT DISEASE, RED ROT OF SUGARCANE (Collectotricum Falcatum) ON BAITADI DISTRICT

Our Survey area is Dilasaini, Ward no.5 of Baitadi District where sugarcane cultivation is widely done in almost all the households of that area and their main problem was red rot disease of sugarcane. We had collected data by using semi structured questionnaire and key informant survey (KIS) was also conducted. Pilot testing was also done to check the accuracy. Data entry was done using MS Excel and descriptive analysis was done using IPM SPSS V.20. Among the diseases of plants, Collectotricum falcatum is highly prevalent in Baitadi and has affected the sugarcane cultivation and production. It not only reduce the production but also causes decline in quality of sugarcane produce and our survey is based on status of people residing there, sugarcane status and Collectotrichum presence, its causes, losses and the expectations of farmers regarding its management. We found that 81.81% were male headed and 18.18% were female headed, 59.09% were Brahmins, 22.72% were Chhetris, 12.12% were Yogis and 6.06% were Dalits. 36.36% have less than 5 ropani land, 40.905 have between 5 to 10 ropani and 22.72% have more than 10 ropani. 83.33% have given prority to jaggery production followed by16.67% to juice extractions and 0% in sugar production. We found that 40.90% households has faced loss more than 60%, 40.90% household facing losses between 30-60% and 18.18% households were facing loss around 10-30%. 68.18% respondents have expectations priority on provision of subsides, 16.67% respondents have on timely availability of planting material, 6.06 % respondents have on fungicide availability, 4.54% have on irrigation facility and remaining 3.03% have on provision of research facility.

Coffee income and its determinants: A case of Deusa village, Nepal

Understanding economic contribution of coffee production and influencing socioeconomic and environmental factors for coffee income are vital for its promotion. The primary aim of this study was therefore to assess the contribution of coffee income to the household total cash income and identify influencing socioeconomic and environmental factors for coffee income in Deusa, Solukhumbu district of Nepal. A semi-structured questionnaire survey gather data from 55 coffee-growing households. We used Ordinary Least Square regressions (OLS) for identifying influencing factors for coffee income. Household annual gross income, from farm and off-farm income sources, estimated was around NPR 161 thousand, and the median value was 57.4 thousand. On average, coffee farming contributed almost 9% of the total household income in the study area. The OLS regression showed that sufficient labor availability (p<0.05), access to coffee-related trainings (p<0.05), and access to irrigation facilities (p<0.05) significantly increased coffee earnings. Likewise, environmental variables - elevation (negatively, p<0.05) and shade trees availability for coffee farming (positively, p<0.05) also influenced earnings from the coffee farming. We recommend provisions of trainings, improved irrigation facilities and tree saplings for shade management for sustainable coffee production in the study area.

Food Security Under The Era Of Climate Change Threat

Food Security Under The Era Of Climate Change Threat

Salinity and Sodicity Status of the Floodplain Soils of Kebbi State, North Western, Nigeria

Floodplain soils are the sites for most of agricultural activities during dry seasons. With efficient irrigation facilities such as tube wells and water pumps, they can produce 2-3 short duration crops during a year. However, due to persistent irrigation activities, these soils are always susceptible to salinization and sodicity hazards. High salt content in the soil inhibits uptake of plant nutrients and water, while high sodium content in sodic soils destroys soil structure and consequently reduces the rate of permeability and aeration. In view of this, it becomes necessary to assess the level of salinity and sodicity of the floodplain soils of the study area; Augie, Argungu, Birnin Kebbi and Bunza Local Government Area of Kebbi State, so as to ascertain the appropriate management practices to be applied on these soils. Soluble salts were as such analyzed. It was observed that the calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na2+), were in the value of 1.90cmol(+)kg-1, 1.66cmol(+)kg-1, 0.16cmol(+)kg-1, and 0.34cmol(+)kg-1, respectively. Salinity and sodicity determinants were also analyzed where pH was observed to be 6.88, electrical conductivity (EC) 0.19dSm-1 exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 2.09%. The data were subjected to statistical analysis so as understand the relationship between the four local government areas. Based on the concentration of pH, EC and ESP, the soils could be said to be free from salinity and sodicity hazards at least for now. However, due to the high concentration of Mg2+, K+ and Na+, the soils could be said to have potential threat to salinity and sodicity problems and therefore proper management strategies should be practiced to prevent their further concentration.

Constraint’s Analysis of Sugarcane Cultivation in Sant Kabir Nagar District

The study was conducted using multistage stratified, purposive cum random sampling procedure and hundred respondents were selected from a block of district. Primary data was collected through personal interview technique and required secondary information for the reference was taken from the records available at district and block offices. Simple tabular, functional analysis using Garrett ranking method was used to cook the inferences. As per the results found and seen from the analysis, lack of technical knowledge was found as the first rank followed by labor constraints in peak time at the second position. Seeds unavailability at the third rank and irrigation facility and unavailability of finance facility were found at fourth and fifth ranks respectively. Rest all problems were found afterwards.

Irrigation System Of Turkestan In The Second Half Of 19th Century And Early 20th Century

This article describes the state of irrigated agriculture in Turkestan, water sources, classification of major rivers and their tributaries, geographical location, irrigation system, sources of water supply, types of traditional irrigation methods used by the local population in the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, an attempt is made to reveal the participation of local people in the construction, repair, cleaning of irrigation facilities, the implementation of centuries-old rules of irrigation, the rights of local people to use water through a number of sources, statistical collections, scientific literature and research works in the article.

The Impact of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability on the Livelihood of Smallholder Farmers in Central Ethiopia

Although most micro-level studies show the positive impact of adaptation on food security and household income, these are only a few of the outcomes adaptation is intended to achieve. Farmers’ livelihoods function in complex ways such that an understanding the multidimensional outcome of adaptation is important. These necessitate the use of multiple indicators in the evaluation of the impact of adaptation. Based on data collected from 810 randomly selected households in central Ethiopia, this study investigates the impacts of adaptation strategies on the sustainability of the livelihoods of farmers. The economic, social, and environmental outcomes were integrated to construct the Livelihood Sustainability Index. The endogenous switching regression model, which accounts for unobserved heterogeneity and possible endogeneity, was used to examine the impact of using adaptation strategies. With a mean score of 41, the farmers had lower levels of livelihood sustainability. Farmers switching crop type, diversifying crops, planting improved seeds, engaging in land management activities, and using irrigation had a higher livelihood sustainability index compared to the counterfactual case in which they did not use them. Non-farm employment and migration significantly increased livelihood sustainability for the using households. However, had these factors been used by the non-users, it would have resulted in reduced livelihood sustainability. Farmers using more than four adaptation strategies had more sustainable livelihoods than using fewer strategies. The findings affirm that adaptation contributes to livelihood improvement. However, since the farmers are far from achieving a higher level of sustainable livelihoods, policies shall focus on maximizing the returns to be obtained from using adaptation strategies. This includes improving access to ecosystem services through environmental protection measures, increasing production efficiency through improved access to and proper utilization of farm inputs, expanding irrigation facilities, creating decent employment opportunities, and enhancing farmers’ skills through entrepreneurial training.

Trend analysis of area, production and productivity in pigeonpea

The present study has been analysed the trend in area, production and productivity of pigeon pea and the instability by Cuddy Della Valle index. The study has been carried out based on secondary data and the data was collected for the periods from 2007-08 to 2018-19. Compound annual growth rate, co-efficient of variation and instability index was computed. The growth rate of area and production of pigeonpea in India showed and significant positive at 1 per cent and 5 per cent level, respectively and productivity showed insignificant positive growth rate. The growth rate of area and production of pigeonpea of Karnataka showed significant positive trend at 5 per cent level and productivity showed insignificant positive growth rate. The increase in production occurs due to increase in area as well as interactions of area and productivity of pigeonpea in the study period. Thus, there is a need to take up productivity enhancing measures in pigeonpea like varietal improvement, improved cultural practices, disease control measures and irrigation facilities. The instability indices for area, production and productivity for pigeonpea is positive which indicates less risk in growing pigeonpea in future.

Common-pool community resource use: Governance and management of community irrigation schemes in rural Ghana

ABSTRACT The Hardian solutions to the excessive abuses of common-pool resources are still being contested. However, studies on governance and management of community irrigation facilities as a “common” in developing countries is limited. Contributing to literature on irrigation water management in the Global South, this paper examines the role of communities in the governance and management of small-scale irrigation dams in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The study employs a qualitative approach to research with 25 interviews and seven Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Using a thematic approach to analysis, the study reveals that smallholder farmers through the Water Users’ Associations (WUAs) have defined user boundaries and instituted ground rules and regulations to enable them to sustainably manage these water resources for their activities of agriculture. Further results revealed that irrigable land for dry season gardening was equitably shared among farmers who are members of WUA, and as a result, minimized possible conflicts among the resource users. The study recommends the need for the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and the Ghana Irrigation Authority to provide more technical support to WUAs in the Upper East Region of Ghana to enable them to better manage these water resources.

Problems and Prospects of Himalayan Farmers and Farming: A Case Study of District Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir

Agriculture is one of the fundamental features of the Indian economy. Agriculture along with its allied activities employs near about half of the population of India. The Himalayas form the major mountain ranges of the country and covers the northern and northeastern parts of the country. The Himalayan mountain region covers around 10 states of India including Jammu and Kashmir (J & K). The main source of livelihood of these regions is agriculture but the nature of agriculture is still traditional and is of subsistence type. The productivity is also low and unsatisfactory. This paper is an attempt to highlight some of the main problems faced by the farmers and to analyze prospects for the future growth of Himalayan agriculture. It also focused on analyzing the present status of farmers in the region. This paper is focused on district Kishtwar of J & K, a major Himalayan territory. The paper is based on primary data and a sample of 400 farmers has been taken for the study. The finding of the study shows that farmers in the region are mostly marginal and the area still lacks the irrigation facility. Still, the traditional mode of farming is practiced in the region. It also revealed that illiteracy, lack of information, lack of credit, lack of irrigation facilities, soil erosion, traditional mode of agriculture, etc. are some of the major problems faced by the farmers in the district. The area needs some immediate steps to be taken for the growth of agriculture in a real and much better way.