Ferric Oxide Research Articles

Diethyldithiocarbamate-ferrous oxide nanoparticles inhibit human and mouse glioblastoma stemness: aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 suppression and ferroptosis induction.

The development of effective therapy for eradicating glioblastoma stem cells remains a major challenge due to their aggressive growth, chemoresistance and radioresistance which are mainly conferred by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)1A1. The latter is the main stemness mediator via enhancing signaling pathways of Wnt/β-catenin, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT, and hypoxia. Furthermore, ALDH1A1 mediates therapeutic resistance by inactivating drugs, stimulating the expression of drug efflux transporters, and detoxifying reactive radical species, thereby apoptosis arresting. Recent reports disclosed the potent and broad-spectrum anticancer activities of the unique nanocomplexes of diethyldithiocarbamate (DE, ALDH1A1 inhibitor) with ferrous oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) mainly conferred by inducing lipid peroxidation-dependent non-apoptotic pathways (iron accumulation-triggered ferroptosis), was reported. Accordingly, the anti-stemness activity of nanocomplexes (DE-FeO NPs) was investigated against human and mouse glioma stem cells (GSCs) and radioresistant GSCs (GSCs-RR). DE-FeO NPs exhibited the strongest growth inhibition effect on the treated human GSCs (MGG18 and JX39P), mouse GSCs (GS and PDGF-GSC) and their radioresistant cells (IC50 ≤ 70 and 161μg/mL, respectively). DE-FeO NPs also revealed a higher inhibitory impact than standard chemotherapy (temozolomide, TMZ) on self-renewal, cancer repopulation, chemoresistance, and radioresistance potentials. Besides, DE-FeO NPs surpassed TMZ regarding the effect on relative expression of all studied stemness genes, as well as relative p-AKT/AKT ratio in the treated MGG18, GS and their radioresistant (MGG18-RR and GS-RR). This potent anti-stemness influence is primarily attributed to ALDH1A1 inhibition and ferroptosis induction, as confirmed by significant elevation of cellular reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation with significant depletion of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase 4. DE-FeO NPs recorded the optimal LogP value for crossing the blood brain barrier. This in vitro novel study declared the potency of DE-FeO NPs for collapsing GSCs and GSCs-RR with improving their sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, indicating that DE-FeO NPs may be a promising remedy for GBM. Glioma animal models will be needed for in-depth studies on its safe effectiveness.

In situ construction of iron-rich metal-organic frameworks on wool surface for enhanced flame retardancy and low smoke generation

The incorporation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on textile materials to enhance flame retardancy is of interest and challenge. In this study, an iron-rich MOF (Fe-MOF) was constructed in situ on wool fabric surface through the alternating assembly of ferric metal salt and the carboxylic acid ligand 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid. The surface morphology, flame retardancy, smoke and heat release performance, thermal stability, and flame-retardant mechanism of the Fe-MOF coated wool fabric were investigated. Square-shaped crystals were observed on the coated wool fabric, indicating successful construction of Fe-MOF on the wool surface. The coated wool fabric with an add-on of 6.8% exhibited excellent flame retardancy, as evidenced by its self-extinguishing ability during the vertical burning test and a significantly enhanced limiting oxygen index of 32.6%. Moreover, the coated wool fabric demonstrated a remarkable reduction in heat and smoke production of 23.8% and 68.4%, respectively, indicating enhanced fire safety. The analysis of char residue, including thermal stability, surface morphology, iron content, and graphitization degree, supported the formation of ferric oxides as a protective layer, contributing to the improved flame retardancy of the Fe-MOF coated wool in the condensed phase. The in situ construction of Fe-MOF on wool macromolecules offers a promising and innovative approach for developing nonhalogen and nonphosphorus flame-retardant systems.

Improving the characterization of red coloring matter from prehistoric cave art by means of laboratory confocal XRF depth profiling combined with synchrotron XRF imaging

Chemical in situ study of red coloring matter in cave art is challenging because characteristic trace elements can be present both in the matter and in the wall support, and the latter has a quite heterogeneous composition.In this study, a stalactite presenting red iron oxide coloring matter from La Garma cave, Northern Spain, has been analyzed with complementary techniques. The aims are, on the one hand, confirming for the first time the feasibility of confocal XRF (CXRF) depth-resolved scans to successfully separate the complex stratigraphy of red prehistoric coloring matter on a calcitic support. On the other hand, finding differentiation criteria and improving the characterization of this red iron-based coloring matter would help understand and virtually separate it from its support, as well as improve future in situ analyses in cave sites.CXRF depth-resolved scans were performed using the LouX3D device available in our laboratory. With this technique, we can precisely determine the chemical depth composition of an object, layer by layer, with a spatial resolution in the micrometer scale. These measurements were combined with a synchrotron induced micro-X-ray fluorescence (SR-µXRF) chemical mapping performed at the PUMA beamline, SOLEIL synchrotron. These highly sensitive measurements not available with any other non-destructive lab-based technique allow seeing a greater number of trace and minor elements associated with Fe. Complementing them with the direct depth-resolved information given by CXRF, it was possible to find differentiation criteria distinguishing the wall support and the coloring matter, finely characterize this red iron-based matter, and confirm the feasibility as well as the advantages of applying CXRF for the non-invasive technical study of prehistoric cave figures.

Influence of Alumina, Ferric Oxide, and Mn as Composites on the Properties of Recycled Aluminium Alloy

Recycling of aluminium alloys is gaining significant attention due to its economic and environmental benefits. However, close loop recycled aluminium alloys can be adversely affected by impurities and alloying elements present in the recycled feedstock. In this study, the influence of three composites, namely alumina (Al2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), and manganese (Mn), on the properties of recycled aluminium taldon scraps was investigated to enhance the tensile behaviour of the alloys. The effects of these composites on the mechanical properties, microstructure, and corrosion behaviour of the recycled aluminium alloys were evaluated through experimental characterization techniques. The results showed that the addition of these composites had a significant influence on the properties of recycled aluminium alloys, providing insights into the potential for improving the performance of recycled aluminium alloys through composite additions. The addition of Al2O3 enhanced the tensile strength by 44.18 % and the variation can be attributed to the strengthening of the dendritic zones by the formation of α-Al.

Materials analysis in three paintings of Thomas Gainsborough (1727–1788) by portable X-ray fluorescence

Three paintings of Thomas Gainsborough (1727–1788), one of the most influential English portrait painters of the late 18th century, from the collection of the Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP) - “Francis Rawdon” (1783–1784), “Portrait of Mrs. John Bolton” (1770), and “Drinkstone Park” (1747) - were investigated using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), employing a W tube anode and an XR-100CR detector. These artworks represent the only paintings by Thomas Gainsborough located in the southern hemisphere. Through an analysis of the behavior of X-ray line net areas for all identified elements in various regions of the oil paintings, it was observed that XRF accurately identified the original materials: Lead White, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Sulfate, Bone Black, Ivory Black, Yellow Iron Oxide, Prussian Blue, Vermillion, Red Iron Oxide, Umber, and Sienna Earth. Additionally, certain regions exhibited the presence of 19th century pigments: Zinc White, Cobalt Blue, and Chrome Yellow, indicating areas that had undergone restoration. The findings presented in this study align closely with results obtained from other investigations into paintings by Thomas Gainsborough.

Using red mud to prepare the iron-bearing catalyst for the efficient degradation of phenol in the Fenton-like process

Phenol pollution is widely environmental and health problems that require new insights and urgent attention. A iron-bearing catalyst (FRM/2%A) was prepared with red mud by HCl dissolution, ascorbic acid reducing and precipitation of filter liquor, and activated H2O2 to degrade the phenol in synthetic wastewater. Results show that FRM/2%A had the highest degradation efficiency (99.3 %) in the reaction time of 5 min among investigative samples, due to the production of ferrous polymetallic oxides on the catalyst and the formation of mesoscopic particles and microcellular structures. The optimal conditions were 1 g/L of catalyst dosage, 5 mM of H2O2 concentration, 3–6 of initial pH and 100 mg/L of initial concentration of phenol in the FRM/2%A/H2O2 system. The degradation data fit into the pseudo-first-order kinetics model and the reaction rate constant (k) of FRM/2%A was 0.865 min−1. The removal efficiency (77 %) of COD below the value (99.3 %) of phenol degradation implied the intermediates generating during the phenol degradation. The possible degradation pathway was proposed as phenol → catechol → benzoquinone → muconic acid → small molecular organic acids → CO2 and H2O. The findings suggested a new way for the synthesis of the efficient catalyst with RM and optimal operating strategies for the treatment of phenol wastewater.

Potentiometric sensing of ibuprofen over ferric oxide doped chitosan grafted polypyrrole-based electrode

The present work demonstrates the correlation between structure, properties, and self-sensing protocols of in situ prepared ferric oxide doped grafted copolymer composite, comprised of ferric oxide, chitosan, and polypyrrole (α-Fe2O3-en-CHIT-g-PPy) for residual ibuprofen present in natural and artificial samples. The chemical structure, morphology, functionality, and physio-mechanical properties of the composite were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), Raman spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Two probe method, and standard ASTM techniques to explore sensing nature. The results confirm the evolution of axially aligned structure against 110 planes of α-Fe2O3 and chemically functionalized expanded polymer matrix during in-situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole, with better porosity, interactivity, and improved electrical conductivity i.e. 7.32 × 10−3 S cm−1. Further, a thin film of prepared composite coated on an ITO glass plate was explored for potentiometric sensing of ibuprofen (IBU) present in artificial and natural samples without the use of any additional energy sources. The observed sensing parameters are the sensing ranging 0.5 μM to 100.0 μM, sensitivity 2.5081 mV μM−1 cm−2, response time 50 s, recovery time 10 s, and stability for 60 days. The sensing mechanism of the IBU sensor and effective charge transfer in the electrode was also discussed based on changes in IR spectra of the electrode recorded before and after sensing due to surface oxidation of IBU due to the presence of iron and doping effect of iron oxide in the composite.

Characterization of New Minimum Signature Solid Propellant Based on Ammonium Perchlorate Synergetic with Sorbitol and Magnesium Metal

Since the introduction of the concept of insensitive weapons, rocket motor designers must now ensure that their vulnerability is as low as possible. One of the inherent characteristics of a sugar-based propellant is the obvious plume coming out from the nozzle as a result of chemical reactions. The present work characterises a novel minimum signature composite solid propellant based on Ammonium perchlorate/Sorbitol with magnesium metal as a fuel and chlorine scavenger. The elemental stoichiometric coefficient and oxygen balance for the propellant mixture were calculated to find the optimum ratio between the oxidizer and fuel. The solid propellant of AP was prepared by mixing it with melted sorbitol and casting it into the cylindrical hollow tube using the freestanding method. The burning rate for five samples was measured at atmospheric pressure. The morphology was characterized by a scanning electron microscope. Calculation results reveal that ammonium perchlorate at 0.77% weight produced the best elemental stoichiometric coefficient and oxygen balance. The sample with the additive metal showed a significant increase in the burning rate. In all formulation samples of magnesium and ferrous oxide, the maximum burning rate at 0.126 cm/s showed that the metal additive and the propellant worked synergistically with each other. Results from SEM indicate that ammonium perchlorate spherical particles were uniformly dispersed within sorbitol. The addition of ferrousoxide increases the interaction between the component, and at the same time it gives the oxidizer the ability to interact more efficiently with the fuel and improve the physical strength of the solid propellant. This research is a minor step for Malaysia to become a top competitor in the aerospace industry in the future.

Kinetic study and advanced decomposition models of superthermite-based nitrocellulose nanocomposite

ABSTRACT Superthermites are well-known for their exceptional combustion characteristics. α ferric oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using hydrothermal synthesis. Co-precipitation technique was employed to integrated superhermite (Al/Fe2O3) colloidal particles into nitrocellulose (NC) energetic matrix. Morphology NC nanocomposite was investigated using scanning electron microscope. The integration of superthermite particles into NC matrix experienced enhanced decomposition enthalpy by 40% using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) as the decomposition enthalpy has incresed to reach above 1640J/kg. In the mean time, superthermite particles offered decrease in NC activation energy by 17.3% and 16.0% using Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) approach and Kissinger models, respectively. The hydrous surface of ferric NPs could secure novel catalytic action. At low temperatures, the reactive hydroxyl groups could be released; active ȮH radicals would attack the NC heterocyclic ring and abstract hydrogen atom. Addition of NPs enhanced the rapid release of different decomposition products of NC such as NO2 ,CO, NO, HCHO, and HCOOH at low temperature. Kinetic models indicated that the heterogeneous solid-state reaction and A2 nucleation model were confirmed via KAS and Kissinger models.

Leaching mechanism of SiO2 in activated kaolinite clinker with low modulus sodium silicate solution

ABSTRACT Preparation of high modulus solution and high Al/Si residue via leaching SiO2 is a key for large amount utilization of coal gangue based on ferric oxide assisted roasting – alkali leaching silica process. This work focuses on leaching mechanism of SiO2 in activated kaolinite clinker with low modulus sodium silicate solution. The results show that the lattice distorted cristobalite produced in the roasting process is readily soluble in sodium silicate solution, however the leaching of SiO2 was only 75% and the modulus of lixiviant reached 2.5 through leaching in sodium silicate solution with a modulus of ~1.0. The leaching kinetics and dissolution mechanism have also been analyzed by model fitting and microstructural observation. The leaching reaction was controlled by diffusion across the pore. The slit – shaped pores formed by the stacking of hercynite particles prevent the diffusion of the bulk solution, thus inhibiting the leaching of cristobalite inside the particles.

Bio fabrication of Fe2O3 NPs and their analgesia efficiency for post-operative epidural anaesthetic applications- study of chronic inflammatory pain model in mice

ABSTRACT The current study reported the synthesis of ferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) using the leaf extract of Amaranthus spinosus Linn and studied their analgesia efficiency in chronic inflammatory pain model in mice. X-RD, TEM results showed that the spherical Fe2O3 NPs having rhombohedral crystalline structure with an average particle size of 10 nm. Additionally, inflammatory pain models were designed through FCA injection on the CD1 mice hind paw with various Fe2O3 NPs doses and analgesic behaviour was monitored. The prepared Fe2O3 NPs showed a dose-dependent analgesic activity with considerable decrease in inflammatory cells, ROS production and pro-inflammatory markers. Additionally, the expression of enzymes responsible for ROS production were decreased. The outcomes of present work revealed the local administration of Fe2O3 NPs caused the substantial analgesia through reduction of pro-inflammatory signalling and inflammatory cellular infiltration along with micro-environmental free radical scavenging in mouse inflammatory pain model.

Effect of TiO2/Fe2O3 nanopowder synthesis method on visible light photocatalytic degradation of reactive blue dye

Water pollution and scarcity of clean water are major issues of concern globally. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst doped with ferric oxide (Fe2O3) was used to degrade reactive blue dye (171) using sunlight irradiation. Two approaches were employed to synthesize the photocatalyst: synthesis of ferric oxide and titanium precursor through ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method and using iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate with commercial titanium dioxide. The photocatalysts were characterized using FTIR Spectroscopy, SEM, XRD analyses, and UVDRS to determine their chemical composition, morphology, crystallinity, and light absorption, respectively. The effect of contaminant concentration (1–3 ppm), solution pH and photocatalyst type on the degradation efficiency was studied. Doping enabled visible light absorption as confirmed by the UVDRS analysis. Solar photocatalytic degradation resulted in complete (100 % removal) of the dye within 2 h under solar irradiation for all concentrations of the dye studied. Furthermore, the photocatalysts exhibited superior performance in both neutral and acidic solutions compared to basic ones. After four cycles, the dye removal efficiency has decreased by less than 15 % for all the photocatalysts confirming the significant activity and high stability of the nanocomposite. The increased dye photodegradation efficacy of Fe2O3 doped TiO2 under sunlight irradiation is attributed to the narrowing of the photocatalyst's bandgap from 3.76 eV (in pure TiO2) to 2.83 eV. This narrowing of the bandgap enhances the absorption of visible light from sunlight, thus making this photocatalyst effective under sunlight and eliminating the use of electricity which is a requirement for ultraviolet photocatalysis.

Influence of Nanofluids on Boundary Layer Flow over an Inclined Stretching Sheet in a Porous Media along with Magnetic Field

The current study intends to analyse the magnetohydrodynamics boundary layer flow of a water-based nanofluid of Silver, Copper and Ferrous Ferric Oxide nanoparticles over a Permeable inclined stretched sheet in a porous media. A similarity transformation is utilized to convert the governing partial differential equations into non-dimensional, non-linear ordinary differential equations. The Keller box finite difference implicit approach is then applied to solve these nonlinear equations numerically. The impacts of several parameters, namely, inclination parameter, magnetic parameter, Soret Number, Eckertnumber and nano particles volume fractionon velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration are explored.

Ferric oxide nanocatalyst: synthesis, characterization, and application in the one-pot three-component synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazole derivatives

Ferric oxide nanocatalyst: synthesis, characterization, and application in the one-pot three-component synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazole derivatives

Flawless polyaniline coating for preservation and corrosion protection of ancient steel spearheads: an archaeological study from military museum, Al-Qala, Egypt

The purpose of this research was to examine the viability of applying a flawless polyaniline coating on steel spearheads to preserve them and protect them from corrosion. The spearpoints, thought to be archaeologically significant, were acquired from the Military Museum in Al-Qala, Egypt. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize the spearheads chemical composition and microstructure (EDX). The spearheads were determined to be constructed of steel and to have a coating of ferric oxide and other corrosion products on their exteriors. After that, a flawless polyaniline coating was electrochemically deposited onto the spearpoints in a way that was both quick and cheap. Many types of corrosion tests, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) readings, were used to determine the coating’s effectiveness. The steel spearheads’ findings revealed a significant improvement in their resistance to corrosion after being coated with flawless polyaniline. The coating served as a barrier, blocking out water and other corrosive substances and slowing the buildup of corrosion byproducts on the spearpoints. In conclusion, our research shows that a flawless polyaniline coating may be an effective anti-corrosion treatment for ancient steel artifacts. The approach is straightforward, cheap, and readily scalable for massive conservation efforts.

Fe2O3 nanoparticles encapsulated in the inner walls of integrated 3D carbon tube grid as high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) holds huge potential as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost, however, its battery performance is still limited by the intrinsic poor conductivity and huge volume variation during lithiation and de-lithiation processes. Herein, we developed a self-standing 3D interconnected vertical and lateral carbon tube (3D-CT) grid with Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in the wall of CT (denoted as 3D-CT@Fe2O3-NPs@C), as structurally-integrated anode without any inactive components. The 3D-interconnected vertical and lateral CTs with open channels not only provide plenty of attachment sites for the Fe2O3 NPs and accommodate the strain generated by the volume variation of Fe2O3, but also facilitate the fast ions and electrons transfer. Therefore, the self-supported 3D-CT@Fe2O3-NPs@C electrode delivers superior cycling and high-rate performance with a high stable specific capacity of 896.2 mAh g−1 at the current density of 1.0 A g−1 after 700 cycles. Even at the high current density of 4.0 A g−1, a reversible capacity of 488.1 mAh g−1 can be reached based on the mass of the electrode. This study provides a facile and efficient strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of LIBs through the design of structurally-integrated grid electrode.

Nanoscale Chemical Probing of Metal-Supported Ultrathin Ferrous Oxide via Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.

Metal-supported ultrathin ferrous oxide (FeO) has attracted immense interest in academia and industry due to its widespread applications in heterogeneous catalysis. However, chemical insight into the local structural characteristics of FeO, despite its critical importance in elucidating structure-property relationships, remains elusive. In this work, we report the nanoscale chemical probing of gold (Au)-supported ultrathin FeO via ultrahigh-vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (UHV-TERS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). For comparative analysis, single-crystal Au(111) and Au(100) substrates are used to tune the interfacial properties of FeO. Although STM images show distinctly different moiré superstructures on FeO nanoislands on Au(111) and Au(100), TERS demonstrates the same chemical nature of FeO by comparable vibrational features. In addition, combined TERS and STM measurements identify a unique wrinkled FeO structure on Au(100), which is correlated to the reassembly of the intrinsic Au(100) surface reconstruction due to FeO deposition. Beyond revealing the morphologies of ultrathin FeO on Au substrates, our study provides a thorough understanding of the local interfacial properties and interactions of FeO on Au, which could shed light on the rational design of metal-supported FeO catalysts. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the promising utility of combined TERS and STM in chemically probing the structural properties of metal-supported ultrathin oxides on the nanoscale.

Ruthenium-induced hydrolysis effect on Fe2O3 nanoarrays for high-performance electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia

Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO3-RR) to ammonia (NH3) has become an attractive pathway for sewage remediation and ammonia synthesis. However, the NO3- electroreduction reaction remains hindered by the sluggish multi-proton involved steps without sufficient proton supply. Herein, we designed Ru nanoparticles (NPs) loaded onto ferric oxide nanoarrays (Ru-Fe2O3) catalysts with hydrolysis effect for high-efficient NH3 production. Ru-Fe2O3 exhibits an impressive ammonia yield and faraday efficiency (209–329 μmol cm−2 h−1 and 45.2–72.8%, respectively). Ru-induced hydrolysis promotes the hydrogenation of the reaction intermediates in the process (H2O+e−→H*+OH−) by accelerating the generation of localized protons at the reactive sites. More importantly, this effect can further accelerate the H*-mediated indirect reduction pathway and the electron-mediated direct reduction pathway. These findings underscore the importance of relating NO3-RR performance with nanometallic particles-supported electrodes to advance catalyst design and operation.

Enhanced Pretreatment of Natural Rubber Industrial Wastewater Using Magnetic Seed Coagulation with Ca(OH)2

The efficiency of magnetic seed coagulation (MSC) with pH adjustment by NaOH and Ca(OH)2 as a pretreatment for high-strength natural rubber industrial wastewater (NRIWW) was compared in this study. The high content of suspended solids (SSs) and other inhibitory substances of NRIWW is a primary issue which affects its subsequent secondary and tertiary treatment processes. The MSC process with polyaluminum chloride (PAC), anionic polymer (polyacrylamide—PAM)), and magnetic seeds (MS) (ferric oxide (Fe3O4)) was proven to be a cost-effective pretreatment of NRIWW, and Ca(OH)2 showed improved pretreatment performance, with turbidity, COD, and TSS removals of 95%, 56%, and 64%, respectively. Sedimentation was enhanced from 30 min by conventional coagulation to less than 5 min by the MSC. The organic components of NRIWW reacted with MS to generate Fe–OH/Fe–OH+ linkages through processes of surface complexing and hydrogen bonding. According to fractal analysis, the MSC process optimized with Ca(OH)2 produces less complex flocs that are uniform and densely packed. Additionally, MS served as an adsorbent and promoted the development of magnetic flocs by boosting their density and size. MSC with pH adjustment by Ca(OH)2 presents a robust and cost-effective pretreatment process for NRIWW.

A new iron battery technology: Charge-discharge mechanism of ferrous chloride and ferric oxide electrolyte in all solid-state iron-graphite batteries

This study investigates a Fe/SSE/GF battery. Iron (Fe) as cathode material contains higher electrical capacity and competitive advantages. The solid-state electrolyte (SSE) material is sodium silicate powder mixed with iron compound powders. There are four types of iron compounds: 1) iron oxide, 2) chlorinated/Na-rich iron oxide, 3) Cl-rich iron oxide, 4) ferrous chloride, which are compared with sodium silicate powder. The negative electrode material is graphite film (GF). According to experiments, converting iron into iron oxide or ferric chloride can enhance battery capacity (beyond 200 mAh/g) and cycle life. The reliability of the Fe/SSE/GF battery was assessed by substituting sodium silicate powder with an iron compound electrolyte and adding binder (Polyvinyl Alcohol, PVA) into powder to enhance the performance of Fe/SSE/GF. This experimental research is not only innovative but also represents a significant milestone in the field of solid-state energy storage.