Iron Deficiency Anemia Research Articles (Page 1)

Anemia is a serious heath concern due to its high prevalence in the global population. Its occurrence in surgical patients varies greatly and correlates with worse outcomes. Higher costs and severe complications could also result from insufficient iron status. An effective way to mitigate the burden of iron deficiency could be the adoption of national patient blood management (PBM) programs. This study aimed to quantify the potential health economic benefits of implementing preoperative anemia management (the first pillar of PBM) with ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) in Romanian hospitals. An already published decision-tree-based health economic model was adapted and populated with Romanian cost and epidemiological data from 2019. Cardiac (coronary artery bypass grafting) and non-cardiac (hip and knee arthroplasty) elective surgery cases were analyzed. Costs of complications per discharged case were assessed on the basis of data from ten local hospitals. A total of 14,641 cases met the inclusion criteria. On the basis of our sample of ten hospitals, the complication costs per case ranged from €1067.43 (for stroke) to €2896.14 (for sepsis with pneumonia). The health economic model simulated two scenarios. In the first scenario, all cases with anemia received FCM treatment. The total savings at the national level total were at least €1,500,875. In the second scenario half of the cases with anemia received treatment, resulting in savings of €363,779. Our results suggest that introducing iron deficiency anemia treatment with FCM in case of elective surgical interventions results in considerable cost reduction for the healthcare system.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious, long-term illness that damages kidneys and lowers glomerular filtration rate. CKD often causes anemia. Iron deficiency (ID) is common in these patients and worsens illness symptoms. Modern hematology analysers can measure reticulocyte mean cell hemoglobin (MCHr), which directly measures iron integration into erythrocyte hemoglobin. MCHr can improve iron deficiency detection in CKD patients, who have aberrant iron indicators due to chronic inflammation. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of MCHr as a marker for ID in patients with CKD. Method To obtain data for this study, CBC, reticulocyte profile, and iron biomarkers were collected from King Khalid National Guard Hospital (Ref No. IRB/1861/23). Transferring saturation was calculated using (Serum iron/TIBC) × 100. GraphPad Prism 9 software was used to analyze the data, and Mann-Whitney, Spearman correlation, and ROC plots were used to determine MCHr's diagnostic performance. A p - value < 0.05 was considered significant. Result The study compared 190 individuals undergoing hemodialysis (HD) with 165 healthy blood donors. The HD group showed lower levels of RBC, Hb, MCHr, serum iron, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Despite anemia, the HD group had higher levels of ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT). MCHr demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance in identifying iron deficiency anemia (IDA), particularly in functional iron deficiency. When TSAT was < 20%, MCHr showed an AUC of 0.98, with 100% specificity and 72.41% sensitivity, significantly outperforming ferritin and TSAT in inflammatory settings. In the HD group with ferritin levels < 200 ng/mL, the MCHr cut-off value of < 31.20 pg had a sensitivity and specificity of 89.47% and an AUC of 0.89. When TSAT was < 20%, the MCHr cut-off value of < 23.95 pg had a sensitivity of 72.41%, specificity of 100%, and AUC of 0.98. Conclusions Based on the findings, MCHr is more effective than ferritin and TSAT in detecting iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients. Future research should use MCH to investigate the impact of iron therapy with or without rHuEPO.

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) affects 25% of the global population, with detrimental effects on the health of women and children. Treatments with iron supplements offer temporary relief but often yield adverse effects, hindering patient adherence. Additionally, IDA is associated with oxidative stress, which becomes significantly exacerbated during iron supplementation. Our study aimed to address this challenge by developing a plant-based nutritional formula rich in bioavailable iron and antioxidants devoid of adverse effects. Chemical analysis of edible plants, focused on the content of iron and iron absorption inhibitors, guided formula development. In vivo studies on rats with IDA evaluated iron bioavailability from the formulated plant-based nutraceuticals. Results of animal studies showed significant improvements in IDA-associated blood parameters after 28 days of oral administration of the nutraceuticals. Additionally, the nutraceuticals did not impede the benefits of iron supplementation. These findings strongly indicate that plant-based nutraceuticals can serve as an effective source of bioavailable iron, potentially improving treatment adherence and at the same time aligning with ongoing WHO and UNICEF initiatives to enhance IDA management.

Pregnant women are prone to developing iron deficiency anemia from increased blood volume and iron demand. Iron deficiency increases risks for low birth weight and preterm birth, which are leading causes of infant death in the United States. This project investigates the relationship between iron intake during the third trimester and birth weight and gestational age. Data for this study was collected from the Breastfeeding and Early Child Health (BEACH) study, a longitudinal birth cohort that evaluated the impact of maternal obesity on infant outcomes in exclusively breastfed infants. Diet records at 3rd trimester were available in 41 participants. ESHA Food Processor was used to process the diet records and iron intakes were based on dietary reference intakes. We used R-statistical programming for statistical analysis. The primary predictors were iron intake adequacy risk and mean iron intake, and the primary outcomes were birth weight and gestational age. We used linear regression to model mean iron intakes relationship with birth weight. Covariates included pre-pregnancy weight, height, and gestational age. We found that infant birth weight is lower among mothers with a 70% risk for inadequate iron intake than infant birth weights of mothers with a 50% risk for inadequate iron intake, while there is no difference in gestational age between the groups. Mean iron intake was positively associated with birth weight and not associated with gestational age.

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) may adversely affect perioperative outcomes due to impaired oxygen delivery and reduced immune function. However, data on the specific impact of IDA on outcomes following open cardiac surgery is limited. Understanding this relationship could guide pre- and peri-operative optimization. Objectives: This study retrospectively compares postoperative complications and survival in IDA versus non-anemic patients who underwent open cardiac procedures. Methods: The TriNetX global federated health research network was used to retrieve data for patients who underwent any open cardiac surgery procedures with and without IDA. The IDA cohort included 117,325 patients from 69 centers whereas the non-IDA cohort retrieved data from 519,858 patients from 71 centers. Propensity matching was performed for age, gender, race, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nicotine dependence, chronic cardiovascular renal and hepatic comorbidities, procedure performed and prescribed medications to prevent any confounding. The primary outcomes were all cause mortality, sepsis, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE): a composite of cardiac mortality, non-fatal cerebrovascular events and non-fatal myocardial infarctions. Risk Difference with 95% confidence intervals was calculated using a two-proportion Z-test. Results: There were a total of 108,819 patients compared after propensity matching. MACE was significantly higher in patients with IDA at 30 days (RD = 2.4% (95% CI = 0.020, 0.028), p < 0.0001) and 1 year (RD = 7.0% (95% CI = 0.066, 0.074), p<0.0001). Sepsis incidence was also greater in patients with IDA at both time intervals. i.e. 30 days: (RD = 1.4% (95% CI = 0.012, 0.015), p<0.0001), 1 year: (RD = 4.4% (95% CI = 0.042, 0.047), p<0.0001). All-cause mortality at 30-days was higher in the control group (RD = -1.6% (95% CI = -0.018, -0.015), p<0.0001); however at 1 year it was greater in the IDA group (RD = 0.6% (95% CI = 0.003, 0.008), p<0.0001). Post-procedural cardiac complications at 30 days that were higher in patients with IDA included arrythmias (RD=0.6% (95% CI = -0.011, -0.002), p=0.003) and left ventricular failure (RD=0.3% (95% CI = 0.002, 0.004), p<0.0001). Conclusion: Preoperative IDA is linked to significantly higher rates of MACE, sepsis and late mortality following open cardiac surgery. These findings underscore the urgency of recognizing IDA as a modifiable risk factor to improve survival and recovery after open cardiac surgery.

BackgroundAnemia remains a critical public health issue, especially in low-resource settings like Uganda, with severe consequences especially in HIV-positive children. Limited research has been conducted in low-income settings especially about anaemia in HIV-Positive children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anemia among HIV positive children at Kayunga Regional Referral Hospital. In addition to assess iron deficiency anemia using Mentzer index.MethodsThis was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted at KRRH. 384 HIV-positive children aged 6 months to 12 years attended the KRRH ART clinic between November 2024 to January 2025 were enrolled.Data was collected using structured questionnaires,information regarding their sociodemographic, medical and laboratory was obtained asking care giver or reviewing the medical record. Anthropometric measurements were done and interpreted compared to the WHO z-scores and obtained blood sample for CBC and analyzed.Anemia was defined based on age-specific hemoglobin thresholds: < 11.0 g/dL for children aged 6–59 months, < 11.5 g/dL for those aged 5–11 years, and <12.0 g/dL for children aged 12–14 years. Iron deficiency anemia was diagnosed with MI > 13. Logistic regression in STATA was done to determine the factors that were significantly associated with anaemia.ResultsMajority of the children (63.5%) were over 5 years of age and 52.9% were male and 57.3% had anemia with 95% confidence interval of 52.3–62.2%. The predominant severity category of anemia was moderate (48.6%). Multivariable analysis showed that caretakers who stopped in primary, having more than four siblings, being in current HIV stages 2 or 3, any history of hospital admission in the preceding six months, and being severely stunted, wasted, or experiencing concurrent stunting and wasting were independently associated with anemia among children infected with HIV (P-value < 0.05 for all). Iron deficiency anemia accounted for 54.1% of all children with anemia.

Anemia remains a critical public health issue, especially in low-resource settings like Uganda, with severe consequences especially in HIV-positive children. Limited research has been conducted in low-income settings especially about anaemia in HIV-Positive children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anemia among HIV positive children at Kayunga Regional Referral Hospital. In addition to assess iron deficiency anemia using Mentzer index. This was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted at KRRH. 384 HIV-positive children aged 6 months to 12 years attended the KRRH ART clinic between November 2024 to January 2025 were enrolled.Data was collected using structured questionnaires,information regarding their sociodemographic, medical and laboratory was obtained asking care giver or reviewing the medical record. Anthropometric measurements were done and interpreted compared to the WHO z-scores and obtained blood sample for CBC and analyzed. Anemia was defined based on age-specific hemoglobin thresholds: < 11.0 g/dL for children aged 6-59 months, < 11.5 g/dL for those aged 5-11 years, and <12.0 g/dL for children aged 12-14 years. Iron deficiency anemia was diagnosed with MI > 13. Logistic regression in STATA was done to determine the factors that were significantly associated with anaemia. Majority of the children (63.5%) were over 5 years of age and 52.9% were male and 57.3% had anemia with 95% confidence interval of 52.3-62.2%. The predominant severity category of anemia was moderate (48.6%). Multivariable analysis showed that caretakers who stopped in primary, having more than four siblings, being in current HIV stages 2 or 3, any history of hospital admission in the preceding six months, and being severely stunted, wasted, or experiencing concurrent stunting and wasting were independently associated with anemia among children infected with HIV (P-value < 0.05 for all). Iron deficiency anemia accounted for 54.1% of all children with anemia.

Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent global health concern, with nonheme iron salts being the most commonly used iron supplementation therapies. However, these therapies are associated with significant side effects and poor efficacy due to interactions with dietary components. Heme iron, which is less susceptible to such interactions, holds promise as an alternative, but suffers from high individual variability in clinical efficacy. This study systematically investigates the biopharmaceutical properties of hemin and identifies its poor solubility and permeability, classifying it as a Class IV drug with low oral bioavailability, which may explain its suboptimal clinical performance. To overcome this limitation, we developed a hemin-loaded nanoparticle formulation (HNP) to enhance the oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of hemin. The formulation is simple to produce, with a high drug loading capacity (30%), and significantly improves the solubility and permeability of hemin. In rats, the HNP increased the relative bioavailability of hemin by 6.5 times. In vivo studies in an IDA mouse model demonstrated that HNP effectively improved anemia-related indicators, such as the red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit while also alleviating gastrointestinal inflammation. Additionally, HNP administration restored the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota, which is often impaired in IDA. With excellent safety and biocompatibility, HNP represents a promising oral formulation for the treatment of IDA, offering a potential strategy to enhance heme iron bioavailability and reduce individual variability in therapeutic outcomes.

The majority of hookworm infestations are asymptomatic; however, an increased parasite burden can lead to symptoms ranging from abdominal pain to iron deficiency anaemia. Rarely, hookworm can lead to complications such as upper gastrointestinal bleeding or malnutrition.

Introduction: Cardiac MRI (CMR) provides a non-invasive, radiation sparing assessment of anatomy and hemodynamics and is essential in caring for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Ferumoxytol (AMAG Pharmaceuticals) is an intravenously administered iron oxide nanoparticle that is FDA approved for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia but is increasingly used as an off-label MRI contrast agent. There are few studies assessing the effect of an iron-based contrast agent on circulating iron and iron stores in pediatric patients. Furthermore, patients with CHD may be cyanotic or have compensatory polycythemia, leading to increased iron burden. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of radiologic dosing of Ferumoxytol on the iron stores of pediatric patients with CHD. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed on patients &lt; 26 years of age undergoing ferumoxytol enhanced CMR (FE-CMR) at a large tertiary care center. Ferumoxytol dose was 4mg/kg administered intravenously over 15 minutes. Baseline evaluation of serum iron, transferrin, total iron binding capacity, ferritin and complete blood count were obtained within 24 hours prior to Ferumoxytol administration. Serial laboratory evaluations were performed at 3 follow up timepoints: 2-4 hours, 2-15 days, and 4-6 weeks post-contrast. Results: A total of 17 patients were enrolled. Two patients had low serum iron levels prior to FE-CMR while 15 patients had normal levels. Serum iron levels increased 2-4 hours after contrast but returned to normal or low normal levels in 2-9 days. Ferritin levels were not affected by ferumoxytol infusion. Transferrin levels and TIBC remained stable or decreased after ferumoxytol infusion. Average platelet levels before infusion were 281K/uL. No patients had an adverse reaction to infusion or clinical concern for iron toxicity. Conclusion: In pediatric patients with CHD, there is a marked increase in serum iron immediately after ferumoxytol infusion with return to baseline levels after several days. Ferumoxytol does not affect Ferritin levels. Transferrin levels and TIBC are normal or mildly decreased after infusion. This data suggests patients undergoing FE-CMR experience a transient increase in iron levels but no change to long term whole body iron levels. Further studies are needed to determine if these trends are statistically significant in a larger cohort.

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) links to mutations in sarcomeric genes; however, evidence indicates overlap with RASopathies, particularly Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). Mutations in NF1 result in impaired neurofibromin function, disrupting RAS/MAPK signaling pathways and predisposing individuals to cutaneous and cardiovascular abnormalities. Description of Case: A 30-year-old South Asian male presented with exertional chest pain and dyspnea, classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II. Clinical examination revealed multiple cutaneous neurofibromas, indicative of NF1. Electrocardiography (ECG) demonstrated left ventricular hypertrophy, while echocardiography confirmed the presence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy and systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve, findings consistent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Laboratory investigations revealed severe iron-deficiency anemia, attributed to alcohol-related malnutrition. Familial screening indicated that his mother and sister, both positive for NF1, also exhibited asymptomatic HCM on echocardiography. This familial clustering underscored the syndromic nature of his condition. The patient was initiated on guideline-directed medical therapy, alongside lifestyle interventions targeting anemia and alcohol cessation. Discussion: This case illustrates HCM with NF1, a RASopathy not typically in cardiomyopathy evaluations. The structural phenotype included SAM and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, more common in syndromic than sarcomeric HCM. The interplay between genetic predisposition, systemic comorbidities like anemia and malnutrition, and cardiac morphology contributed to symptoms and disease progression. Familial clustering highlights the need for genetic counseling and echocardiographic screening in first-degree relatives. Additionally, emerging molecular therapies targeting RAS/MAPK pathway dysregulation may offer future therapeutic options for RASopathy-related HCM. Conclusion: The management of syndromic HCM in the context of NF1 necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. This case underscores the critical role of genetic evaluation, family screening, and systemic optimization in the treatment of non-sarcomeric HCM. Increased awareness of such associations can facilitate early diagnosis and enable the customization of therapeutic strategies in genetically complex cardiac conditions.

BackgroundIron folic acid supplementation is one of the most global public health interventions to alleviate iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Both folic acid and iron deficiencies constitute the major micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopian women. Non-adherence to folic acid supplementation is a factor for iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women including at selected study area,ObjectiveTo identify determinants of non-adherence to iron-folic acid intake among pregnant women who attended antenatal care in Bishoftu town public health facilities, Ethiopia 2022.MethodsFacility-based unmatched case–control study was conducted from April 1 to May 30, 2022. A total of 105 cases and 211 controls of pregnant women participated in the study by using systematic random sampling methods for control and consecutive sampling was used for the case. Cases were pregnant women who started ANC service and take iron/folate supplements one month before data collection and who received IFA tablets less than 4 days per week. Controls were pregnant women who started ANC service and take iron/folate supplements one month before data collection and who take IFA tablets greater or equal to 4 days per week. Data were collected by trained health workers using interviewer administered structured questionnaires, entered into Epi-data version 4.6, and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25 for analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify determinants of the non-adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation, and the variables with p-value < 0.25 were recruited for multivariable analysis, and an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of ≤ 0.05 was used to declare the statistical significance of the variables.ResultsOf the identified determinants of non-adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation:- women aged 15–24 years and 25–34 years [AOR = 5.0, 95% CI (3.04, 12.80), AOR = 11.8, 95% CI (8.01, 12.60)], women who started first ANC > 16 weeks (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI:1.11, 5.25), women who received ANC visit two and three [AOR = 5.17, 95% CI (2.50, 13.02), AOR = 2.95 95% CI (1.26, 6.80)], women with inadequate knowledge (AOR = 3.5,95% CI:1.70,7.20), women who received 30 and below tablets (AOR = 7.80, 95% CI:4.01, 18.02) were the determinants of non-adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation.ConclusionsWomen's age, pregnancy weeks during first ANC, frequency of ANC follow-up, knowledge of women on iron-folic acid supplementation, women who received 30 and below tablets were significant predictors for non-adherence to folic acid supplementation. Thus, the town health office should work on non-adherence to folic acid supplementation during pregnancy to improve knowledge of all age groups of women during ANC visits with concerned stakeholders.

Distinct roles of ferric carboxymaltose and ferric derisomaltose on phosphate homeostasis in iron deficiency anemia.

Association between anemia and stroke with its subtypes in adults: Insights from NHANES 2005-2016 and Mendelian randomization analyses.

Nanozyme-synbiotics to improve iron-deficiency anemia.

Preparation of iron dextran complex and its effect on iron deficiency anemia in rats.

Effect of four organic acids on iron uptake from iron-binding proteins derived from Tegillarca granosa using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model.

Understanding the kinetics of macrophage uptake and the metabolic fate of iron-carbohydrate complexes used for iron deficiency anemia treatment.

Correction of iron deficiency anemia in liver transplantation. Preliminary study.

Evaluating ferric carboxymaltose administration in elderly patients: Clinical outcomes, comparative characteristics in different care settings and cost analysis. A five year study.