Iran National Research Articles

Post closure safety assessment for near surface disposal

Near-surface facilities which are designed on or below the surface are typically used for Low Level Waste (LLW) and short-lived Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) disposal. Due to the site characteristics changes such as climate in the long-term period, a comprehensive disposal Safety Assessment (SA) is required to predict the future situation. The main aim of this paper is to make a safety assessment of a trench type near surface disposal facility in Iran based on ISAM methodology recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In such a manner, a surface water erosion, a shepherd, and a human intrusion are considered as design and alternative scenarios to model using AMBER code for a period of 100000 years. Results presented; the maximum radiation is related to human intrusion scenario in which the total dose radiation reached to 0.3 mSv/y in the first year after the site passive institutional control. Moreover, the dose released from the investigated scenarios in the post-closure phase was less than 1 mSv/y, which is the IAEA regulatory body safety criteria. Comparison of the results showed that the current site is designed and constructed in accordance with safety guidelines which are established by the IAEA and Iran National Regulatory Authority (INRA).

Exploring the Impact of Family History, Demographics and Ecological Factors on Urolithiasis Prevalence: Insights from a Nationwide Study.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential risk factors of lifetime urolithiasis occurrence on a nationwide scale in Iran. All data regarding urinary stone events were extracted from the cross-sectional Iran National Stone Survey (INSS) study, and the possible determinants of urolithiasis incidence were evaluated. Our multivariable logistic regression suggested that while older age at presentation, male sex, and a positive family history of urolithiasis in either of the patient's parents or siblings were all significantly associated with an increased odds of lifetime urolithiasis occurrence (all P < .001), a positive family history in one's sister (odds ratio; OR=5.56) or brother (OR=4.70) were the most significant predictors. Moreover, belonging to Baluch ethnicity (i.e., an ethnical group indigenous to the south eastern regions of Iran) and residing in regions with higher water hardness (i.e., total concentration of dissolved minerals) were also associated with an increased odds of urolithiasis occurrence (P < .001 and P=.023, respectively). Conversely, living in regions with higher mean humidity decreased the chances of developing a urinary stone event during one's lifetime (OR=0.62, P <.001). Our results indicated that a constellation of demographic, ecological, and familial risk factors are associated with an elevated risk of developing urinary stones during one's lifetime. These findings can assist in implementing novel regional healthcare policies, considering the specific demographic and ecological characteristics. They also support tailoring personalized preventive strategies, particularly for individuals with multiple nonmodifiable risk factors.

Pros and cons of partial reversal with gastro-gastrostomy in patients with refractory hypoalbuminemia following one-anastomosis gastric bypass.

Hypoalbuminemia following One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB) surgery remains a major concern among bariatric surgeons. This study aims to assess the outcome of partial reversal to normal anatomy with gastro-gastrostomy alone in patients with refractory hypoalbuminemia following OAGB surgery. A retrospective study was performed on patients who underwent partial reversal surgery with gastro-gastrostomy alone due to refractory hypoalbuminemia post-OAGB surgery, using data from the Iran National Obesity Surgery Database, from 2013 to 2022. Of 4640 individuals undergoing OAGB, 11 underwent gastro-gastrostomy due to refractory hypoalbuminemia. The median time from OAGB to partial reversal was 16.6 months and the BPL length ranged from 155 to 200cm. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 7 years. The mean BMI was 27.3 (7.5) kg/m² before partial reversal. The mean BMI post-reversal was 30.9 (4.2) kg/m² after 1 year and 33.3 (3.8) kg/m² after 2 years. Serum albumin levels significantly increased from 3.0 (0.4) g/dL to 4.0 (0.5) g/dL following gastro-gastrostomy (p-value < 0.001). Serum liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP) significantly decreased post-gastro-gastrostomy (p-value < 0.05). Nine individuals (81.8%) achieved resolution of hypoalbuminemia after gastro-gastrostomy with maintenance of ≥ 20% TWL and ≥ 50% EWL. No cases of anastomotic stricture, leak, bleeding, or major complications were reported after gastro-gastrostomy. Gastro-gastrostomy appears to be a safe and efficacious technique for addressing refractory hypoalbuminemia following OAGB. The procedure preserves the weight loss achieved following OAGB without significant complications. However, further studies are required to validate these findings.

Familial aggregation of urolithiasis: findings from a Nationwide Middle Eastern study.

This study aimed to determine the potential effect of genetic factors and positive family history on the familial aggregation of urolithiasis in Iran. Of the total 44,186 participants in the Iran National Stone Survey (INSS) database, 34,953 individuals who were members of 8629 nuclear families were included in this study. The mean prevalence of urolithiasis was 5.7% [95%CI: 5.5 - 6.0%] in this subpopulation. Familial aggregation of urolithiasis was analyzed in 34,745 participants (99.6% of those originally included) utilizing a multivariable logistic regression with second order generalized estimating equations approach (GEE2) to adjust for sex, age, urbanization status and ethnicity. Recurrence risk ratios (λ) were used to evaluate the degree of familial aggregation. Our multivariable analysis demonstrated a strong familial aggregation of urolithiasis within sibling pairs (λs = 78.35), parent-offspring pairs (λo = 40.12) and spouse pairs (λsp = 21.62). The respective ORs were 5.65 [95%CI: 3.49, 9.14] for siblings, 2.85 [95%CI: 2.20, 3.68] for parents and 1.27 [95%CI: 1.06, 1.54] for spouses. Urinary stone disease tends to aggregate in families with a positive history of urolithiasis in either the parents or siblings. Siblings have a more prominent effect in inducing familial aggregation compared to parents. Despite the prominent role of familial genetic components in urolithiasis aggregation, shared environmental factors appear to partake in this phenomenon to some extent, as suggested by urolithiasis aggregation among spouse pairs.

The Other Fight: Women's Suffrage and Iran's Oil Nationalization

Iran handed the world a surprise in 1951. That spring, its parliament voted to nationalize the country's lucrative petroleum industry. Euphoria spread as young Iranians tore down Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) signs and watched mighty Britain cower (temporarily) before the hero of Iran's oil nationalization, Mohammad Mosaddeq. Stunned by this brazenness, an American summary posed the question on the minds of many diplomats: “How did nine Persian politicians win sufficient power to destroy the concession of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company?” For the next two years the West tried to figure out how to confine this enormous shock to the petroleum market by focusing on the man it held responsible for the crisis. An aristocrat and seasoned politician, Mohammad Mosaddeq garnered the support he needed to break through the monopoly of the AIOC. With the world's attention on Mosaddeq and oil at the time, it was unclear to many (although not to Mosaddeq himself) that another monumental battle for the future of Iran was taking shape: the fight for women's suffrage.

Predictors of Recurrent Urolithiasis in Iran: Findings from a Nationwide Study.

Prevention of urinary stone recurrence is the ultimate goal in urolithiasis patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the national prevalence rate and possible determinants of increased urolithiasis recurrence risk in a nationwide study in Iran. All data regarding stone occurrence and recurrence episodes were extracted from the cross-sectional Iran National Stone Survey (INSS) study, and the possible determinants of recurrence were evaluated in the subset of 2913 patients who had a positive history of at least one episode of urolithiasis. The national prevalence rate of recurrent urolithiasis was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.5, 2.8) in Iran. Moreover, the relative ratio of recurrent stone formers to all stone formers was 39.8% (95% CI: 38.0, 41.6). Our univariable truncated negative binomial regressions suggested that a positive history of urolithiasis in the patient's father (prevalence ratio [PR] [95% CI]=1.83 [1.39, 2.41], P<0.001), mother (PR [95% CI]=1.92 [1.39, 2.66], P<0.001) or brother (PR [95% CI]=1.32 [1.03, 1.69], P=0.026); and residence in urban areas (PR [95% CI]=1.27 [1.04, 1.55], P=0.016) were significant predictors of repetitive recurrence episodes. However, when incorporated into a multivariable truncated negative binomial regression model, the only significant predictors of more frequent recurrence episodes were a positive history in father (PR [95% CI]=1.66 [1.24, 2.22], P<0.001) and mother (PR [95% CI]=1.68 [1.20, 2.36], P=0.002); and urban residence (PR [95% CI]=1.24 [1.01, 1.51], P=0.031). Our results indicate that a positive family history of urolithiasis in mother and father and residence in urban areas are the significant predictors of recurrence risk in urolithiasis patients in Iran.

Gender aspect in the ideology and practice of Iranian nationalism in the early 20th c.

Iranian history is one of those rare cases when the topic of women’s social status was raised by the ruling regimes twice - in the1920-1930s and 1970s. This fact shows firm connection of nationalist and gender discourses. Since gender issues were not only declared on behalf of the state, but were also widely discussed in the public sphere, the study uses sources of an artistic and journalistic origin, that traditionally in Iran play the role of ideological indicators. These include materials from the Iranian, mainly women’s press as well as the works of the literary corpus. The examples of poster genre, which propagandizes for the position of the state and visualizes the ideology, also serve as a valuable source for the research. The undertaken study shows that, starting from the end of the 19th century, Iranian nationalism has been intensively exploiting gender issue to proclaim its own positions, using family metaphors and a system of female symbols for political purposes. As an ideology of a modernizing society, nationalism in Iran actively used the image of the “progressive Iranian woman” as a link between the present day and the great pre-Islamic past.

Metabolic and bariatric surgery in patients with class I obesity; a two-year follow-up

BackgroundPatients with class I obesity may need metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) in the presence of obesity-associated medical problems, but MBS in this class of obesity is under debate. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of MBS in patients with class I obesity.Methods and materialsThis study was a historical cohort carried out on 112 patients with class I obesity with body mass index (BMI) of 30–35 kg/m2 with a 24-month follow-up underwent MBS at Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital. The required data were extracted through the Iran National Obesity Surgery Database. The data required for the study consisted of demographic information such as age, gender, and obesity-associated medical problems like type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and dyslipidemia before surgery, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery.ResultsMean age of the patients was 38.10 ± 10.04 years; mean BMI was 32.96 ± 1.35 kg/m2 and 83.9% (n = 94) of patients were female. Out of 18 patients with T2DM, 11 patients (61.11%) had complete remission and seven patients (38.88%) had partial remission. Obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease were observed in 18 (16.07%), 23 (20.53%), 43 (38.39%), and 13 patients (11.60%) before surgery and resolved at 24-month follow-up. Post-operative complications during the 24-month follow-up were checked to assess safety and there were no De novo gastroesophageal reflux disease, intolerance, leakage, pulmonary thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, incisional hernia, hypoalbuminemia (Albumin < 3.5 g/dl), excessive weight loss (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) at any time during 24-months follow-ups and mortality. Early complications occurred as splenic injury in one case (0.89%), wound infection in one patient (0.89%), and extra-luminal bleeding in 10 (8.92%) after surgery, without any mortality.ConclusionMBS is safe and effective in class I obesity and can be considered in selected patients with obesity-associated medical problems.

Designing a Human Resource Development Model in Iran's National Football with a Grounded Theory Approach

The aim of this research was to design a human resource development model in Iran’s national football using a grounded theory approach. The research method was analytical, and qualitative methodology was employed for this purpose. The research strategy involved the use of grounded theory. The participants in the study consisted of 15 individuals from the target population, including experts in sports management, managers and officials from the Football Federation, and researchers in the field of human resource performance management. The sampling strategy in the qualitative section was purposeful, with maximum diversity or heterogeneity. Data analysis was carried out through content analysis of interviews and coding. The research tool was open interviews, and the results were analyzed based on three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. The findings indicated that a development-oriented federation, securing benefits, having a proper structure, and the managerial characteristics of the federation were the indicators of causal factors. Contextual factors included an efficient administrative structure, ethical orientation, standardization of the federation's statute, creating and utilizing appropriate infrastructure, fostering organizational health, and monitoring and controlling performance. Moreover, intervening factors included social changes, attention to grassroots and cultural foundations, controlling corruption, and adhering to Islamic and ethical principles. The core phenomenon was future-oriented, merit-based, and people-centered. The research strategies included improving the monitoring process, moving toward legal compliance, establishing a performance evaluation system for employees, developing human resource competencies, and empowering the workforce. Ultimately, the outcomes of the research were citizen satisfaction, productivity, sustainable sports economy, federation efficiency, and promoting responsibility.

Epidemiological Study of Salivary Sarcoma in Iran, 2009 - 2014

Background: Salivary cancers are relatively uncommon with important types of head and neck malignancies with poor prognosis in the vast majority of cases. Objectives: Prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical to attaining a good prognosis; hence, recognition of the epidemiological characteristics is worthwhile. Accordingly, in this study, the epidemiological characteristics of cases with salivary sarcoma among Iranian patients were assessed. Methods: In this epidemiological study, 70 consecutive cases with salivary sarcoma in Iran within 22 provinces were assessed from 2009 to 2014. The dataset utilized in this study was sourced from the Iran National Cancer Registry (INCR). These included both parotid (n = 53) and major salivary glands (n = 17). The age, sex, anatomical location, province, and year were the main variables extracted from existing medical data. Results: The present study reports 53 cases of parotid tumor sarcoma, with the mixed tumor exhibiting a predominant malignant component being the most frequently observed pathological subtype. The preponderance of these instances was noted among individuals classified as adults within the working demographic (ranging from 15 to 64 years of age). However, our age-adjusted incidence rate indicates a higher occurrence of salivary gland tumors in individuals above 64. The study reported 17 instances of sarcomas in other major salivary glands, with the malignant type mixed tumor being the most frequently occurring subtype within this group. The gender distribution did not exhibit a statistically significant pattern. Conclusions: Thoroughly, according to the obtained results in this study, it may be concluded that salivary sarcoma in the Iranian population is usually the mixed malignant tumor subtype and there are similar patterns according to the age and sex in patients with slight male predominance (F/M ratio: 0.75).

Evaluating factors affecting job burnout and quality of working life in the personnel working in Iran's National Drilling Company and providing management solutions.

Background and Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the factors affecting job burnout and quality of work life in the personnel working in National Iranian Drilling Company. Materials and Methods: In terms of purpose, this research was applied research, in terms of type, it was mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and was conducted by survey method. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part, including all the expert employees working in National Iranian Drilling Company, about 20 people, was selected by theoretical saturation method for this purpose. In the quantitative part, among 19000 people, 385 people were selected as a statistical sample based on Cochran's formula and stratified random method. The tools used to measure job burnout and the quality of work life was standard Meslesh (1981) and Walton (1973) quality of work life questionnaires, the reliability of which was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method.

Impact of COVID-19 on the changing pattern of human orthopneumovirus (respiratory syncytial virus) infection in Iran

BackgroundHuman orthopneumovirus (HOPV) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the important causes of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during the cold months of the year worldwide. Many countries have reported an absence of ARIs due to HOPV during the winter of 2020–2021 associated with preventive measures to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV2. However, with the reduction of COVID-19 public health restrictions and the absence of immunity in the community due to the lack of exposure in the previous season, many countries had a delayed HOPV outbreak. Here we reported the impact of COVID-19 on the changing pattern of HOPV infection in Iran.MethodsThroat and nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from patients (children and adults) with ARIs and sent to the Iran National Influenza Center. After RNA extraction, Real time RT-PCR was performed for HOPV detection.ResultsIn 260 samples collected from patients with ARIs in three different groups, which included children in March 2021, pilgrims in July 2022, and outpatients during November and December 2022, no HOPV was detected in any group.ConclusionsThe lack of HOPV activity in Iran during the winter of 2020–2021 and then the resurgence in spring 2022 and again the absence of activity in summer and autumn 2022 was extraordinary in the HOPV epidemiology, and probably due to the implementation of public health non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV2. Although it is not possible to keep such restrictions, similar methods can be taken to control outbreaks caused by respiratory viruses.

Ovarian Cancer in Iran: National Based Study.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the 7th most common cancer, with 239,000 new cases per year. In Iran, it is the 8th most common cancer, with an ASIR of 3.9/100,000 women. The 5-year overall survival in Iran based on previous studies is about 61% which in comparison with eastern countries has better survival. The study included patients from the Iran National Cancer Registry from 2009-2014. Several steps were taken to control data quality. This study used a Kaplan-Meier survival curve to compare OC survival rates across geographical, pathological, and other variables. All analyses were done in R (4.02) and SPSS (26), with a 0.05 P-value considered statistically significant. The study enrolled 7977 cases of OC. OC's ASIR was 4.10/100,000. In epithelial and non-specific OC, ASIR was >0.5. Five-year survival was 55% and 10-year survival was 45%. OC is the 8th most common cancer in Iran, with lower age-specific incidence and better overall survival than East Asia and North America. In Iran, as in Eastern Europe, OC incidence correlated with reduced total fertility rate and population aging. Five and 10-year overall survival rates were 55% and 44%, respectively, higher than the West. This may be because late stage OC patients are excluded from pathology and classified as "undiagnosed" in death certificates or hospitalization files.

The incremental cost of implementing the world health organization Package of essential non-communicable (PEN) diseases interventions in Iran.

World-Health-Organization's PEN package proposes a minimum set of cost-effective interventions for early diagnosis and management of Non-Communicable-Disease (NCD). IraPEN (the PEN package implemented in Iran), adopted from PEN and Iran National Action Plans for NCDs, addresses challenges regarding NCD prevention and control. IraPEN was piloted in four districts of Iran. In this research, we estimate incremental per-capita cost of IraPEN program implementation in two of the pilot districts. We utilized a bottom-up, ingredient-based costing approach. Institutional expenditure data was collected via information forms. Information pertaining to personnel costs was gathered by performing task time measurements using Direct Observation Method. An individual-level survey was conducted in under-study districts to determine program coverage and its users' demographic information via systematic random cluster sampling. Sampling of districts was based on systematic random cluster sampling. In each district, 250 families in 25 clusters proportional to urban or rural populations were randomly selected by postal codes. All family members eligible for the program were interviewed. Interviews were organized and conducted in each district by NCD experts in provincial Universities of Medical Sciences. Costs were re-categorized into fixed and variable costs based on their dependency on the program's coverage. Fixed and variable costs were, respectively, divided by total eligible populations and covered populations in each district to calculate cost per-capita for each protocol. Total per-capita cost per-service was then calculated for each protocol and whole program by adding these figures. All costs are reported in US$ 2015-2016. The incremental costs of IraPEN implementation per user, with and without introduction cost, were US$24.90 and US$25.32, respectively. Total incremental cost per-capita for each protocol ranged between US$1.05 to US$7.45. The human resources and supplies had the highest contribution in total program cost (74.97% and 15.76%, respectively). The present study shows that IraPEN program implementation to be a high-cost package within Iranian context, that necessitates cautions in other similar contexts for implementation. It is, however, difficult to make decisions on implementation of NCD prevention and control programs purely based on their cost. Informed decision making requires assessment of a programs' effectiveness and justifications and alterations to the current package could reduce the costs, leading to increased efficiency of the program.

Differential Expression of lincRNA-ROR Spliced Transcript Variants in Breast Cancer.

We investigated the expression pattern of a human stem cell-specific, large intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA) regulator of reprogramming (lincRNA-ROR) and its spliced transcript variants in breast tumors. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in women; therefore, finding a reliable diagnostic tumor marker, based on the molecular profile of tumor cells, is warranted. qRT-PCR was used to investigate the expression alteration of a specific stem cell-related lincRNA and its spliced transcript variants in breast tumors which provided by the Iran National Tumor Bank (2014-2016). Suitability of lincRNA-ROR and expression alterations of its spliced transcript variants as breast tumor biomarkers were examined by ROC curve analysis. Expression was significantly upregulated in lincRNA-ROR variants 1 (NR-048536) and 4 (AB844432) and downregulated in variant 3 (AB844431), with expression levels failing to distinguish between breast tumor types, grades, and malignancy stages. Whereas ROC curve analysis gave good scores to the expressions of variants 1 (AUC=0.7675, P=0.003) and 3 (AUC=0.9383, P=0.00173), suggesting their suitability as potential breast tumor biomarkers, it gave an AUC score of 0.6033 for lincRNA-ROR spliced variant 4 (P=0.4118), denoting its unsuitability as a breast cancer biomarker. Aberrant expressions of lincRNA-ROR spliced transcript variants could serve as reliable biomarkers with potential usefulness in breast cancer diagnosis. However, further research should elucidate the role and tissue expression of lincRNA-ROR spliced transcript variants in various cancers.

Religious Affiliation and Childbearing Preferences of Iranian Women.

Religious differences in fertility are one of the essential issues in health and demographic research in Western societies. However, they have received less attention in Muslim countries. This study aims to investigate Shiite and Sunni religious groups' childbirth preferences in Iranian society. It also seeks to analyze their differences based on socioeconomic and demographic factors. We used data from 1020 married women aged 18-44 surveyedas part of Iran's National Family Survey in 2018. The study was designed quantitatively with a cross-sectional approach, and samples were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. SPSS26 was used to run logisticsandPoisson regression models. The results revealed that the means (± SD) of ideal family sizes for Shiite and Sunni women were 2.6 (± 1.0) and 3.4 (± 1.3) children, respectively. Sunni women (49%) had a higher intention to have a (or another) child than Shiite women (35%). According to the multivariate analysis findings, religion alone significantly affected the ideal family size, even when other socioeconomic and demographic variables were controlled. However, it had no significant effect on the intention to have a (or another) child within the next three years. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that within the specific social structure and cultural context of Iran, religion has explanatory power regarding childbearing beliefs and values. Furthermore, regarding fertility intentions and behaviors, demographic and socioeconomic factors become more important than religion.

The Iranian approach to architectural restoration: a style derived from nationalism

Modern conservation was formed under the influence of two approaches, ‘stylistic restoration’ and ‘conservation’ as pioneered by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and John Ruskin, respectively. In Iran, due to the prevalence of both modernity and nationalism at the beginning of the twentieth century, a period of extensive restoration of historic buildings was begun. The aim of this study is to identify the implicit principles of that restoration, and it is argued that it had its own characteristics due to the unfamiliarity in Iran with European approaches to conservation. Case studies were used to provide data for analysis to identify the principles and themes guiding the restoration. These included effecting the ‘perfection or completeness of the architectural work’, ‘decoration and beautification’, ‘harmony’, and restoration that exemplified ‘traditional art’ and ‘traditional proficiency’, all of which indicate a similarity with the characteristics of ‘stylistic restoration’, the purpose of which, according to Viollet-le-Duc, was to reinstate a building in a complete and ideal condition. This approach is interpreted as being in accordance with the prevalence of nationalism both in Europe and Iran, but where modern principles such as readability and minimal intervention were disregarded in the Iranian approach to such restorations.

Epidemiology and Histopathology of Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms in Iran.

This study aimed to study the trend, histologic pattern, geographical distribution, and characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and nasopharyngeal neoplasms (NPN) from 2003 to 2017 in Iran. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education collected NPN cases from the corresponding university in each province and stored them in Iran National Cancer Registry (INCR) database. The Joinpoint program calculated the average annual percent change (AAPC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). The jump model minimized the interfering effect of INCR transformation. 3653 NPN cases were reported between 2003-2010 and 2014-2017, with a mean age of 49.04 ± 18.31 years and a male-to-female ratio of 2.15. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) per 100,000 person-years was 0.30 for females and 0.68 for males in 2017. Although the ASIR/100,000 of NPN raised from 0.35 to 0.49 during 2003-2017, the trend was constant with an AAPC of -2% (95% CI: -4.8% to 0.9%). The age-specific incidence rate was highest in the older than 70 population (1.56/100,000). NPC formed 77.1% of NPNs and showed a constant pattern (AAPC CI: -5.7% to 0.2%), in contrast to the significant increase of non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (AAPC CI: 2.3%to 24.5%). Nasopharynx cancer is rare in Iran, and NPC incidence remained constant from 2003 to 2017, unlike previously reported rising trend. However, non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma exhibited a significant increase, and future studies are needed to examine the role of the Epstein-Barr virus on this growth rate.

Descriptive Epidemiology and Survival Rate of Osteosarcoma: The First National Population-Based Study in the Middle East (2008-2014).

The epidemiology of osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone sarcoma, was not evaluated in the Middle East. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the incidence, demographic characteristics, epidemiology, and survival rate of patients with different subtypes of OS, based on data derived from the Iran National Cancer Registry (INCR) to evaluate the influence of ethnicity and race. All OS patients registered in the INCR between March 20, 2008, and March 20, 2014, were enrolled in this study, and information such as age, gender, cancer location, OS subtype, and survival time were evaluated statistically. The Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) for OS was 3.02 per million person-years, with a mean age of 25.6 years and a male-female ratio of 1.54:1. Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) OS, chondroblastic OS, and central OS had the highest frequencies among the subtypes of OS. The overall one-, three-, and five-year survival rates were 87%, 61%, and 49%, respectively, with a mean duration of 6.16 years. The ASIR of OS in our country was similar to that in the US and higher than that in China. The peak frequency was between 15-19 years old. The male-female ratio in our patients was higher than the OS gender ratio in most series. Although it was not statistically significant, older age at the time of diagnosis, axial location, and male gender were the poorest prognosis factors.

Dietary Patterns in 1125 Iranian Women: Adequacy of Energy and Micronutrient Intakes and Weight Statuses.

Women's nutrition status includes significant effects on their children and household health. The purpose of this study was to assess energy and micronutrient intake adequacy in Iranian women. This study was a part of the Urban HEART Study, which has jointly been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) Centre for Health Development, Kobe, Japan. In total, anthropometric and dietary intake data were collected from 1125 women in southern Tehran municipality districts. A 24-h recall questionnaire was completed by the expert nutritionists and the participants' anthropometric statuses were assessed. Food intakes were calculated in grams per capita per day. Micronutrients and energy requirements were adapted from WHO/Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) tables and Iran National Food Consumption Survey, respectively. Nearly 71.5% of the women were overweight or obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2]. Furthermore, 1.2% of the women were underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), while 27.3% had normal weight (BMI = 18.5--24.9 kg/m2). The mean bread/cereal and vegetable intakes were significantly higher in obese group, compared to that in normal/under/overweight group (375.6 g/day ± 151.4, P = 0.05; and 331.4 g/day ± 227.5, P = 0.02), respectively]. Women in the lean group significantly consumed higher quantities of cakes/pastries and had the lowest calcium and iron adequacy ratios, compared to other groups (p = 0.001, P = 0.03, and P = 0.05, respectively). These findings suggest that Iranian women, especially those who reside in the southern areas of Tehran, need to change their dietary habits to maintain their health. Moreover, being under/normal weight does not necessarily mean following healthy diets.