IP Model Research Articles

On a Practical, Integer-Linear Programming Model for Delete-Free Tasks and its Use as a Heuristic for Cost-Optimal Planning

We propose a new integer-linear programming model for the delete relaxation in cost-optimal planning. While a straightforward IP for the delete relaxation is impractical, our enhanced model incorporates variable reduction techniques based on landmarks, relevance-based constraints, dominated action elimination, immediate action application, and inverse action constraints, resulting in an IP that can be used to directly solve delete-free planning problems. We show that our IP model is competitive with previous state-of-the-art solvers for delete-free problems. The LP-relaxation of the IP model is often a very good approximation to the IP, providing an approach to approximating the optimal value of the delete-free task that is complementary to the well-known LM-cut heuristic. We also show that constraints that partially consider delete effects can be added to our IP/LP models. We embed the new IP/LP models into a forward-search based planner, and show that the performance of the resulting planner on standard IPC benchmarks is comparable with the state-of-the-art for cost-optimal planning.

Internal Mechanical Power During Cycling Using Non-Circular Versus Circular Chainrings

Introduction : Non-circular Rotor Q-Rings have been shown to increase tangential force during the pedalling downstroke compared to conventional circular chainrings 1 , and due to this advantage, have been proposed as a potential aid in improving short-term cycling performance such as in BMX and sprint cycling races 2 . Some evidence exists that suggests this effect on pedal force may manifest in a change in metabolic cost over repeated revolutions during submaximal, steady-state cycling bouts using Rotor Q-Rings 3 . One mechanism by which a change in total metabolic cost may occur is via a change in the power required to move the limbs segments against gravitational and inertial forces through the pedal stroke (internal mechanical power, or IP) when compared to using circular chainrings (at the same external mechanical power, EP). Strutzenberger et al. 1 reported an increase in joint muscle power of the hip when Q-Rings were used compared to circular chainrings at 70 and 90 rev · min -1 , which could cause an increased IP and result in a greater total metabolic cost. The aim of this study was to further investigate the mechanical and metabolic energetics of using Q-Rings during cycling. Their effect on IP, compared to a conventional circular chainring, was assessed using a recently-proposed, multidisciplinary model for calculating IP in cycling 4 , which accounts for the strengths and limitations of previous biomechanical and physiological approaches. Total metabolic cost was also compared between the two chainrings for cycling over a range of workloads. Method : Ten elite male road cyclists completed 5-min cycling bouts at 80 rev · min -1 at 100, 200 and 300 W using a standard circular chainring and 52-tooth Q-Ring set in two positions: ‘#1’ and ‘#5’. Oxygen consumption was converted to metabolic power. Tangential and radial crank forces and crank position were measured using Axis Cranks (SPE, Carole Park, Australia). The x-intercept of the EP-metabolic power relationship, multiplied by the slope (delta efficiency), was equal to the physiological estimate of IP. The biomechanical estimate of IP was taken as the summed muscle joint power, determined from digitised video footage and inverse dynamics analysis, in excess of that required to apply power to the pedals (Giorgi et al. 2014). Results : Preliminary analysis of data is presented in Table 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD. No significant differences were found between the chainrings for total metabolic power or the physiological estimate of IP. Discussion : Further analysis will allow the description of changes in potential and rotational kinetic energies and muscle and joint powers throughout the pedal revolution. This information will permit the calculation of the biomechanical estimate of IP and comparisons to be made between chainrings and Q-Ring positions.

An integer programming approach to optimal basic block instruction scheduling for single-issue processors

We present a novel integer programming formulation for basic block instruction scheduling on single-issue processors. The problem can be considered as a very general sequential task scheduling problem with delayed precedence constraints. Our model is based on the linear ordering problem and has, in contrast to the last IP model proposed, numbers of variables and constraints that are strongly polynomial in the instance size. Combined with improved preprocessing techniques and given a time limit of ten minutes of CPU and system time, our branch-and-cut implementation is capable to solve all but eleven of the 369,861 basic blocks of the SPEC 2000 integer and floating point benchmarks to proven optimality. This is competitive to the current state-of-the art constraint programming approach that has also been evaluated on this test suite.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL BELAJAR MATA PELAJARAN IPS MATERI FUNGSI DAN KERAGAMAN AGAMA MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING PADA SISWA KELAS VIII A SMP NEGERI 1 MANDASTANA KABUPATEN BATOLA

The purpose of this study were to: (1) Describe the activities of teachers on the implementation of the scientific approach model of Problem Based Learning on the material functions and religious diversity, (2) Describe the increased activity of the students in the material functions and religious diversity, (3) Describe the improvement of student learning outcomes in the material functions and religious diversity, and (4) Describe the response of class VIII A of SMP Negeri 1 Mandastana. This research method used classroom action research, by taking research location in class VIII A of SMP Negeri 1 Mandastana. The data analysis was qualitatively and quantitatively with persentase. The result showed that: (1) Activities of students increased in the first cycle 1 meeting with average scores of 70.6%, the second meeting of an average of 87.78%. Activities undue do students decreased from 3.2% in the first meeting becomes 2.67 in the second meeting, (2) the activity of teachers in the management of learning from the first cycle to the category quite well into both categories at the second cycle, (3) Results learn student by using model PBL can enhance students' understanding of class VIII A of SMP Negeri 1 Mandastana on the material functions and religious diversity. In the first cycle post test values obtained with an average of 71.6 We can assume that the complete classical first cycle of 75% and the second cycle an average of 83.4 to 93.8% classical completeness, and (4) the Learning IPS model Problem Based Learning the material functions and religious diversity to respond to class VIII A of SMP Negeri 1 Mandastana shown by the many students gave a positive opinion on the student questionnaire responses by 93%.Keywords: effort, improvement, activity, learning outcomes, IPS, PBL

Evaluation of pure‐component adsorption properties of silicalite based on the Langmuir and Sips models

The Langmuir and Sips models parameters were estimated for the adsorption of several light gases and hydrocarbons (H2, CH4, CO2, CO, N2, C2H6, C3H8, n‐C4H10) in silicalite along with their functionality with temperature. This is a scientific attempt to resume and reconcile the number of available experimental data and supply scientists and other operators with the adsorption properties of silicalite within a wider range of temperature and pressure. Furthermore, to provide readers with more detailed information on where each of the two models work better, the analysis is divided into three temperature ranges: low‐temperature, high‐temperature, and whole temperature range. As a result, it is found that the Langmuir model works well in the whole temperature range for the light gases considered but not for the other hydrocarbons, for which it is better to use the Sips model by splitting calculation over low‐ and high‐temperature range. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3911–3922, 2015

Abstract 679: Modeling Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Patients with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reveals Distinct Phenotypes of Smooth Muscle Cells from Different LIneages

Ascending aortic aneurysm occurs in 35%-68% patients with bicuspid aortic valves (BAV), which is more frequently than it does in patients with normal trileaflet aortic valves (TAV). In contrast to recurrent aneurysms of the ascending aorta, descending aortic aneurysms is very rare in patients with BAV. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs) make up the media of the aortic walls, and their contractile properties help sustain vessel tone. Interestingly, ascending aorta is populated by SMCs arising from neural crest and descending aorta by SMCs from paraxial mesoderm. An intriguing hypothesis is that the distinct susceptibility of aneurysm in the ascending and descending aorta in patients with BAV is due in part to disparities in SMC embryonic origins. To prove our hypothesis, we used an induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) model system to generate SMCs from neural crest and paraxial mesoderm. Firstly, iPSCs were established from a patient with BAV and ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (BAV/TAA) and two control patients with normal aorta and TAV. The iPSCs pluripotency was verified by standard stem cell markers and teratoma formation. Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) were differentiated from iPSCs and expressed neural crest markers, including P75, HNK1, AP2 and Sox9. In parallel, paraxial mesoderm cells (PMCs) were differentiated from iPSCs and expressed specific markers, including TCF15, TBX6, Meox1 and Pax1. The SMCs differentiated from both lineages had expression of SMC markers including MYH11, CNN1, ACTA2, SM22α. Interestingly, SMCs derived from BAV-NCSCs had significantly decreased in MYH11 and ACTA2 gene expression and impaired contractile property by gel contraction assay compared to SMCs derived from control-NCSCs. However, SMCs from BAV-PMCs had similar level of expression of MYH11 and ACTA2, and strong contractile activity with Carbacol treatment compared to SMCs derived from control PMCs. In conclusion, the iPS model system revealed decreased expression of contractile proteins and impairment of contractility in SMCs derived from NCSCs in BAV patient, but not in the SMCs derived from paraxial mesoderm cells. The high susceptibility of aneurysm in the ascending aorta in patients with BAV might be partly due to embryonic origin of the SMCs.

IPS models of Parkin and PINK1.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system resulting from depletion of dopaminergic neurons and currently remains incurable despite enormous international research efforts. The development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology opened up the unique possibility of studying disease mechanisms in human tissue that was otherwise not accessible, such as the brain. Of particular interest are the monogenetic forms of PD as they closely resemble the more common 'idiopathic' PD and, through the mutated protein, provide a clear research target in iPSC-derived neurons. Recessively inherited Parkin and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mutations have been investigated in this context and the present review describes the first insights gained from studies in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons, which comprise abnormalities in mitochondrial and dopamine homoeostasis, microtubular stability and axonal outgrowth. These new models of PD have a high translational potential that includes the identification of druggable targets, testing of known and novel therapeutic agents in the disease-relevant tissue using well-defined read-outs and potential regenerative approaches.

The Design and Experiments of A SID-Based Power-Aware Simulator for Embedded Multicore Systems

Embedded multicore systems are playing increasingly important roles in the design of consumer electronics. The objective of such systems is to optimize both performance and power characteristics of mobile devices. However, currently there are no power metrics supporting popular application design platforms (such as SID) that application developers use to develop their applications. This hinders the ability of application developers to optimize power consumption. In this article we present the design and experiments of a SID-based power-aware simulation framework for embedded multicore systems. The proposed power estimation flow includes two phases: IP-level power modeling and power-aware system simulation. The first phase employs PowerMixer IP to construct the power model for the processor IP and other major IPs, while the second phase involves a power abstract interpretation method for summarizing the simulation trace, then, with a CPE module, estimating the power consumption based on the summarized trace information and the input of IP power models. In addition, a Manager component is devised to map each digital signal processor (DSP) component to a host thread and maintain the access to shared resources. The aim is to maintain the simulation performance as the number of simulated DSP components increases. A power-profiling API is also supported that developers of embedded software can use to tune the granularity of power-profiling for a specific code section of the target application. We demonstrate via case studies and experiments how application developers can use our SID-based power simulator for optimizing the power consumption of their applications. We characterize the power consumption of DSP applications with the DSPstone benchmark and discuss how compiler optimization levels with SIMD intrinsics influence the performance and power consumption. A histogram application and an augmented-reality application based on human-face-based RMS (recognition, mining, and synthesis) application are deployed as running examples on multicore systems to demonstrate how our power simulator can be used by developers in the optimization process to illustrate different views of power dissipations of applications.

Power of the interactive proof systems with verifiers modeled by semi-quantum two-way finite automata

Interactive proof systems (IP) are very powerful – languages they can accept form exactly PSPACE. They represent also one of the very fundamental concepts of theoretical computing and a model of computation by interactions. One of the key players in IP is verifier. In the original model of IP whose power is that of PSPACE, the only restriction on verifiers is that they work in randomized polynomial time. Because of such key importance of IP, it is of large interest to find out how powerful will IP be when verifiers are more restricted. So far this was explored for the case that verifiers are two-way probabilistic finite automata (Dwork and Stockmeyer, 1990) and one-way quantum finite automata as well as two-way quantum finite automata (Nishimura and Yamakami, 2009). IP in which verifiers use public randomization is called Arthur–Merlin proof systems (AM). AM with verifiers modeled by Turing Machines augmented with a fixed-size quantum register (qAM) were studied also by Yakaryilmaz (2012). He proved, for example, that an NP-complete language Lknapsack, representing the 0–1 knapsack problem, can be recognized by a qAM whose verifier is a two-way finite automaton working on quantum mixed states using superoperators.In this paper we explore the power of AM for the case that verifiers are two-way finite automata with quantum and classical states (2QCFA) – introduced by Ambainis and Watrous in 2002 – and the communications are classical. It is of interest to consider AM with such “semi-quantum” verifiers because they use only limited quantum resources. Our main result is that such Quantum Arthur–Merlin proof systems (QAM(2QCFA)) with polynomial expected running time are more powerful than the models in which the verifiers are two-way probabilistic finite automata (AM(2PFA)) with polynomial expected running time. Moreover, we prove that there is a language which can be recognized by an exponential expected running time QAM(2QCFA), but cannot be recognized by any AM(2PFA), and that the NP-complete language Lknapsack can also be recognized by a QAM(2QCFA) working only on quantum pure states using unitary operators.

An integer programming model for discovering associations between manufacturing system capabilities and product features

Valuable implicit knowledge and patterns are accumulated over time in industrial databases at various stages of product development and production. An example of such hidden patterns would be the cutting tool which is typically used to produce a profiling feature in a given steel part. Discovering and interpreting such patterns would be useful in supporting and optimizing the operations and planning activities such as process planning and manufacturing systems synthesis. A novel knowledge discovery model is introduced to extract useful correlations between the manufacturing domain and design domain based on historical manufacturing data. An Integer Programming model is developed, for the first time, to extract association rules between sets of various product features and manufacturing capabilities used in their production. These associations identify the specific manufacturing system capabilities associated with (i.e. typically used for) the production of each product feature. The discovered knowledge is then used to synthesize the required manufacturing system capabilities for new products with new combinations of features. The proposed IP model was demonstrated using a case study of seven instances of machined parts and the corresponding milling machines used to produce them. The advantages of the proposed association rule discovery IP model were also demonstrated by comparing it with existing association rule discovery methods. The proposed model is simple and easy to implement and automate. Utilizing the proposed model in manufacturing system synthesis should greatly assist in speeding-up product development and manufacturing systems design and re-design.

Single Cell Image Correlation Analysis and Phenotypic Screening for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

The “patient in a dish” paradigm postulates that more predictive information about human diseases can be obtained from in vitro models based on 3D co-culture cellular systems with a defined genetic background derived from the patient's own induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). We have developed a model for diabetic cardiomyopathy using human iPS and a sarcomere integrity assay for medium-scale high-content screening [1]. Image correlation in combination with texture filtering allowed us to extract a streakiness score of the α-Actinin stain for each individual cell. With this score we compared the phenotype of normal cells exposed to diabetic stress with cells from type-2 diabetic patients and found similar characteristics of the streakiness score and Ca-signaling. Furthermore, the degree of cardiomyopathic phenotype of the patient-specific cells correlated with the severity of their original clinical status. These models are incorporated into successive levels of a screening platform, identifying drugs [2] preserving the healthy cardiomyocyte phenotype in vitro during diabetic stress. In addition, we were able to identify several target classes from bioactive compounds with known mechanism of action. With a tailored compound set enrichment analysis we could identify substance classes with similar chemical structure or mode of action. In summary, this work constitutes the first patient-specific iPS model of a complex metabolic condition, and the first application of image correlation spectroscopy for fully automated single cell classification and phenotypic screening.[1] Drawnel et al., “Disease modeling and phenotypic drug screening for diabetic cardiomyopathy using human induced pluripotent stem cells”. Cell reports, in press.[2] Prummer M, “Hypothesis testing in high-throughput screening for drug discovery”. J Biomol Screening. 2012;17(4):519-29.

The strengths and weaknesses of inverted pendulum models of human walking

An investigation into the kinematic and kinetic predictions of two “inverted pendulum” (IP) models of gait was undertaken. The first model consisted of a single leg, with anthropometrically correct mass and moment of inertia, and a point mass at the hip representing the rest of the body. A second model incorporating the physiological extension of a head–arms–trunk (HAT) segment, held upright by an actuated hip moment, was developed for comparison. Simulations were performed, using both models, and quantitatively compared with empirical gait data. There was little difference between the two models’ predictions of kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF). The models agreed well with empirical data through mid-stance (20–40% of the gait cycle) suggesting that IP models adequately simulate this phase (mean error less than one standard deviation). IP models are not cyclic, however, and cannot adequately simulate double support and step-to-step transition. This is because the forces under both legs augment each other during double support to increase the vertical GRF. The incorporation of an actuated hip joint was the most novel change and added a new dimension to the classic IP model. The hip moment curve produced was similar to those measured during experimental walking trials. As a result, it was interpreted that the primary role of the hip musculature in stance is to keep the HAT upright. Careful consideration of the differences between the models throws light on what the different terms within the GRF equation truly represent.

Energy-efficient traffic grooming under sliding scheduled traffic model for IP over WDM optical networks

In this paper, we investigate on the problem of energy-efficient traffic grooming under sliding scheduled traffic model for IP over WDM optical networks, so as to minimize the total energy consumption of the core network. We present a two-layer auxiliary graph model and propose a new energy-efficient traffic grooming heuristic named Two-Dimension Green Traffic Grooming (TDGTG) algorithm, which takes both space and time factors into consideration for network energy efficiency. We compare our proposed TDGTG algorithm with the previous traffic grooming algorithms for scheduled traffic model in terms of total energy consumption and blocking probability. The simulation results in three typical carrier topologies show the efficiency of our proposed TDGTD algorithm.

The sensitivity analysis of different induced polarization models used in magnetotelluric method

The magnetotelluric signal is a comprehensive response composed of electromagnetic induction and induced polarization (“IP effect”). The extracting of the IP response from MT signal is not only beneficial for improving the accuracy of MT exploration, but also the acquired IP effect can provide us with unique information about underground structure. There are many models proposed through laboratory measurements by some researchers to approximately describe the IP effect, and yet which model is comparatively proper and effective for the use in MT method is still unknown. Besides, due to the weakness of the induced polarization effect, it is a tough question when separating one from another in practical exploration. The main objective of this paper is to choose an IP model that is best suited for the manipulation in MT forward and inversion by calculating and analyzing the sensitivity and integrated sensitivity of apparent resistivity to the different IP model parameters. The analysis of these results offers some useful suggestions when selecting the IP model in MT method, and meanwhile the application range of IP method is expanded.

Complex and Difficult Clinical Patients: Reflections on Fernández-Álvarez's Integrative Psychotherapy Model as Applied to the Case of "Sonia"

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Quantitative analysis of α-mangostin in hydrophilic ointment using near-infrared spectroscopy

The objective of this research was to quantify the α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp (MP) ointment as a colloidal dispersion using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Various concentrations of MP (IP and EP) ointments containing both internal and external pericarps were prepared and the NIR spectra of these ointments were measured. The NIR spectrum of each ointment was correlated with α-mangostin concentration by partial least square (PLS) regression. Validation of the models was performed and their predictive ability was also investigated. The equation and R2 value for the prediction of α-mangostin concentration in IP ointment were y = 0.9843x + 0.4441 and 0.9730 and those in EP ointment were y = 0.9569x + 0.1142 and 0.9136, respectively. The biases of the IP and EP ointment models were 0.23 and 0.00, respectively. The results showed that NIR could be a useful tool for the quality control of herbal medicine in hydrophilic ointment without any sample preparation. It could predict α-mangostin content in hydrophilic ointment at very low concentration with sufficient accuracy.

Working with schizophrenia: Experts' views on barriers and pathways to employment and job retention

BACKGROUND: Unemployment among people with schizophrenia remains high despite slight improvements in vocational rehabilitation services and attitudes towards people with mental health disorders over the years. Experts are in a good position to increase our understanding on why this group still experiences such significant barriers to employment. OBJECTIVE: Interviews explored experts’ views on schizophrenia and employment; with a particular focus on individual, attitudinal and structural barriers, as well as available interventions and their outcomes. METHODS:The sample of 20 experts were recruited using theoretical sampling. The experts consisted of: employment specialists, healthcare professionals, activists from patient organisations, academics, caregivers and employers. A thematic approach was used for analysis. RESULTS: Low expectations of healthcare professionals which were often manifested as minimal recognition of employment as an outcome for people with schizophrenia as well as a “benefits trap” were identified as the strongest barriers to employment. In addition, the IPS model was identified as the most effective to support people to work, but lack of funding to implement the model nationally and concerns of poor implementation were raised by the experts. CONCLUSIONS: More research is required to examine which adaptations are needed for vocational interventions in order to implement them successfully.

Designing a connected nature reserve using a network flow theory approach

Establishing nature conservation reserves is an effective and widely accepted practice to protect biodiversity. In order to promote the effectiveness and efficiency of the reserve, spatial attributes of the reserve should be considered. Connectedness (contiguity) is one of these important spatial attributes. Currently in the biological literature there are only a few formal/exact optimization approaches to endogenously designing a connected nature reserve. This article adds a new approach by adapting a spatial unit allocation model to the reserve design problem. Using concepts from network flow theory, the model defines a sink site from which no flow directs out and ensures contiguity by specifying the outflow and inflow relationship of the potential sites. Computational performance of the model is tested using hypothetical problems with various sizes including up to 400 potential sites. Results show that the time needed to solve the problem to optimality increases exponentially both as number of potential sites increases and as species distribution gets more sparse. An empirical application involving 80 potential sites and 15 bird species in part of Fox River watershed, Illinois USA is presented. Factors influencing an IP model’s computational performance and potential extensions of the model were discussed.

The Study on the Analytic Model and Design Software for IP of Piezoresistive Cantilever Beams

Piezoresistive sensor was one of the earliest silicon MEMS devices, which based on the theory of piezoresistive. In order to build the piezoresistive IP library for the MEMS foundry, we improved the structures of the piezoresistive based on the achievement of Liwei Lin1, and new analytic model and design software for square shape membrance has been developed. The ability to calculate sensitivity and linearity of MEMS piezoresistive sensor using the new model have been demonstrated. As results, output voltage, sensitivity and linearity characteristics of MEMS sensor are presented in this paper.

IP modeling of the survivable hop constrained connected facility location problem

Abstract We consider a generalized version of the rooted connected facility location problem which occurs in planning of telecommunication networks with both survivability and hop-length constraints. Given a set of client nodes, a set of potential facility nodes including one predetermined root facility, a set of optional Steiner nodes, and the set of the potential connections among these nodes, that task is to decide which facilities to open, how to assign the clients to the open facilities, and how to interconnect the open facilities in such a way, that the resulting network contains at least λ edge-disjoint paths, each containing at most H edges, between the root and each open facility and that the total cost for opening facilities and installing connections is minimal. We study two IP models for this problem and present a branch-and-cut algorithm based on Benders decomposition for finding its solution. Finally, we report computational results.