Ion Thermal Diffusivity Research Articles

Selective Surface Treatment Using Atmospheric Ar Plasma Jet for Aluminum‐doped Zinc Oxide Based Transparent and Flexible Electronics

AbstractTransparent and flexible electronics are emerging technologies with the potential to enable new applications. However, to ensure high‐performance transparent electronics, post‐processing such as thermal annealing and vacuum plasma treatment is necessary, which are difficult to apply to polymer‐based flexible substrates. This study analyzed the feasibility of applying selective Ar plasma jet treatment at atmospheric pressure to transparent flexible electronics. When atmospheric Ar plasma treatment is applied to transparent flexible aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO), it showed a maximum 83.1% improvement in sheet resistance while maintaining a high transmittance performance, of over 70%. To verify the mechanism behind the surface treatment effect using atmospheric Ar plasma, comprehensive analyses are performed using atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which confirmed that the effect is due to oxygen vacancy formation caused by ion bombardment and thermal diffusion. The application of atmospheric plasma treatment to a patterned transparent flexible AZO device resulted in a reduction in contact resistance, and it is confirmed that the performance improvement effects can be retained for >500 h by applying additional passivation.

ITB formation in gyrokinetic flux-driven ITG/TEM turbulence

The formation mechanism of internal transport barriers (ITBs) in flux-driven turbulence is studied by means of the full-f gyrokinetic code GKNET. In the adiabatic electron case with a weak magnetic shear configuration, toroidal momentum injection can change the radial mean electric field through radial force balance, leading to a kind of driven ITB formation in which the ion thermal diffusivity by ion temperature gradient (ITG) turbulence decreases to the neoclassical transport level. Only cocurrent toroidal rotation in the outer core region can benefit the ITB formation, and this mechanism is identified to originate from a positive feedback loop between the radial shear and resultant momentum flux. On the other hand, in the kinetic electron case with a reversed magnetic shear configuration, robust co-intrinsic rotation is driven near the surface in ITG turbulence and sustains the shear through the radial force balance, leading to the spontaneous reduction of ion turbulent thermal diffusivity, while this is not observed in the adiabatic electron case. In the presence of electron heating, counter-intrinsic rotation by trapped electron mode turbulence is selectively driven in the negative magnetic shear region, which provides steeper shear formation and a resultant larger reduction of ion turbulent thermal diffusivity. This indicates that the co-existence of different modes can trigger the ‘discontinuity’ of mode structure, intrinsic rotation, and resultant mean near , leading to spontaneous ITB formation.

Nonlinear functional relation covering near- and far-marginal stability in ion temperature gradient driven turbulence

A novel nonlinear functional relation of turbulence potential intensity, zonal flow potential intensity, and ion thermal diffusivity that accurately reproduces nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of toroidal ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven turbulence is proposed. Applying mathematical optimization techniques to find extremal solutions in high-dimensional parameter space, the optimal regression parameters in the functional form are determined to be valid for both near- and far-marginal regime of the ITG stability including the Dimits-shift. Then, the regression error of ∼5% is accomplished. In addition, it is clarified that the intensity ratio of the zonal flow and turbulence potential intensity is a crucial factor to determine the reproduction accuracy.

Study of turbulence in the high β P discharge using only RF heating on EAST

High poloidal beta scenarios with a favorable energy confinement (, have been achieved on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak using only radio frequency wave heating. Gyrokinetic simulations are carried out with experimental plasma parameters and tokamak equilibrium data of a typical high discharge using the gyrokinetic toroidal code. Linear simulations show that electron-temperature scale length and electron-density scale length destabilize the turbulence, collision effects stabilize the turbulence, and the instability propagates in the electron diamagnetic direction. These properties indicate that the dominant instability in the core of high plasma is a collisionless trapped electron mode. Ion thermal diffusivity, calculated by nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations, is consistent with the experimental value, in which the electron collision effects play an important role. Further analyses show that instabilities with are suppressed by collision effects and collision effects reduce the radial correlation length of turbulence, resulting in the suppression of the turbulence.

Characterization of isotope effect on ion internal transport barrier and its parameter dependence in the Large Helical Device

In this paper, the background physics of the isotope effects in the ion internal transport barrier (ITB) are discussed in detail. An heuristic criterion for the ITB strength is defined based on the nonlinear dependence of the ion thermal diffusivity on the local ion temperature in the L-mode phase. Comparing deuterium plasmas and hydrogen plasmas, two isotope effects on the ion ITB are clarified: stronger ITBs formed in the deuterium plasmas and an ITB concomitant edge confinement degradation in the hydrogen plasmas. Principal component analysis reveals that the ion ITB becomes strong when a high input power normalized by the line averaged electron density is applied and electron density profile is peaked. A gyrokinetic simulation suggests that the ITB profile is determined by the ion temperature gradient driven turbulence, while the way the profile saturates in L-mode plasmas is unknown. In the electron density turbulence behavior, a branch transition is observed, where the increasing trend in turbulence amplitude against the ITB strength is flipped to a decreasing trend across the ITB formation. The radial electric field structure is measured by the charge exchange recombination spectroscopy system. It is found that the radial electric field shear plays a minor role in determining the ITB strength.

Neural network model of the multi-mode anomalous transport module for accelerated transport simulations

A neural network version of the multi-mode anomalous transport module, known as MMMnet, has been developed to calculate plasma turbulent diffusivities in DIII-D with a calculation time suitable for control applications. MMMnet uses a simple artificial neural network structure to predict the ion thermal, electron thermal, and toroidal momentum diffusivities while reproducing Multi-Mode Model (MMM) data with good accuracy and keeping the calculation time as a fraction of that associated with MMM. Model-based control techniques require models with fast calculation times, making many existing physics-oriented predictive codes unsuitable. The control-oriented predictive code Control Oriented Transport Simulator (COTSIM) calculates the most significant plasma dynamics in response to the different actuators while running at a speed useful for control design. In order to achieve this calculation speed, COTSIM often relies on scaling laws and control-level models. Replacing some of these scaling laws and control-level models with neural network versions of more complex physics-level models has the potential of increasing the range of validity and the level of accuracy of COTSIM without compromising its computational speed. In this work, MMMnet is integrated into COTSIM to improve the turbulent diffusivity predictions, which will in turn improve the prediction accuracy associated with the dynamics of many plasma properties.

Magnetic shear effect on plasma transport at T e/T i ∼ 1 through electron cyclotron heating in DIII-D plasmas

The effect of magnetic shear on plasma transport for an electron to ion temperature ratio (T e/T i) near unity has been explored in DIII-D utilizing electron cyclotron heating (ECH). Previous reports showed that significant confinement degradation occurred at T e/T i ∼ 1 in positive shear (PS) plasmas in DIII-D, whereas reduced confinement degradation was observed in negative central shear (NCS) plasmas. In this study, plasma transport in weak magnetic shear (WS) plasmas with ECH is investigated and compared with that in NCS and PS plasmas. Here the magnetic shears () are > 0.5, ∼0 and <-0.1 in the core region (ρ∼ 0.3–0.4) of PS, WS and NCS plasmas, respectively, and flat or negative inside ρ∼ 0.4 in the WS and NCS plasmas. Weak magnetic shear is found to be effective in minimizing degradation of ion thermal confinement as T e/T i increases through ECH application, and an improved confinement factor of H 98y2 ∼ 1.2 is maintained, similar to NCS plasmas. At T e/T i ∼ 1, the ion thermal diffusivity around an internal transport barrier decreases when changing the magnetic shear from positive to weak or negative shear. Also, reduced local particle and momentum transport was indicated by steeper density and toroidal rotation profiles in the weak and negative shear regimes. Linear gyrokinetic simulations predict little change in growth rates of low-k turbulence with ECH application in the WS and NCS plasmas, which is consistent with the transport and profile analyses.

Progress of statistical modelling of thermal transport of fusion plasmas

Progress of statistical modelling of thermal transport of fusion plasmas based on (2–4 a) a transport analysis database is described. Statistically induced ion and electron thermal diffusivities are checked with an actual discharge which had not been included in the database. Usefulness of this statistical approach is explained in terms of (1) extracting important parameters through the application of information criterion, and (2) making possible for discussing exponents of regression expression and then implying the thermal transport property. The statistical approach reported in this paper could provide a new insight for thermal transport modelling for fusion plasmas, complementing conventional global scalings on the energy confinement time.

Surface charge transfer doping for two-dimensional semiconductor-based electronic and optoelectronic devices

Doping of semiconductors, i.e., accurately modulating the charge carrier type and concentration in a controllable manner, is a key technology foundation for modern electronics and optoelectronics. However, the conventional doping technologies widely utilized in silicon industry, such as ion implantation and thermal diffusion, always fail when applied to two-dimensional (2D) materials with atomically-thin nature. Surface charge transfer doping (SCTD) is emerging as an effective and non-destructive doping technique to provide reliable doping capability for 2D materials, in particular 2D semiconductors. Herein, we summarize the recent advances and developments on the SCTD of 2D semiconductors and its application in electronic and optoelectronic devices. The underlying mechanism of STCD processes on 2D semiconductors is briefly introduced. Its impact on tuning the fundamental properties of various 2D systems is highlighted. We particularly emphasize on the SCTD-enabled high-performance 2D functional devices. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for the future development of SCTD are discussed.

Enhancement mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs by fluorine ion thermal diffusion with high Vth stability

A method of fluorine ion thermal diffusion has been proposed to realize enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. By AlF3 solid diffusion source, fluorine ion has successfully diffused in the gate region of AlGaN layer at 800 °C 2 h with a diffusion depth about 20 nm demonstrated by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The fabricated device exhibits a positive threshold voltage of 1.8 V, a drain current density of 95 mA mm−1 at Vg = 4 V, a peak transconductance of 50 mS mm−1, a breakdown voltage of 700 V. Besides, the device is also demonstrated with good Vth stability under different stress conditions.

The isotope effect on impurities and bulk ion particle transport in the Large Helical Device

The isotope effect on impurities and bulk ion particle transport is investigated by using the deuterium, hydrogen, and isotope mixture plasma in the Large Helical Device (LHD). A clear isotope effect is observed in the impurity transport but not the bulk ion transport. The isotope effects on impurity transport and ion heat transport are observed as a primary and a secondary effect, respectively, in the plasma with an internal transport barrier (ITB). In the LHD, an ion ITB is always transient because the impurity hole triggered by the increase of ion temperature gradient causes the enhancement of ion heat transport and gradually terminates the ion ITB. The formation of an impurity hole becomes slower in the deuterium (D) plasma than the hydrogen (H) plasma. This primary isotope effect on impurity transport contributes the longer sustainment of the ion ITB state because the low ion thermal diffusivity can be sustained as long as the normalized carbon impurity gradient R/Ln,c, where , is above the critical value (∼−5). Therefore, the longer sustainment of the ITB state in the deuterium plasma is considered to be a secondary isotope effect due to the mitigation of the impurity hole. The radial profile of H and D ion density is measured using bulk charge exchange spectroscopy inside the isotope mixture plasma. The decay time of H ion density after the H-pellet injection and the decay time of D ion density after D-pellet injection are almost identical, which demonstrates that there is no significant isotope effect on ion particle transport.

Realization of high Ti plasmas and confinement characteristics of ITB plasmas in the LHD deuterium experiments

The deuterium (D) operation was initiated in the LHD in 2017. In the first campaign of the D experiments, we successfully extended the high temperature regime in the LHD. The new record of the ion temperature (Ti) of 10 keV associated with the ion internal transport barrier (ITB) was achieved due to several operational optimization. The thermal confinement characteristics of ITB plasmas were compared between hydrogen and D discharges. The effective ion thermal diffusivity of the ion-ITB plasmas was found to be smaller in the D discharges than that in the H discharges. The profiles of the Ti, the electron density, and the impurity of the high Ti plasmas strongly depended on the magnetic configuration and these profiles tended to peaked in the inward-shifted configuration. It was also found that the electron thermal confinement of the electron-ITB plasmas was clearly improved in the deuterium case. The GKV simulation showed the linear growth rate of TEM/ITG reduced in the plasmas with D both for the ion ITB and the electron ITB plasmas and qualitatively agreed with the tendency of the change in the thermal diffusivity obtained from the power balance analysis.

Recent experiments on plasma immersion ion implantation (and deposition) using discharges inside metal tubes

Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) of nitrogen inside metallic tubes of different diameters and configurations were attempted recently. PIII tests in practical size metallic tubes of SS304, ranging from 1.1 to 16 cm∅ and length of 20 cm, were carried out as a continued effort in our lab, to explore PIII inside tubes. Tubes in laying down positions and configurations including metallic lid in one side or both sides open were used, as well as, plane sample support placed 10 cm far from the tube mouth and without bias, taking advantage of plasma flowing out the tube. In particular, nitrogen and argon PIIIs were tested for tube inner wall sputtering and deposition studies, running the PIII system in the last configuration of sample support detached from the tube. During the nitrogen ion implantation runs in other cases, it was found that the final temperature of the tubes and the plasma turn-on voltages were both inversely proportional to the dimensions of the tubes, except for the smallest tube tested. High voltage glow and hollow cathode discharges were produced inside the tubes, either alternately, during the pulse or independently, depending on the tube geometry and pulser used (LIITS, a current controlled source or RUP-4, a voltage controlled one). In the case of smallest diameter of 1.1 cm∅, a suspended tube of SS304 was tested using lower power pulser (RUP-4), at its near maximum capability of 1.2 kW. In this case also, very bright plasmas were formed, mainly inside the tube and resulted in high temperature there (~700 °C). Nitrogen uptake was superior for higher temperature PIII treatments (>700 °C), combining ion implantation and thermal diffusion, which allowed the formation of TiN and Ti2N on the Ti alloy samples inside tubes with diameters ≤4 cm. In this paper, detailed discussion of results of above cited PIII tests with diversified tubes and configurations are presented, together with the analysis of the corresponding treated surfaces of the samples inside, outside and on the support detached from the tube.

An in-depth description of bipolar resistive switching in Cu/HfOx/Pt devices, a 3D kinetic Monte Carlo simulation approach

A simulation tool based on a 3D kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm has been employed to analyse bipolar conductive bridge RAMs fabricated with Cu/HfOx/Pt stacks. Resistive switching mechanisms are described accounting for the electric field and temperature distributions within the dielectric. The formation and destruction of conductive filaments (CFs) are analysed taking into consideration redox reactions and the joint action of metal ion thermal diffusion and electric field induced drift. Filamentary conduction is considered when different percolation paths are formed in addition to other conventional transport mechanisms in dielectrics. The simulator was tuned by using the experimental data for Cu/HfOx/Pt bipolar devices that were fabricated. Our simulation tool allows for the study of different experimental results, in particular, the current variations due to the electric field changes between the filament tip and the electrode in the High Resistance State. In addition, the density of metallic atoms within the CF can also be characterized along with the corresponding CF resistance description.

Fabrication of advanced targets for laser driven nuclear fusion reactions through standard microelectronics technology approaches

Silicon targets enriched with hydrogen and doped with boron at high atomic concentration (1020–1022 cm−3) were designed and fabricated using ion implantation and thermal diffusion processes to be used for experiments in the field of laser driven nuclear fusion. Two main types of target were prepared: thin (2 μ m) foils and thick (500 μ m) slabs. Such targets were irradiated with a sub-nanosecond, kJ-class laser with a moderate intensity (∼ 1016 W/cm2) to trigger the p(11B,α)2α nuclear fusion reaction thanks to the acceleration of proton streams with energy of 0.1–1 MeV . The combination of the ad-hoc developed targets and the given laser pulse parameters allowed to generate a very high flux of alpha particles (107–109/sr per shot). The paper mainly focuses on microfabrication techniques and processes optimized for the fabrication of such advanced targets and on a comparison of the key results achieved with the different targets used in the experiment. Hydrodynamic simulations are also discussed.

Hybrid systems with Ag nanocrystals and Si nanostructures synthesized by ultra-low-energy ion beam synthesis

Hybrid systems based on silicon and silver nanocrystals (Si-NCs and Ag-NCs) are of considerable interest in photon conversion solar cells. Due to their plasmonic properties, Ag-NCs strongly increase the photoluminescence emission intensity of Si-NCs located in their vicinity, allowing, in principle, to solve the problem of their low emission yield. In this work, we have elaborated 2D networks of Ag-NCs and amorphous Si nanoparticles in a controlled way by using Ultra-Low-Energy Ion-Beam-Synthesis. In the proposed synthesis scheme, a 2D layer of Si-NCs is first obtained by implanting Si+ ions at ultra low energy (from 1 to 3 keV) in a SiO2 layer with subsequent high temperature thermal annealing. Then, Ag+ ions are implanted in the same matrix at energies between 3 and 10 keV and crystalline Ag-NCs are formed during the implantation step. Several configurations with either 2D arrays or a large band of Ag-NCs have been obtained following the Ag+ implantation energy. Enhancement of the PL emission from Si nanostructures, which is related to the presence of Ag-NCs, has been observed under specific arrangement of the two embedded subsystems. In this type of synthesis, a combination of physical phenomena including ion mixing, implantation damage, point defect, and thermal diffusion has been taken into account in order to explain and thus control the structural and the optical characteristics of the system.

Advances in the steady-state hybrid regime in DIII-D—a fully non-inductive, ELM-suppressed scenario for ITER

The hybrid regime with beta, collisionality, safety factor and plasma shape relevant to the ITER steady-state mission has been successfully integrated with ELM suppression by applying an odd parity n = 3 resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP). Fully non-inductive hybrids in the DIII-D tokamak with high beta ( ⩽ 2.8%) and high confinement (H98y2 ⩽ 1.4) in the ITER similar shape have achieved zero surface loop voltage for up to two current relaxation times using efficient central current drive from ECCD and NBCD. The n = 3 RMP causes surprisingly little increase in thermal transport during ELM suppression. Poloidal magnetic flux pumping in hybrid plasmas maintains q above 1 without loss of current drive efficiency, except that experiments show that extremely peaked ECCD profiles can create sawteeth. During ECCD, Alfvén eigenmode (AE) activity is replaced by a more benign fishbone-like mode, reducing anomalous beam ion diffusion by a factor of 2. While the electron and ion thermal diffusivities substantially increase with higher ECCD power, the loss of confinement can be offset by the decreased fast ion transport resulting from AE suppression. Extrapolations from DIII-D along a dimensionless parameter scaling path as well as those using self-consistent theory-based modeling show that these ELM-suppressed, fully non-inductive hybrids can achieve the Qfus = 5 ITER steady-state mission.

Extension of operational regime in high-temperature plasmas and effect of ECRH on ion thermal transport in the LHD

A simultaneous high ion temperature (Ti) and high electron temperature (Te) regime was successfully extended due to an optimized heating scenario in the LHD. Such high-temperature plasmas were realized by the simultaneous formation of an electron internal transport barrier (ITB) and an ion ITB by the combination of high power NBI and ECRH. Although the ion thermal confinement was degraded in the plasma core with an increase of Te/Ti by the on-axis ECRH, it was found that the ion thermal confinement was improved at the plasma edge. The normalized ion thermal diffusivity at the plasma edge was reduced by 70%. The improvement of the ion thermal confinement at the edge led to an increase in Ti in the entire plasma region, even though the core transport was degraded.

Microinstabilities in hydrogen- and helium-dominated multi-ion-species plasmas in LHD

The ion scale microinstabilities in the large helical device (LHD) are investigated by the gyrokinetic simulations for the multi-ion-species plasmas including hydrogen, helium, and impurity ions. The observations in the LHD experiments show that the ion temperature increases with the decreases of the ratio of hydrogen density to helium density. It is found from the linear gyrokinetic simulations with the multi-ion-species and real-mass kinetic electrons in the LHD discharges that the growth rates of the ion scale microinstabilities are reduced for the helium-dominated multi-species plasma compared with the hydrogen-dominated one. In addition to the differences of the conditions including the temperature, the density profiles, and the temperature ratio between both plasmas, due to the dependence on the mass number and the electric charge of the mixed ion species, the mixing length estimates obtained from the linear simulations predicts smaller ion thermal diffusivity for the helium-dominated plasma than the hydrogen-dominated one in the hydrogen gyro-Bohm unit, which is consistent with the experimental results.

Shocks in unmagnetized plasma with a shear flow: Stability and magnetic field generation

A pair of curved shocks in a collisionless plasma is examined with a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. The shocks are created by the collision of two electron-ion clouds at a speed that exceeds everywhere the threshold speed for shock formation. A variation of the collision speed along the initially planar collision boundary, which is comparable to the ion acoustic speed, yields a curvature of the shock that increases with time. The spatially varying Mach number of the shocks results in a variation of the downstream density in the direction along the shock boundary. This variation is eventually equilibrated by the thermal diffusion of ions. The pair of shocks is stable for tens of inverse ion plasma frequencies. The angle between the mean flow velocity vector of the inflowing upstream plasma and the shock's electrostatic field increases steadily during this time. The disalignment of both vectors gives rise to a rotational electron flow, which yields the growth of magnetic field patches that are coherent over tens of electron skin depths.