Iodine Enrichment Research Articles

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ЙОДОВМІСНИХ ДОБАВОК У ВИРОБНИЦТВІ ХЛІБОБУЛОЧНИХ ВИРОБІВ ОЗДОРОВЧОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ

Urgency of the research. The iodine supply of the population is one of the most important task in many countries, including Ukraine. Iodine enrichment of bakery products contributes to its solution. Target setting. The enrichment of bakery products with iodine is promising direction. However, it is still not used widely due to insufficient data. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Works of many domestic and foreign scientists are devoted to the problem of iodine deficiency. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Issues of the efficiency of using various iodine-containing additives and their influence on the organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators of the quality of bakery products have not been studied sufficiently. Further development of the assortment of bakery products fortified with iodine is required. The research objective. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of iodine-containing additives on organoleptic and physico-сhemical quality indicators of bakery products from wheat flour for improving the nutritional value of bread and producing wellness food products. The statement of basic materials. The advisability of using iodine-containing additives “Iodaktiv” and “Laminariia” in the technology of bakery products in order to improve their quality, raise nutritional value and provide wellness properties of finished products has been proved on the basis of scientific and experimental data. On the basis of organoleptic and physicochemical studies it was established that studied bread samples containing additive “Iodaktiv” in quantity of 0,13 g and additive “Laminariia” in quantity of 0,5 g are characterized by higher quality indicators. Conclusions. Consumption of bread fortified with additives “Iodaktiv” and “Laminariia” in optimal concentrations provides intake of approximately 55 μg of iodine or 37 % of the total iodine daily dose, which is recommended.

Synthesis of nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework and its adsorption property for volatile iodine

Radioactive iodine is a very important pollutant among the radioactive nuclear waste gases because of its easy volatile, high biocompatibility and mobility. Once leaking into the environment, it will bring huge harm to ecology environment. Therefore, the development of high efficient adsorption materials for iodine is of great significance. Covalent organic framework (COF) is a kind of novel porous crystal polymer with highly flexible molecular designability and regulable channel structure. COF containing nitrogen-rich structure and electron-rich π-π conjugated system can provide effective binding sites for iodine adsorption, and is a potential adsorption material. In this paper, a nitrogen-rich monomer, 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT-CHO) was chosen to construct a new nitrogen-rich COF (TPT-DMB COF) through the condensation of aldehyde and amine. It was found by adsorption experiments that TPT-DMB COF showed large capacity, high efficiency and reversible adsorption properties for volatile iodine. The maximum adsorption capacity can reach 5150 mg g−1, higher than that of most reported adsorption materials. The advantages endow the material with great application prospects in the field of enrichment and separation of radioactive iodine.

Azo-Bridged Calix[4]resorcinarene-Based Porous Organic Frameworks with Highly Efficient Enrichment of Volatile Iodine

The effective capture and storage of volatile radionuclide iodine from the nuclear waste stream is of paramount importance for environment remediation. In this work, we report the first examples of azo-bridged calix[4]resorcinarene-based porous organic frameworks (CalPOFs), synthesized by diazocoupling reaction of 4,4′-biphenyldiamine and C-alkylcalix[4]resorcinarenes (RsCns; n stands for the associated alkyl chain length) under mild conditions. The resulting CalPOFs are permanently porous, and their porous properties could be adjusted by varying the alkyl chain lengths of RsCns. With the alkyl chain length increasing from methyl, ethyl to propyl, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas are decreasing from 303, 154 to 91 m2 g–1 for CalPOF-1, CalPOF-2 and CalPOF-3, respectively. The presence of a great many of effective sorption sites including azo (−N═N−) groups, macrocyclic π-rich cavities and phenolic units in the skeleton as well as permanent porous structures provides these materials with ultrahigh i...

Amorphous Porous Organic Polymers Based on Schiff-Base Chemistry for Highly Efficient Iodine Capture.

Porous organic polymers (POPs) have been considered as prominent adsorbents for volatile iodine. So far, both crystalline and amorphous POPs have accomplished excellent iodine capture capability. Considering the difficulty and challenges in preparing perfect crystalline POPs, more explorations into developing versatile amorphous POPs are needed. Herein, amorphous POPs based on the Schiff-base reaction were designed and synthesized for volatile iodine removal. Four amorphous POPs products named as NDB-H, NDB-S, ADB-HS, and ADB-S obtained under different solvothermal conditions were investigated in terms of their morphologies, porosity, and their iodine enrichment performance in detail. It is noteworthy that excellent efficiency for removing iodine vapor was acquired for NDB-S (≈425 wt %), ADB-HS (≈345 wt %), and ADB-S (≈342 wt %). Remarkably, NDB-H exhibited an iodine capture capacity up to ≈443 wt %. Excellent reusability was obtained as well. Amorphous NDB-H has accomplished an extremely high iodine capture performance, illustrating the great chance to exploit versatile amorphous POPs for iodine enrichment and removal based on Schiff-base chemistry.

Effect of Chelating Compounds of Microelements for Iodine Enrichment of Cow Milk

This article discusses the problem of iodine deficiency and proposes a solution to this problem by enriching milk with iodine due to the use of organic compounds of microelements in diets of cows. The article presents the results of comparative study of inorganic and organic micromineral additives’ influence on the content of iodine in milk and activity of thyroid hormones in the blood of cows. It has been established that the replacement of inorganic iodine (KI) with organic compound (OMEK-J, chemically iodized baker’s yeast) increases iodine content in milk in 3-5 times. Similar effect has been observed for combination of inorganic and organic sources of iodine in 5:1 ratio with organic compounds of trace elements - metals (OMEK-Met, where Met-Fe, Co, Mn, Zn, Cu) being chelates with L-aspartic acid. Analysis of hormonal screening of the experimental cows’ blood showed the positive correlation between the content of thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine and thyroxine - in the blood and the content of iodine in the milk.

A hydrogeochemistry and multi-isotope (Sr, O, H, and C) study of groundwater salinity origin and hydrogeochemcial processes in the shallow confined aquifer of northern Yangtze River downstream coastal plain, China

Economically developed coastal areas have a high water demand, and their groundwater resources can be threatened by salinization. Many methods and tracers have been used to discriminate the source of salinization because a single method does not yield reliable results. In this paper, the shallow confined coastal plain aquifer, north of the downstream Yangtze River in China, is used as a case study to investigate the origin of the salinity and the relevant geochemical processes for this aquifer. Multiple environmental tracers of major ions, minor ions (Br−, I−), and isotopes (18O, 2H, 13C, 87Sr, 3H, 14C) were used so as to provide reliable conclusions. The TDS distribution of the aquifer has an increasing trend, from below 500 mg/L in the inland areas to more than 20,000 mg/L around the southeast coastline. The water chemical type evolves from HCO3-Ca to Cl-Na as the TDS increases. The results suggest that the groundwater salinity is influenced by seawater intrusion. The seawater proportions in the groundwater samples range from 0.07% to 94.41% and show the same spatial distribution pattern as TDS. The 3H and 14C values show that the highest salinity was mainly caused by a seawater transgression around 6000a B.P. The aquifer is also affected by other hydrogeochemical processes: base exchange has enriched Ca2+ and depleted K+ and Na+, sulfate reduction has reduced the concentration of SO42− and enriched HCO3−, and iodine-rich organic matter decomposition has enriched the concentration of I−. The iodine enrichment also suggests paleo-seawater intrusion. In addition, the precipitation of carbonate minerals has decreased the concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3−, albeit to a limited extent.

人間の健康に資する植物栄養学 : 鉄,亜鉛,ヨウ素の富化,硝酸イオン,カドミウムの低減(2006年秋田大会シンポジウムの概要)

人間の健康に資する植物栄養学 : 鉄,亜鉛,ヨウ素の富化,硝酸イオン,カドミウムの低減(2006年秋田大会シンポジウムの概要)

Fluoride and iodine enrichment in groundwater of North China Plain: Evidences from speciation analysis and geochemical modeling

To better understand the enrichment of fluoride and iodine in groundwater at North China Plain (NCP), speciation analysis and geochemical modeling were conducted to identify the key hydrochemical processes controlling their mobilization in groundwater system. Groundwater fluoride and iodine concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 5.59mg/L and from 1.51 to 1106μg/L, respectively, and approximately 63% and 32.3% of groundwater fluoride and iodine were higher than the guidelines for drinking water (1.5mg/L and 150μg/L). High fluoride concentration (>1.5mg/L) can be detected in groundwater from the flow-through and discharge areas of NCP, and high iodine groundwater (>150μg/L) is mainly scattered in the coastal area. Na-HCO3/Cl type water resulted from water-rock interaction and seawater intrusion favors fluoride and iodine enrichment in groundwater. Speciation analysis results indicate that (1) fluoride complexes in groundwater are dominated by free fluoride, the negative charge of which favors fluoride enrichment in groundwater under basic conditions, and (2) iodide, iodate and organic iodine co-occur in groundwater at NCP with iodide as the dominant species. The geochemical modeling results indicate that groundwater fluoride is mainly associated with the saturation states of fluorite and calcite, as well as the adsorption equilibrium onto goethite and gibbsite, including the competitive adsorption between fluoride and carbonate. Groundwater iodine is mainly controlled by redox potential and pH condition of groundwater system. Reducing condition favors the mobilization and enrichment of groundwater iodide, which has the highest mobility among iodine species. Under reducing condition, reductive dissolution of iron (oxy)hydroxides is a potential geochemical process responsible for iodine release from sediment into groundwater. Under (sub)oxidizing condition, as groundwater pH over the ‘point of zero charge’ of iron (oxy)hydroxides, the lowering adsorption capacity of groundwater iodide/iodate on minerals leads to the release of sediment iodine into groundwater.

Sea-ice-related halogen enrichment at Law Dome, coastal East Antarctica

Abstract. The Law Dome site is ideal for the evaluation of sea ice proxies due to its location near to the Antarctic coast, regular and high accumulation throughout the year, an absence of surface melting or remobilization, and minimal multiyear sea ice. We present records of bromine and iodine concentrations and their enrichment beyond seawater compositions and compare these to satellite observations of first-year sea ice area in the 90–130° E sector of the Wilkes coast. Our findings support the results of previous studies of sea ice variability from Law Dome, indicating that Wilkes coast sea ice area is currently at its lowest level since the start of the 20th century. From the Law Dome DSS1213 firn core, 26 years of monthly deposition data indicate that the period of peak bromine enrichment is during austral spring–summer, from November to February. Results from a traverse along the lee (western) side of Law Dome show low levels of sodium and bromine deposition, with the greatest fluxes in the vicinity of the Law Dome summit. Finally, multidecadal variability in iodine enrichment appears well correlated to bromine enrichment, suggesting a common source of variability that may be related to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO).

Iodine Speciation and its Potential Influence on Iodine Enrichment in Groundwater from North China Plain

In order to reveal the pattern of spatial distribution of iodine in groundwater at North China Plain (NCP), a total of 136 groundwater samples were collected along the regional groundwater flow paths. The results showed that groundwater iodine ranged from 1.51 to 1106μg/L, and 31.4% of the samples have iodine concentrations higher than 150μg/L. High iodine groundwater samples are mainly observed in the coastal area of Bohai sea, and well depths greater than 350 m. The results of iodine speciation analysis showed that groundwater iodide, iodate and organic iodine had the ranges of <0.025∼854μg/L, <0.035∼293μg/L and <10∼296μg/L, respectively, indicating that iodide is the dominant species of iodine in groundwater at NCP. Iodate is only observed in groundwater with Eh values higher than 0mV, suggesting that groundwater redox condition is the main factor controlling iodine speciation. The widespread sub-reducing/reducing condition and low affinity of iodide are the two main factors promoting the iodine enrichment in groundwater.

A pharmaceutical hydrogen-bonded covalent organic polymer for enrichment of volatile iodine

A pharmaceutical hydrogen-bonded covalent organic polymer (pha-HCOP-1) is constructed with the formation of two types of bonds using the pharmaceutical isoniazid as a bifunctional linker. The as-synthesised pha-HCOP-1 exhibits good adsorption ability for iodine molecules.

Effects of water-sediment interaction and irrigation practices on iodine enrichment in shallow groundwater

High iodine concentrations in groundwater have caused serious health problems to the local residents in the Datong basin, northern China. To determine the impact of water-sediment interaction and irrigation practices on iodine mobilization in aquifers, isotope (2H, 18O and 87Sr/86Sr) and hydrogeochemical studies were conducted. The results show that groundwater iodine concentrations vary from 14.4 to 2180μg/L, and high iodine groundwater (>150μg/L) mainly occurs in the central area of the Datong basin. Sediment iodine content is between <0.01 and 1.81mg/kg, and the co-occurrence of high iodine and high DOC/TOC concentrations of groundwater and sediment samples in the deeper aquifer indicates that the sediment enriched in iodine and organic matter acts as the main source of groundwater iodine. The 87Sr/86Sr values and groundwater chemistry suggest that aluminosilicate hydrolysis is the dominant process controlling hydrochemical evolution along groundwater flowpath, and the degradation of TOC/iodine-rich sediment mediated by microbes potentially triggers the iodine release from the sediment into groundwater in the discharge area. The vertical stratification of groundwater 18O and 2H isotope reflects the occurrence of a vertical mixing process driven by periodic surface irrigation. The vertical mixing could change the redox potential of shallow groundwater from sub-reducing to oxidizing condition, thereby affecting the iodine mobilization in shallow groundwater. It is postulated that the extra introduction of organic matter and O2/NO3/SO4 could accelerate the microbial activity due to the supplement of high ranking electron acceptors and promote the iodine release from the sediment into shallow groundwater.

Nitrogen-Rich Triptycene-Based Porous Polymer for Gas Storage and Iodine Enrichment.

A new kind of nitrogen-rich triptycene-based porous polymer (NTP) with high surface area of up to 1067 m2 g-1 was synthesized by a modified Yamamoto-type Ullmann cross-coupling reaction. Having structure features of expanded conjugated area and nitrogen atoms doping in polymer networks, the NTP displays extraordinary gas storage ability and excellent iodine adsorption capability.

Age and speciation of iodine in groundwater and mudstones of the Horonobe area, Hokkaido, Japan: Implications for the origin and migration of iodine during basin evolution

This paper reports the concentration, speciation and isotope ratio (129I/127I) of iodine from both groundwater and host rocks in the Horonobe area, northern Hokkaido, Japan, to clarify the origin and migration of iodine in sedimentary rocks. Cretaceous to Quaternary sedimentary rocks deposited nearly horizontally in Tenpoku Basin and in the Horonobe area were uplifted above sea level during active tectonics to form folds and faults in the Quaternary. Samples were collected from the Pliocene Koetoi and late Miocene Wakkanai formations (Fms), which include diatomaceous and siliceous mudstones. The iodine concentration in groundwater, up to 270μmol/L, is significantly higher than that of seawater, with the iodine enrichment factor relative to seawater reaching 800–1500. The iodine concentration in the rocks decreases from the Koetoi to Wakkanai Fms, suggesting that iodine was released into the water from the rocks of deeper formations. The iodine concentration in the rocks is sufficiently high for forming iodine-rich groundwater as found in this area. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis shows that iodine exists as organic iodine and iodide (I−) in host rocks, whereas it exists mainly as I− in groundwater. The isotope ratio is nearly constant for iodine in the groundwater, at [0.11–0.23]×10−12, and it is higher for iodine in rocks, at [0.29–1.1]×10−12, giving iodine ages of 42–60Ma and 7–38Ma, respectively. Some iodine in groundwater must have originated from Paleogene and even late Cretaceous Fms, which are also considered as possible sources of oil and gas, in view of the old iodine ages of the groundwater. The iodine ages of the rocks are older than the depositional ages, implying that the rocks adsorbed some iodine from groundwater, which was sourced from greater depths. The iodine concentration in groundwater decreases with decreasing chlorine concentration due to mixing of iodine-rich connate water and meteoric water. A likely scenario is that iodine-rich brine formed during the long-term basin evolution from the Cretaceous to Quaternary and that this brine was diluted by mixing with meteoric water during uplifting and denudation of the area.

Iodine in groundwater of the Guanzhong Basin, China: sources and hydrogeochemical controls on its distribution

Groundwater sampling at 179 sites in the Guanzhong Basin, China, indicated iodine concentrations ranging from 2 to 28,620 μg/L. 7.3 % of the sites have iodine concentrations 300 μg/L and are defined as “iodine excess water.” Sites with low groundwater iodine concentrations are mainly distributed at the edge of a piedmont alluvial–proluvial fan containing bicarbonate-rich water with a low mineral content, near-neutral pH values and low fluorine concentrations. The piedmont fan is characterized by a fast groundwater flow and active leaching of iodine from the sediments. Conversely, high groundwater iodine concentrations are principally located in silty or clayey sedimentary zones having low groundwater flow rates, weakly alkaline to alkaline pH values, and water containing HCO3·SO4, SO4·Cl and Cl·SO4 hydrochemical types. Elevated iodine concentrations in shallow groundwater commonly occur in discharge areas where there is a high rate of solute evaporation; elevated iodine concentrations in deep groundwater are likely attributed to microbial decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions. Processes of iodine enrichment lead to correlations between high iodine and high fluorine contents in shallow groundwater, and between high iodine and high arsenic concentrations in deep groundwater. Moreover, redox processes and active water recycling are important factors for groundwater iodine enrichment.

Effect of dietary iodine on production of iodine enriched eggs.

Aim:Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of iodine supplementation on iodine content of eggs in laying hens.Materials and Methods:In the experiment, 135 laying hens (White Leghorn) of 55 weeks age were randomly distributed to 5 dietary treatments; each group contained 27 laying hens distributed in three replicates of 9 birds each. Diet T1 was control basal layer diet without iodine enrichment in which iodine content (I2) was as per NRC recommendation. Basal diets were supplemented with calcium iodate (Ca (IO3)2) at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg in T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups, respectively. The iodine content in the calcium iodate is 65.21%, therefore, the diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained 3.25, 6.50, 9.75 and 13.0 ppm iodine, respectively. The laying hens were fed the respective experimental diets ad libitum during the experimental period of 10-week. The iodine content of egg yolk and albumen was analyzed at the end of 5th and 10th week of the experiment. Economics of feeding for the production of iodine enriched egg was calculated at the end of the experiment.Results:Increasing iodine levels in diet of hens from 0.45 to 13.0 ppm significantly increased egg iodine concentration, the highest concentration of egg iodine was observed in the group fed diet supplemented with 13.0 ppm iodine followed by those fed 9.75, 6.50, 3.25 and 0.45 ppm iodine in diet. There was no significant difference in the iodine levels of unboiled versus boiled eggs. Therefore, the consumers are ensured to receive the optimal levels of iodine from boiled iodine-enriched eggs. Among different diets, minimum and significantly lower feeding cost (Rs. per dozen or per kg eggs) was noticed in hens allotted T3 diet (6.50 ppm I2). However, feeding cost of hens receiving 3.25 and 9.25 ppm I2 was statistically (p<0.05) similar to control group (T1). Further, it was noticed that feeding cost (Rs. per dozen or per kg eggs) was significantly increased due to the inclusion of higher level of iodine (13.0 ppm).Conclusion:It was concluded that supplementing iodine at 6.50 ppm in layers diet was economically better for the production of iodine enriched eggs followed by feed iodine supplementation at 3.25 ppm as compared to control and other treatment groups.

Iodine budget in surface waters from Atacama: Natural and anthropogenic iodine sources revealed by halogen geochemistry and iodine-129 isotopes

Iodine enrichment in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile is widespread and varies significantly between reservoirs, including nitrate-rich “caliche” soils, supergene Cu deposits and marine sedimentary rocks. Recent studies have suggested that groundwater has played a key role in the remobilization, transport and deposition of iodine in Atacama over scales of millions-of-years. However, and considering that natural waters are also anomalously enriched in iodine in the region, the relative source contributions of iodine in the waters and its extent of mixing remain unconstrained. In this study we provide new halogen data and isotopic ratios of iodine (129I/I) in shallow seawater, rivers, salt lakes, cold and thermal spring water, rainwater and groundwater that help to constrain the relative influence of meteoric, marine and crustal sources in the Atacama waters. Iodine concentrations in surface and ground waters range between 0.35 μM and 26 μM in the Tarapacá region and between 0.25 μM and 48 μM in the Antofagasta region, and show strong enrichment when compared with seawater concentrations (I = ∼0.4 μM). In contrast, no bromine enrichment is detected (1.3–45.7 μM for Tarapacá and 1.7–87.4 μM for Antofagasta) relative to seawater (Br = ∼600 μM). These data, coupled to the high I/Cl and low Br/Cl ratios are indicative of an organic-rich sedimentary source (related with an “initial” fluid) that interacted with meteoric water to produce a mixed fluid, and preclude an exclusively seawater origin for iodine in Atacama natural waters. Iodine isotopic ratios (129I/I) are consistent with halogen chemistry and confirm that most of the iodine present in natural waters derives from a deep initial fluid source (i.e., groundwater which has interacted with Jurassic marine basement), with variable influence of at least one atmospheric or meteoric source. Samples with the lowest isotopic ratios (129I/I from ∼215 to ∼1000 × 10−15) strongly suggest mixing between the groundwater and iodine storage in organic-rich rocks (with variable influence of volcanic fluids) and pre-anthropogenic meteoric water, while samples with higher values (∼2000–93,700 × 10−15) indicate the input of anthropogenic meteoric fluid. Taking into account the geological, hydrologic and climatic features of the Atacama region, we propose that the mean contribution of anthropogenic 129I is associated with 129I releases during nuclear weapon tests carried out in the central Pacific Ocean until the mid 1990's (129I/I = ∼12,000 × 10−15). This source reflects rapid redistribution of this radioisotope on a global scale. Our results support the notion of a long-lived continental iodine cycle in the hyperarid margin of western South America, which is driven by local hydrological and climate conditions, and confirm that groundwater was a key agent for iodine remobilization and formation of the extensive iodine-rich soils of Atacama.

Targeted Syntheses of Charged Porous Aromatic Frameworks for Iodine Enrichment and Release

Targeted Syntheses of Charged Porous Aromatic Frameworks for Iodine Enrichment and Release

Cl/Br ratios and chlorine isotope evidences for groundwater salinization and its impact on groundwater arsenic, fluoride and iodine enrichment in the Datong basin, China

In order to identify the salinization processes and its impact on arsenic, fluoride and iodine enrichment in groundwater, hydrogeochemical and environmental isotope studies have been conducted on groundwater from the Datong basin, China. The total dissolved solid (TDS) concentrations in groundwater ranged from 451 to 8250mg/L, and 41% of all samples were identified as moderately saline groundwater with TDS of 3000–10,000mg/L. The results of groundwater Cl concentrations, Cl/Br molar ratio and Cl isotope composition suggest that three processes including water-rock interaction, surface saline soil flushing, and evapotranspiration result in the groundwater salinization in the study area. The relatively higher Cl/Br molar ratio in groundwater from multiple screening wells indicates the contribution of halite dissolution from saline soil flushed by vertical infiltration to the groundwater salinization. However, the results of groundwater Cl/Br molar ratio model indicate that the effect of saline soil flushing practice is limited to account for the observed salinity variation in groundwater. The plots of groundwater Cl vs. Cl/Br molar ratio, and Cl vs δ37Cl perform the dominant effects of evapotranspiration on groundwater salinization. Inverse geochemical modeling results show that evapotranspiration may cause approximately 66% loss of shallow groundwater to account for the observed hydrochemical pattern. Due to the redox condition fluctuation induced by irrigation activities and evapotranspiration, groundwater salinization processes have negative effects on groundwater arsenic enrichment. For groundwater iodine and fluoride enrichment, evapotranspiration partly accounts for their elevation in slightly saline water. However, too strong evapotranspiration would restrict groundwater fluoride concentration due to the limitation of fluorite solubility.

Addendum: Highly Efficient Enrichment of Volatile Iodine by Charged Porous Aromatic Frameworks with Three Sorption Sites

Addendum: Highly Efficient Enrichment of Volatile Iodine by Charged Porous Aromatic Frameworks with Three Sorption Sites